Papers by Philip Gallagher
Experimental Brain Research, 2022
This study examined the effects of continuous endurance training on motor unit (MU) mean firing r... more This study examined the effects of continuous endurance training on motor unit (MU) mean firing rates (MFR), percent myosin heavy chain (%MHC) isoforms, and muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the vastus lateralis (VL). Twelve females completed 5-weeks of continuous cycling-training (CYC), while 8 females were controls (CON). Participants performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and 40% MVCs of the knee extensors before (PRE) and after the 5-week treatment period at the same absolute pre-treatment submaximal torque (POSTABS) and relative to post-treatment MVCs (POSTREL). Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were decomposed with the Precision Decomposition III algorithm. MU firing times and waveforms were validated with reconstruct-and-test and spike trigger average procedures. MFRs at steady torque, recruitment thresholds (RT), and normalized EMG amplitude (N-EMGRMS) were analyzed. Y-intercepts and slopes were calculated for the MFR vs. RT relationships. MHC isoforms and mCSA were determined with muscle biopsies and ultrasonography. CYC decreased MVCs and type IIX %MHC isoform without changes in mCSA. The slopes for the MFR vs. RT relationships decreased for CYC during POSTREL and POSTABS while N-EMGRMS increased for POSTABS with no differences between PRE and POSTREL. Type I %MHC isoform was correlated with the slope for the MFR vs. RT relationship during POSTABS and POSTREL for CYC. This study provides evidence that decreases in the MFRs of higher threshold MUs post-CYC is likely a function of changes in input excitation (POSTABS) and the firing frequency-excitation relationships (POSTREL). Evidence is provided that MHC isoforms influence the firing rate scheme of the muscle following short-term training.
Melani R. KellyƗ1,Dawn M. Emersonǂ1, Evan J. LandesƗ1, Evan R. Barnes*1, Philip M. Gallagherǂ1 1U... more Melani R. KellyƗ1,Dawn M. Emersonǂ1, Evan J. LandesƗ1, Evan R. Barnes*1, Philip M. Gallagherǂ1 1University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas INTRODUCTION: In comparison to commonly consumed carbohydrate electrolyte beverages (CEB), 100% orange juice (OJ) has a similar carbohydrate content, less sodium, and an increased amount of potassium, vitamins, and minerals, making it a viable option for hydration. PURPOSE: To investigate 100% OJ, water (W), and CEB on hydration measures following exercise in the heat. METHODS: A randomized controlled, single blind design determined the effects of OJ, W, and a CEB on urine specific gravity (Usg), fluid volume (Fvol), urine volume (Uvol), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and core temperature (Tc). Participants (n = 26, 20 male, 6 female, age: 22.1 ± 3.3 years; weight: 72.9 ± 10.0 kg; height: 174.3 ± 7.9 cm; VO2max: 48.8 ± 7.3 mL/kg/min) consumed 237 mL of assigned beverage on 5 consecutive days following 80 minutes of cycling at 70% of their VO2max in a hot, humid environment (30.1 ± 0.2°C, 51.6 ± 4.0% relative humidity). Dependent measures were taken pre-, during, post-, and 1 hour post-cycling (1hr). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between conditions at any time point (pre-, during, or post-cycling) for Usg, Fvol, Uvol, HR, BP, or Tc. Further, there were no significant differences in dependent measures pre-cycling between conditions for Days 4-8. All participants began exercise euhydrated (Usg = 1.011 ± 0.00) and did not significantly change to post-cycling but significantly increased from post- to 1hr post-cycling (1.009 ± 0.01 to 1.013 ± 0.00, P \u3c .001). Overall, participants excreted significantly less urine during 1hr rest compared to during exercise (778.0 ± 283.3 mL to 476.3 ± 228.3 mL, P \u3c .001). Overall, HR significantly increased pre- to post-cycling (76.0 ± 12.2 bpm to 141.3 ± 9.7 bpm, P \u3c .001), and significantly decreased from post-cycling to 1hr (76.1 ± 7.8 bpm, P \u3c .001). Likewise, systolic BP significantly increased pre- to post-cycling (120.9 ± 8.4 mmHg to 131.7 ± 8.8 mmHg, P \u3c .001) and significantly decreased from post-cycling to 1hr (118.3 ± 8.1 mmHg, P \u3c .001). Tc significantly increased pre- to post-cycling (36.7 ± 0.3°C to 37.6 ± 0.3°C, P \u3c .001) and decreased during 1hr (36.9 ± 0.2°C P \u3c .001). CONCLUSION: Consuming 8 ounces of 100% OJ on multiple days after intense exercise in the heat maintained hydration, cardiovascular, and core temperature levels similar to using W or CEB. This study was funded by a grant from the Florida Department of Citrus (#STE0075600)
Neurology, 2014
OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of a muscle biomarker and clinical outcome measures in the ... more OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of a muscle biomarker and clinical outcome measures in the arimoclomol inclusion body myositis pilot study. BACKGROUND: Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common inflammatory myopathy in patients older than 50. Arimoclomol stabilizes the active phosphorylated trimer Heat Shock Factor-1 which promotes an increase in chaperone proteins. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) interferes with protein misfolding and aggregation and may slow IBM functional decline. DESIGN/METHODS: We performed a randomized placebo-controlled safety and tolerability study of arimoclomol100 mg PO TID administered for 4 months, with 8 month follow up. Twenty-four IBM subjects received arimoclomol or placebo with a 2/1 ratio. We obtained monthly safety data, strength and functional measures at 2 participating sites and muscle biopsies before and after treatment. RESULTS: We enrolled 17 men and 7 women with a mean age of 69 years and diagnosis of Griggs definite (10...
