Histoire et institutions des Eglises orientates au Moyen Age. By Jean Dauvillier. (Collected Stud... more Histoire et institutions des Eglises orientates au Moyen Age. By Jean Dauvillier. (Collected Studies Series, 173.) Pp. 312 + 20 ills. Variorum Reprints, 1983. £26. Of the seventeen studies reproduced in this volume, which were originally published between 1941 and 1981, the majority are concerned with the Chaldaean Church and hence usefully complement the volume by J. M. Fiey in this series on die Jacobites, Communautes syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines a /55s (1979).
... 227-9. The references to kinship may well derive from a confusion between the Delhi Sultan an... more ... 227-9. The references to kinship may well derive from a confusion between the Delhi Sultan and a certain Firfiz-i Iltutmish, described as a "prince of Khwarazm" and ... There is also a seventh/ thirteenth-century Persian translation, ed. Mujtaba Minuwi (Tehran, 1344 Sh./1965). ...
... i. The letters that have survived are as follows: (i) Thomas Agni di Lentino, Papal Legate, t... more ... i. The letters that have survived are as follows: (i) Thomas Agni di Lentino, Papal Legate, to all kings, princes, archbishops, bishops, etc., i Mar. I260, in Menkonis ... 547-9; (2) Thomas Berard, Master of the Temple, to Amadeus, Preceptor of the Temple in England, 4 Mar. ...
11 (sometimes called Yolande) of Jerusalem married the Emperor Frederick 11, until 1268, when the... more 11 (sometimes called Yolande) of Jerusalem married the Emperor Frederick 11, until 1268, when their grandson Conrad I1 (Conradin) was executed in Naples, the Latin Kingdom was technically under the rule of the Hohenstaufen: technically, because for much of this period they were not even regarded as having seisin of the kingdom. Isabella had died in childbirth in Italy in 1228 and Frederick, who had taken the title of king immediately after their marriage, consequently arrived in the Holy Land later that year only as regent (bailli) for their infant son Conrad I (later the Emperor Conrad IV). Both in Cyprus, on his outward journey, and in Syria itself Frederick was at loggerheads with a section of the nobility headed by the late queen's great-uncle, John of Ibelin, the 'Old Lord' of Beirut; and following his departure in 1229 and the arrival of a strong military force under his lieutenant, the imperial marshal Richard Filangieri, in 123 I , the tension between Frederick's government and the Ibelin party escalated into a situation of open warfare both in Cyprus and on the mainland. For the ten years or so after 1232, the imperialists were largely confined to Tyre, while the opposition party appears intermittently to have shared control of the capital, Acre, with a moderate group who had initially endeavoured to promote a settlement. During this period the legality of Frederick's regency (as opposed to the status of his lieutenant)' had never been questioned. But at a date which has generally been assumed to be 1243 the opposition claimed that since Conrad had now attained his majority his father's rights had lapsed; and the high court proceeded to assign seisin of the kingdom to his nearest heir, the dowager-Queen Alice of Cyprus, pending Conrad's own arrival, which had been requested on more than one occasion and was by this time doubtless scarcely anticipated. Then, armed with this new legitimizing authority, the anti-imperialists seized Tyre from Frederick's representatives. Alice and her successors of the Cypriot royal line, who were deemed to have 'lordship' of the kingdom, enjoyed a somewhat truncated royal power until the extinction of the line of Frederick and Isabella in 1268. King Hugh I11 of Cyprus was thereupon recognized as king of Jerusalem-the first resident monarch since 1225-and crowned at Tyre in 1269. This is simply a rksumi. of events which are recounted in detail in all the standard works on the history of Latin Syria.l The following article looks afresh at one particular episode within this period, the transfer of the regency to Alice ' I n this article the same terminology is employed as that adopted in J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom o/Jerusalem, 1174-1977 (1973), pp. 185-92, to distinguish between a regent who was related to the monarch by blood and a lieutenant or representative appointed by such a regent (or by the monarch) to govern in his or her absence (or by the high court if there was no accepted regent). Both alike were of course designated as blulli in the Old French sources. 1 am most grateful to Dr. P. W. Edbury and Professor J. S. C. Riley-Smith for reading a draft of this article and offering suggestions. The internal history ofthe kingdom in the years 1 825-45 has been covered by I. . de Mas Latrie, Hastoire de li'le de Chypre sow le rlgne dcs princes de la maison de Lwignan (3 vols., Paris, 1852-61), i.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1998
, 1994). Similarly, the delay in the West's absorption of the new information from the 'sophistic... more , 1994). Similarly, the delay in the West's absorption of the new information from the 'sophisticated' East is compared with the easy assimilation of the material on the relatively 'uncivilized' Canary islanders: J. K. Hyde, 'Real and imaginary journeys in the later Middle Ages', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LXV, 1982, 138-40. 4 John Critchley, Marco Polo's book (Aldershot, 1992), xiv; also the 'Epilogue' (pp. 178-9). My debt to Critchley's book will be apparent to anyone who has read it. 5 Frances Wood, Did Marco Polo go to China? (London, 1995): see especially her ' Conclusions' (pp. 140-51).
