African journal of science, technology and social sciences, Apr 22, 2024
Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic develo... more Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic development in arid areas. However, this potential is being limited by diminishing feed resources due to the effects of climate change. Further, there is an upcoming peri-urban camel production system where the animals are limited in their movement. Consequently, camels do not get enough browse forages in terms of biomass and quality to meet their nutritional requirement. This has resulted in decreased production and reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of concentrate supplementation on lactating camels on productive and reproductive performance during mating season. A diet containing 16.80% crude protein (CP) and a digestible energy of 8.44 MJ/Kg was formulated and supplemented in the evenings with a group of ten camels. Another group of 10 camels acted as the control. Milking was done in the morning and production from each camel was recorded in liters. Percentage milk fat and protein analysis were done weekly using Gerber and Kjeldahl methods respectively. Serum biochemical levels were determined using spectrophotometry in the fourth week. Confirmation of pregnancy was done on the 5th month after mating by chemiluminescent progesterone assay. Camels were then divided into four groups. These were, supplemented pregnant(4) supplemented and not pregnant(6) unsupplemented pregnant(1), and un-supplemented and not pregnant(9). Paired mean comparisons were done to ascertain differences within the four groups. Mean daily milk production was 25.26±0.42 and 22.79±0.41 liters for supplemented and un-supplemented groups respectively (p<0.001). Paired mean differences were highest between pregnant supplemented and pregnant un-supplemented pair (p=0.165). Biochemical profiles, mean milk protein and fat percentages were significantly higher for supplemented than un-supplemented (p 0.05). All supplemented camels were mated within the first two weeks and had a higher conception rate (40%) than un-supplemented (10%). The study recommends concentrate supplementation during mating season to improve fertility and milk production, especially in pregnant camels.
Journal of economics and sustainable development, 2013
Post harvest losses in Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) are generally high, arising fr... more Post harvest losses in Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) are generally high, arising from handling, transportation, storage, processing and packaging and marketing. In Kenya, it is estimated that 21.1% of total annual maize production is lost through poor post harvest handling techniques. As an effort to mitigate post-harvest losses, the Government together with development partners introduced the Grain Warehousing Receipt System (GWRS). Under this system, farmers store their
American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation
The National Rice Development Strategy in (Kenya vision 2030) aims to improve food security, rura... more The National Rice Development Strategy in (Kenya vision 2030) aims to improve food security, rural employment, and income for smallholder farmers in the Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) through planned and intentional efforts. A study was conducted to identify major influences in choosing market avenues among rice farmers. The study used a sample size of 384 small-scale rice farmers to analyze the different rice marketing channels used in MIS, and to understand the factors that influence farmers’ choices of marketing channels. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the marketing channels, multinomial logit model was used to evaluate channel choices. The marketing channels were Channel 1: Farmer-Consumer (0.3%); Channel 2: Farmer-Brokers-Millers-Consumer (51.1%); Channel 3: Farmer-Brokers-Millers- Retailer-Consumer (42.3%); Channel 4: Farmer- Millers-Retailer-Consumer (62.72%) and Channel 5: Farmer- Millers...
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of supply chain management practices... more Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of supply chain management practices on the organizational performance underpinned on resource-based view theory (RBV). Methodology: The study adopts descriptive and explanatory research design with purposive sampling and quantitative methods to collect primary data through crossed ended questionnaires from 109 dairy co-operatives in Kenya. Data collected was organized and cleaned using both excel and statistical package for social scientist (SPSS). Additionally, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques were used to analyze data in SmartPLS version 3.2 software, and the results for both descriptive and inferential were presented in tables. Results: The result revealed that SCMPs has a positive and significant impact on Market performance (β=0.558), operational performance (β=0.371) and customer satisfaction (β=0.543). These results reveal that SCM practices are associated with high levels of...