... in the Bodleian Library. In India in 1991, Dr Akbar AH Khan Arshizade, Officiating Director o... more ... in the Bodleian Library. In India in 1991, Dr Akbar AH Khan Arshizade, Officiating Director of the Raza Library at Rampur, extended to my wife and myself a hospitality we still remember with warm gratitude. We had good reason ...
The Cambridge History of Iran is an eight-volume survey of Iranian history and culture, and its c... more The Cambridge History of Iran is an eight-volume survey of Iranian history and culture, and its contribution to the civilisation of the world. All aspects of the religious, philosophical, political, economic, scientific and artistic elements in Iranian civilisation are studied, with some emphasis on the geographical and ecological factors which have contributed to that civilisation's special character. The aim is to provide a collection of readable essays rather than a catalogue of information. The volumes offer scope for the publication of new ideas as well as providing summaries of established facts. They should act as a stimulus to specialists, but are primarily concerned to answer the sort of questions about the past and present of Iran that are asked by the non-specialist. This volume covers the history of Iran from the collapse of the Il-Khanid empire (c. 1335) to the second quarter of the 18th century. The period id of special interest as one which, in the traditional view, witnessed the emergence of Iran as a 'national state'. It is in the latter half of this era that moderate Shi'ism acquired the definitive hold on the country which has been maintained to the present day, and which helps to differentiate Iran from the other Islamic states of south-west Asia. In addition to chapters on commercial and diplomatic contacts with Europe - contacts usually fortified by a common hostility to the Ottoman Turks - which became prominent from the 16th century, the volume contains chapters on social and economic history, the arts and architecture, the exact sciences, religion, philosophy and literature.
Histoire et institutions des Eglises orientates au Moyen Age. By Jean Dauvillier. (Collected Stud... more Histoire et institutions des Eglises orientates au Moyen Age. By Jean Dauvillier. (Collected Studies Series, 173.) Pp. 312 + 20 ills. Variorum Reprints, 1983. £26. Of the seventeen studies reproduced in this volume, which were originally published between 1941 and 1981, the majority are concerned with the Chaldaean Church and hence usefully complement the volume by J. M. Fiey in this series on die Jacobites, Communautes syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines a /55s (1979).
... 227-9. The references to kinship may well derive from a confusion between the Delhi Sultan an... more ... 227-9. The references to kinship may well derive from a confusion between the Delhi Sultan and a certain Firfiz-i Iltutmish, described as a "prince of Khwarazm" and ... There is also a seventh/ thirteenth-century Persian translation, ed. Mujtaba Minuwi (Tehran, 1344 Sh./1965). ...
... i. The letters that have survived are as follows: (i) Thomas Agni di Lentino, Papal Legate, t... more ... i. The letters that have survived are as follows: (i) Thomas Agni di Lentino, Papal Legate, to all kings, princes, archbishops, bishops, etc., i Mar. I260, in Menkonis ... 547-9; (2) Thomas Berard, Master of the Temple, to Amadeus, Preceptor of the Temple in England, 4 Mar. ...