The youths of Kenya forms a critical mass required by the nation to realize a middle level indust... more The youths of Kenya forms a critical mass required by the nation to realize a middle level industrialized economy by the year 2030. For the youths to effectively contribute to this agenda they need to be economically empowered to harness their creativity and innovation to foster entrepreneurial development. Consequently, the government of Kenya established Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) with an objective of providing capital for the youths to start micro enterprises. Unfortunately, significant number of individual and youth group projects supported by YEDF among the pastoralists communities in Marsabit County have either wound up within few years of establishment or not actively performing. Following this preliminary observation, a research inquiry was designed to find out factors that hindered sustainability of the pastoralists` youths projects in Marsabit Central district, Marsabit County. The research employed Ex Post Facto design and census sampling framework to collec...
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
Pearl millet is the most widely grown type of millet, accounting for about 50 percent of total wo... more Pearl millet is the most widely grown type of millet, accounting for about 50 percent of total world production. Today, pearl millet is grown on over 26 million hectares worldwide. African farmers produce about 40 percent of the world's millet, but India is the largest producer of the crop, both in terms of area (about 9.1 million hectares) and production (about 7.3 million tons) (Robert, 2002). According to Leisinger et al., 1995, the food value of pearl millet is very high. Trials in India have shown that pearl millet is nutritionally superior for human growth when compared to maize and rice. The protein content of pearl millet is higher than maize and has a relatively high vitamin A content. In addition to tolerating hot and dry climates, pearl millet is able to produce reasonable yields on marginal soils, where other crops would fail. Low fertility and high salinity are frequent problems in millet producing areas. At the same time, pearl millet responds very favorably to slight improvements in growing conditions such as irrigation and tillage. Pearl millet's deep Root Penetration offers the crop the ability to survive under very harsh conditions. Pearl millet roots can penetrate up to 180 cm deep, with approximately two-thirds of the root system in the top 45% of the soil zone (Mangat, et al., 1999). This deep root penetration may help millet species to exploit soil water more effectively and therefore overcome drought. Pearl millet's advantage over other cereals is that it can and is grown in marginal agricultural areas where annual rainfall is variable, unpredictable and very low (200-500 mm) and where daily temperatures reach in excess of 30 o C (ICRISAT and FAO, 1996). Moreover, its nutrient content and properties are equivalent or even superior to those of other cereals (Obilana and Manyasa, 2002). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area The study was done in Tigania west district between the months of July and September 2010. Tigania west district was selected because there has been absolute pearl millet abandonment in the district. Initially pearl millet used to be the major crop grown and during those periods incidences of food insecurity were rare. Tigania West District is situated on
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
Pearl millet, an earlier major staple food crop in parts of Meru, has gradually faced neglect and... more Pearl millet, an earlier major staple food crop in parts of Meru, has gradually faced neglect and abandonment to the point of complete abandonment. Pearl millet is highly adapted to the biophysical factors in Tigania west district and this makes it better placed and more fitting crop for the district. However, with time households have entirely shifted to growing maize as a substitute to pearl millet to the point of complete substitution. This study aimed at identifying and analyzing the factors that have led to pearl millet abandonment by farmers in Tigania West District and the consequential economic implications. Tharaka district which currently grows pearl millet was used in drawing a profitability comparison between maize and pearl millet crop enterprises. A sample of 160 farmers was selected from the population of small-scale farmers in the district. Both Primary and secondary data were collected through administration of a structured questionnaire and extensive literature review respectively. Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were applied in analysis and interpretation of results.Levene's test for equality of variances and t-test for equality of means was carried to establish the equality of variances and mean gross margins for the two samples. The results indicate that 62.5 percent of the respondents substituted pearl millet for maize due maize's flexibility attribute. Pearl millet was abandoned mainly due to its labor intensiveness (95 percent of the respondents) particularly during its last phase of growth when birds invade pearl millet fields. The study results indicate that pearl millet is much more profitable than maize (pearl millet gross margin is KES 498,980 while maize gross margin is KES-15,118
International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2021
Supply chain management (SCM) practices have become valuable resources and capabilities in formul... more Supply chain management (SCM) practices have become valuable resources and capabilities in formulating strategies aimed at enhancing organizational performance (ORGPER). However, it is not clear how SCM Practices influence organizational performance in the agribusiness context. Therefore, this study sought to examine the mediation effects of competitive advantage in the relationship between SCMPs and ORGPER from the dairy supply chain perspective in Kenya. The study postulated four hypotheses that were tested using Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques to address the study objectives. A cross-sectional survey design was utilized to gather primary data from 109 dairy cooperatives in the thirteen major milk-producing counties in Kenya. The result revealed that SCM practices have a positive and significant influence on CA (?=0.730), and ORGPER (?=0.237). Additionally, CA has a positive, statistically significant influence on ORGPER (?=0.522). Further ...
... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/366648. ... more ... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/366648. Title: An analysis of the structure, conduct and performance of the date marketing system in Sind - Pakistan. Authors: Rizvi, MAS Queen&amp;#x27;s Univ., Belfast (United Kingdom). Issue Date: 1985. ...
International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 2011
The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form o... more The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form of insurance against commercialization of cattle rustling in which well structured and managed cartels have organised more intense and frequent cattle raids on pastoralist, and how their decisions have affected their herd size. The study was conducted among the pastoral Baringo community of Kenya. A sample size of 110 households was selected using multi-stage sampling procedures and interviewed using a questionnaire. Binary Probit Model and Ordinary Least Squares were used in the analysis. Results indicated that cattle rustling, particularly in its predatory state significantly contributes to spontaneous sale of livestock even under very low prices that in themselves could be described as raiding. The results further indicated that the number of livestock lost through cattle rustling dominated livestock sale and hence reduced herd size and the numbers of livestock available for sale. The ...
This study investigated the returns to legumes (common bean and soybean) and other principal crop... more This study investigated the returns to legumes (common bean and soybean) and other principal crops (cassava, sweet potato and maize) in South Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a randomly selected sample of 291 farmers who had participated in N2Africa project in the four Eastern D. R. Congo territories: Kabare (103), Kalehe (52), Mwenga (24) and Walungu (112). Gross margin and return on capital analysis were calculated. The study found that common bean had the highest gross margin [985,708 FC ha-1 (909FC = 1USD as at June 2013)] and return on labour capital (2.1 FC) compared to other principal crop enterprises. From this study, it was evident that crop enterprises had varying returns on capital which was an indicator of the differences in the importance of these crops from one territory to another. Therefore, the study recommends that as much as legume production is being promoted, the government and NGOs should also...
The objective of this paper is to estimate food insecurity using household expenditure against th... more The objective of this paper is to estimate food insecurity using household expenditure against the backdrop of measurement error for rural households in Mandera County in Kenya. The study uses ordinary least squares and instrumental variable in generalized method of moment (GMM) techniques to quantitatively analyze data on quadratic Engel curve. The study demonstrates that microeconomic data are contaminated by measurement errors which make it easy to overlook food insecure households that are untraceable statistically. Therefore superior statistical techniques that reduces the effect of measurement error should form the basis of quantifying food insecurity to facilitate decision making process and resources allocation.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the marketing strategies that are widely used in ... more Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the marketing strategies that are widely used in the industrial field for the purposes of creating customer awareness, enhancing product penetration into the market and boosting firm‟s profitability. The study mainly examined the extent to which CSR affect consumer buying behaviour in organizations. The study was in CSR because it is so rich, current, ongoing and challenging. In one way or another, organizations are involved in the CSR as they continue to do business. Many at times, marketers and CSR practitioners in general of various companies have been looking at CSR as just a mere tool for „social concern ‟ that is, doing it to be seen as “a good neighbour”. This perception needs to be erased off from the marketers ‟ minds and a different approach on in handling the CSR must enter the stage with the resolve of strengthening their firms ‟ brand equity.
African journal of science, technology and social sciences, Apr 22, 2024
Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic develo... more Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic development in arid areas. However, this potential is being limited by diminishing feed resources due to the effects of climate change. Further, there is an upcoming peri-urban camel production system where the animals are limited in their movement. Consequently, camels do not get enough browse forages in terms of biomass and quality to meet their nutritional requirement. This has resulted in decreased production and reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of concentrate supplementation on lactating camels on productive and reproductive performance during mating season. A diet containing 16.80% crude protein (CP) and a digestible energy of 8.44 MJ/Kg was formulated and supplemented in the evenings with a group of ten camels. Another group of 10 camels acted as the control. Milking was done in the morning and production from each camel was recorded in liters. Percentage milk fat and protein analysis were done weekly using Gerber and Kjeldahl methods respectively. Serum biochemical levels were determined using spectrophotometry in the fourth week. Confirmation of pregnancy was done on the 5th month after mating by chemiluminescent progesterone assay. Camels were then divided into four groups. These were, supplemented pregnant(4) supplemented and not pregnant(6) unsupplemented pregnant(1), and un-supplemented and not pregnant(9). Paired mean comparisons were done to ascertain differences within the four groups. Mean daily milk production was 25.26±0.42 and 22.79±0.41 liters for supplemented and un-supplemented groups respectively (p<0.001). Paired mean differences were highest between pregnant supplemented and pregnant un-supplemented pair (p=0.165). Biochemical profiles, mean milk protein and fat percentages were significantly higher for supplemented than un-supplemented (p 0.05). All supplemented camels were mated within the first two weeks and had a higher conception rate (40%) than un-supplemented (10%). The study recommends concentrate supplementation during mating season to improve fertility and milk production, especially in pregnant camels.
Journal of economics and sustainable development, 2013
Post harvest losses in Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) are generally high, arising fr... more Post harvest losses in Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) are generally high, arising from handling, transportation, storage, processing and packaging and marketing. In Kenya, it is estimated that 21.1% of total annual maize production is lost through poor post harvest handling techniques. As an effort to mitigate post-harvest losses, the Government together with development partners introduced the Grain Warehousing Receipt System (GWRS). Under this system, farmers store their
American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation
The National Rice Development Strategy in (Kenya vision 2030) aims to improve food security, rura... more The National Rice Development Strategy in (Kenya vision 2030) aims to improve food security, rural employment, and income for smallholder farmers in the Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) through planned and intentional efforts. A study was conducted to identify major influences in choosing market avenues among rice farmers. The study used a sample size of 384 small-scale rice farmers to analyze the different rice marketing channels used in MIS, and to understand the factors that influence farmers’ choices of marketing channels. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the marketing channels, multinomial logit model was used to evaluate channel choices. The marketing channels were Channel 1: Farmer-Consumer (0.3%); Channel 2: Farmer-Brokers-Millers-Consumer (51.1%); Channel 3: Farmer-Brokers-Millers- Retailer-Consumer (42.3%); Channel 4: Farmer- Millers-Retailer-Consumer (62.72%) and Channel 5: Farmer- Millers...
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of supply chain management practices... more Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of supply chain management practices on the organizational performance underpinned on resource-based view theory (RBV). Methodology: The study adopts descriptive and explanatory research design with purposive sampling and quantitative methods to collect primary data through crossed ended questionnaires from 109 dairy co-operatives in Kenya. Data collected was organized and cleaned using both excel and statistical package for social scientist (SPSS). Additionally, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques were used to analyze data in SmartPLS version 3.2 software, and the results for both descriptive and inferential were presented in tables. Results: The result revealed that SCMPs has a positive and significant impact on Market performance (β=0.558), operational performance (β=0.371) and customer satisfaction (β=0.543). These results reveal that SCM practices are associated with high levels of...