11 (sometimes called Yolande) of Jerusalem married the Emperor Frederick 11, until 1268, when the... more 11 (sometimes called Yolande) of Jerusalem married the Emperor Frederick 11, until 1268, when their grandson Conrad I1 (Conradin) was executed in Naples, the Latin Kingdom was technically under the rule of the Hohenstaufen: technically, because for much of this period they were not even regarded as having seisin of the kingdom. Isabella had died in childbirth in Italy in 1228 and Frederick, who had taken the title of king immediately after their marriage, consequently arrived in the Holy Land later that year only as regent (bailli) for their infant son Conrad I (later the Emperor Conrad IV). Both in Cyprus, on his outward journey, and in Syria itself Frederick was at loggerheads with a section of the nobility headed by the late queen's great-uncle, John of Ibelin, the 'Old Lord' of Beirut; and following his departure in 1229 and the arrival of a strong military force under his lieutenant, the imperial marshal Richard Filangieri, in 123 I , the tension between Frederick's government and the Ibelin party escalated into a situation of open warfare both in Cyprus and on the mainland. For the ten years or so after 1232, the imperialists were largely confined to Tyre, while the opposition party appears intermittently to have shared control of the capital, Acre, with a moderate group who had initially endeavoured to promote a settlement. During this period the legality of Frederick's regency (as opposed to the status of his lieutenant)' had never been questioned. But at a date which has generally been assumed to be 1243 the opposition claimed that since Conrad had now attained his majority his father's rights had lapsed; and the high court proceeded to assign seisin of the kingdom to his nearest heir, the dowager-Queen Alice of Cyprus, pending Conrad's own arrival, which had been requested on more than one occasion and was by this time doubtless scarcely anticipated. Then, armed with this new legitimizing authority, the anti-imperialists seized Tyre from Frederick's representatives. Alice and her successors of the Cypriot royal line, who were deemed to have 'lordship' of the kingdom, enjoyed a somewhat truncated royal power until the extinction of the line of Frederick and Isabella in 1268. King Hugh I11 of Cyprus was thereupon recognized as king of Jerusalem-the first resident monarch since 1225-and crowned at Tyre in 1269. This is simply a rksumi. of events which are recounted in detail in all the standard works on the history of Latin Syria.l The following article looks afresh at one particular episode within this period, the transfer of the regency to Alice ' I n this article the same terminology is employed as that adopted in J. S. C. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom o/Jerusalem, 1174-1977 (1973), pp. 185-92, to distinguish between a regent who was related to the monarch by blood and a lieutenant or representative appointed by such a regent (or by the monarch) to govern in his or her absence (or by the high court if there was no accepted regent). Both alike were of course designated as blulli in the Old French sources. 1 am most grateful to Dr. P. W. Edbury and Professor J. S. C. Riley-Smith for reading a draft of this article and offering suggestions. The internal history ofthe kingdom in the years 1 825-45 has been covered by I. . de Mas Latrie, Hastoire de li'le de Chypre sow le rlgne dcs princes de la maison de Lwignan (3 vols., Paris, 1852-61), i.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1998
, 1994). Similarly, the delay in the West's absorption of the new information from the 'sophistic... more , 1994). Similarly, the delay in the West's absorption of the new information from the 'sophisticated' East is compared with the easy assimilation of the material on the relatively 'uncivilized' Canary islanders: J. K. Hyde, 'Real and imaginary journeys in the later Middle Ages', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LXV, 1982, 138-40. 4 John Critchley, Marco Polo's book (Aldershot, 1992), xiv; also the 'Epilogue' (pp. 178-9). My debt to Critchley's book will be apparent to anyone who has read it. 5 Frances Wood, Did Marco Polo go to China? (London, 1995): see especially her ' Conclusions' (pp. 140-51).
... in the Bodleian Library. In India in 1991, Dr Akbar AH Khan Arshizade, Officiating Director o... more ... in the Bodleian Library. In India in 1991, Dr Akbar AH Khan Arshizade, Officiating Director of the Raza Library at Rampur, extended to my wife and myself a hospitality we still remember with warm gratitude. We had good reason ...
The Cambridge History of Iran is an eight-volume survey of Iranian history and culture, and its c... more The Cambridge History of Iran is an eight-volume survey of Iranian history and culture, and its contribution to the civilisation of the world. All aspects of the religious, philosophical, political, economic, scientific and artistic elements in Iranian civilisation are studied, with some emphasis on the geographical and ecological factors which have contributed to that civilisation's special character. The aim is to provide a collection of readable essays rather than a catalogue of information. The volumes offer scope for the publication of new ideas as well as providing summaries of established facts. They should act as a stimulus to specialists, but are primarily concerned to answer the sort of questions about the past and present of Iran that are asked by the non-specialist. This volume covers the history of Iran from the collapse of the Il-Khanid empire (c. 1335) to the second quarter of the 18th century. The period id of special interest as one which, in the traditional view, witnessed the emergence of Iran as a 'national state'. It is in the latter half of this era that moderate Shi'ism acquired the definitive hold on the country which has been maintained to the present day, and which helps to differentiate Iran from the other Islamic states of south-west Asia. In addition to chapters on commercial and diplomatic contacts with Europe - contacts usually fortified by a common hostility to the Ottoman Turks - which became prominent from the 16th century, the volume contains chapters on social and economic history, the arts and architecture, the exact sciences, religion, philosophy and literature.
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