The youths of Kenya forms a critical mass required by the nation to realize a middle level indust... more The youths of Kenya forms a critical mass required by the nation to realize a middle level industrialized economy by the year 2030. For the youths to effectively contribute to this agenda they need to be economically empowered to harness their creativity and innovation to foster entrepreneurial development. Consequently, the government of Kenya established Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) with an objective of providing capital for the youths to start micro enterprises. Unfortunately, significant number of individual and youth group projects supported by YEDF among the pastoralists communities in Marsabit County have either wound up within few years of establishment or not actively performing. Following this preliminary observation, a research inquiry was designed to find out factors that hindered sustainability of the pastoralists` youths projects in Marsabit Central district, Marsabit County. The research employed Ex Post Facto design and census sampling framework to collec...
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
Pearl millet is the most widely grown type of millet, accounting for about 50 percent of total wo... more Pearl millet is the most widely grown type of millet, accounting for about 50 percent of total world production. Today, pearl millet is grown on over 26 million hectares worldwide. African farmers produce about 40 percent of the world's millet, but India is the largest producer of the crop, both in terms of area (about 9.1 million hectares) and production (about 7.3 million tons) (Robert, 2002). According to Leisinger et al., 1995, the food value of pearl millet is very high. Trials in India have shown that pearl millet is nutritionally superior for human growth when compared to maize and rice. The protein content of pearl millet is higher than maize and has a relatively high vitamin A content. In addition to tolerating hot and dry climates, pearl millet is able to produce reasonable yields on marginal soils, where other crops would fail. Low fertility and high salinity are frequent problems in millet producing areas. At the same time, pearl millet responds very favorably to slight improvements in growing conditions such as irrigation and tillage. Pearl millet's deep Root Penetration offers the crop the ability to survive under very harsh conditions. Pearl millet roots can penetrate up to 180 cm deep, with approximately two-thirds of the root system in the top 45% of the soil zone (Mangat, et al., 1999). This deep root penetration may help millet species to exploit soil water more effectively and therefore overcome drought. Pearl millet's advantage over other cereals is that it can and is grown in marginal agricultural areas where annual rainfall is variable, unpredictable and very low (200-500 mm) and where daily temperatures reach in excess of 30 o C (ICRISAT and FAO, 1996). Moreover, its nutrient content and properties are equivalent or even superior to those of other cereals (Obilana and Manyasa, 2002). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area The study was done in Tigania west district between the months of July and September 2010. Tigania west district was selected because there has been absolute pearl millet abandonment in the district. Initially pearl millet used to be the major crop grown and during those periods incidences of food insecurity were rare. Tigania West District is situated on
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2020
Pearl millet, an earlier major staple food crop in parts of Meru, has gradually faced neglect and... more Pearl millet, an earlier major staple food crop in parts of Meru, has gradually faced neglect and abandonment to the point of complete abandonment. Pearl millet is highly adapted to the biophysical factors in Tigania west district and this makes it better placed and more fitting crop for the district. However, with time households have entirely shifted to growing maize as a substitute to pearl millet to the point of complete substitution. This study aimed at identifying and analyzing the factors that have led to pearl millet abandonment by farmers in Tigania West District and the consequential economic implications. Tharaka district which currently grows pearl millet was used in drawing a profitability comparison between maize and pearl millet crop enterprises. A sample of 160 farmers was selected from the population of small-scale farmers in the district. Both Primary and secondary data were collected through administration of a structured questionnaire and extensive literature review respectively. Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were applied in analysis and interpretation of results.Levene's test for equality of variances and t-test for equality of means was carried to establish the equality of variances and mean gross margins for the two samples. The results indicate that 62.5 percent of the respondents substituted pearl millet for maize due maize's flexibility attribute. Pearl millet was abandoned mainly due to its labor intensiveness (95 percent of the respondents) particularly during its last phase of growth when birds invade pearl millet fields. The study results indicate that pearl millet is much more profitable than maize (pearl millet gross margin is KES 498,980 while maize gross margin is KES-15,118
International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2021
Supply chain management (SCM) practices have become valuable resources and capabilities in formul... more Supply chain management (SCM) practices have become valuable resources and capabilities in formulating strategies aimed at enhancing organizational performance (ORGPER). However, it is not clear how SCM Practices influence organizational performance in the agribusiness context. Therefore, this study sought to examine the mediation effects of competitive advantage in the relationship between SCMPs and ORGPER from the dairy supply chain perspective in Kenya. The study postulated four hypotheses that were tested using Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques to address the study objectives. A cross-sectional survey design was utilized to gather primary data from 109 dairy cooperatives in the thirteen major milk-producing counties in Kenya. The result revealed that SCM practices have a positive and significant influence on CA (?=0.730), and ORGPER (?=0.237). Additionally, CA has a positive, statistically significant influence on ORGPER (?=0.522). Further ...
... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/366648. ... more ... Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10068/366648. Title: An analysis of the structure, conduct and performance of the date marketing system in Sind - Pakistan. Authors: Rizvi, MAS Queen&amp;#x27;s Univ., Belfast (United Kingdom). Issue Date: 1985. ...
International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 2011
The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form o... more The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form of insurance against commercialization of cattle rustling in which well structured and managed cartels have organised more intense and frequent cattle raids on pastoralist, and how their decisions have affected their herd size. The study was conducted among the pastoral Baringo community of Kenya. A sample size of 110 households was selected using multi-stage sampling procedures and interviewed using a questionnaire. Binary Probit Model and Ordinary Least Squares were used in the analysis. Results indicated that cattle rustling, particularly in its predatory state significantly contributes to spontaneous sale of livestock even under very low prices that in themselves could be described as raiding. The results further indicated that the number of livestock lost through cattle rustling dominated livestock sale and hence reduced herd size and the numbers of livestock available for sale. The ...
This study investigated the returns to legumes (common bean and soybean) and other principal crop... more This study investigated the returns to legumes (common bean and soybean) and other principal crops (cassava, sweet potato and maize) in South Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a randomly selected sample of 291 farmers who had participated in N2Africa project in the four Eastern D. R. Congo territories: Kabare (103), Kalehe (52), Mwenga (24) and Walungu (112). Gross margin and return on capital analysis were calculated. The study found that common bean had the highest gross margin [985,708 FC ha-1 (909FC = 1USD as at June 2013)] and return on labour capital (2.1 FC) compared to other principal crop enterprises. From this study, it was evident that crop enterprises had varying returns on capital which was an indicator of the differences in the importance of these crops from one territory to another. Therefore, the study recommends that as much as legume production is being promoted, the government and NGOs should also...
The objective of this paper is to estimate food insecurity using household expenditure against th... more The objective of this paper is to estimate food insecurity using household expenditure against the backdrop of measurement error for rural households in Mandera County in Kenya. The study uses ordinary least squares and instrumental variable in generalized method of moment (GMM) techniques to quantitatively analyze data on quadratic Engel curve. The study demonstrates that microeconomic data are contaminated by measurement errors which make it easy to overlook food insecure households that are untraceable statistically. Therefore superior statistical techniques that reduces the effect of measurement error should form the basis of quantifying food insecurity to facilitate decision making process and resources allocation.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the marketing strategies that are widely used in ... more Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the marketing strategies that are widely used in the industrial field for the purposes of creating customer awareness, enhancing product penetration into the market and boosting firm‟s profitability. The study mainly examined the extent to which CSR affect consumer buying behaviour in organizations. The study was in CSR because it is so rich, current, ongoing and challenging. In one way or another, organizations are involved in the CSR as they continue to do business. Many at times, marketers and CSR practitioners in general of various companies have been looking at CSR as just a mere tool for „social concern ‟ that is, doing it to be seen as “a good neighbour”. This perception needs to be erased off from the marketers ‟ minds and a different approach on in handling the CSR must enter the stage with the resolve of strengthening their firms ‟ brand equity.
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Papers by Bernard Njehia