The effects of resistance exercise on fiber-type-specific expression of insulin-like growth facto... more The effects of resistance exercise on fiber-type-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was determined in 6 healthy males. The expression of both genes increased in Type I fibers (p < 0.05), but only GLUT4 increased (p < 0.05) in Type II fibers. These data demonstrates that an acute bout of resistance exercise can up-regulate mechanisms of glucose uptake in slow and fast-twitch fibers, but the IGF signaling axis may not be as effective in fast-twitch fibers.
The FASEB Journal, 2016
Mitochondrial homeostasis includes turnover of fusion and fission proteins. Silent information re... more Mitochondrial homeostasis includes turnover of fusion and fission proteins. Silent information regulator (SIRT) 1, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1 (PPARγ), and perox...
Michael A. Trevino1, Eric M. Mosier1, Jonathan D. Miller1, Andrew C. Fry1, Philip M. Gallagher1, ... more Michael A. Trevino1, Eric M. Mosier1, Jonathan D. Miller1, Andrew C. Fry1, Philip M. Gallagher1, John P. Vardiman2, and Trent J. Herda1. 1University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; e-mail: [email protected] PURPOSE: Differences in motor unit (MU) behavior as a result of chronic training have previously been reported. It is hypothesized that MU behavior is regulated by the physical properties of a muscle rather than the central nervous system. Thus, it has been suggested that differences in MU firing rates between training statuses were likely due to differences in the physical properties of the MU, such as, percent myosin heavy chain [%MHC] expression. No study has correlated MU control strategies during a voluntary contraction with MHC expression in vivo. METHODS: Twelve individuals (age = 20.91 ± 2.30 yrs, weight = 70.76 ± 14.47 kg) volunteered for this investigation. Participants performed 3 isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the leg extensors on an isokinetic dynamometer followed by an isometric trapezoid muscle action at 40% MVC. An electromyographic (EMG) sensor was placed over the vastus lateralis (VL). EMG signals were decomposed to extract action potentials and firing events of single MUs. Only MUs with \u3e 90% accuracies were used for further analysis. Recruitment (REC) thresholds and mean firing rates (MFR) were calculated for each MU. MFR was calculated as the average value of the MFR trajectory during steady force. Subjects gave a muscle biopsy of the VL. Type I %MHC expression was determined by SDS-PAGE. Linear regressions were performed to determine the slopes and y-intercepts of the MFR versus REC relationships. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to determine the relationship between type I %MHC expression with the slopes and y-intercepts. Alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Pearson’s product moment correlations were significant between the type I %MHC expression and the slopes (P = 0.001, r = 0.844) from the MFR versus REC relationships, but not the y-intercepts (P = 0.826, r = -0.071). CONCLUSION: Individuals with a greater percentage of type I %MHC expression had greater firing rates of the higher-threshold MUs at the targeted force level than individuals with a lower percentage of type I %MHC expression. It is plausible that the firing rates of the higher-threshold MUs are lower in individuals with greater percentages of type II MHC isoform content as a result of greater twitch forces. This study supported the hypothesis that the MU control scheme is regulated by the physical properties of the muscle. Funding provided by the General Research Fund from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
3 Authors: Michael A. Trevino, Trent J. Herda, Andrew C. Fry, Philip M. Gallagher, John P. 4 Vard... more 3 Authors: Michael A. Trevino, Trent J. Herda, Andrew C. Fry, Philip M. Gallagher, John P. 4 Vardiman, Eric M. Mosier, and Jonathan D. Miller 5 6 1 Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2 Applied Physiology 7 Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 3 Applied Physiology and Sports Medicine 8 Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 9 10 Email: Michael A. Trevino: [email protected], Trent J. Herda: [email protected], 11 Andrew C. Fry: [email protected], Phillip M. Gallagher: [email protected], John P. Vardiman: 12 [email protected], Eric M. Mosier: [email protected], Jonathan D. Miller: [email protected] 13 14 Corresponding Author: Trent J. Herda, Ph.D. 15 Assistant Professor – Director, Neuromechanics Laboratory 16 Dept. of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences 17 University of Kansas 18 1301 Sunnyside Ave, Room 101BE 19 Lawrence, KS 66045 20 Office Phone: (785) 864-2224 21 Fax: (785) 864-3343 22 Email: [email protected] 23 24 Articles in PresS. J Neu...
Ski jumping can be divided into three separate phases for biomechanical analysis: inrun, take-off... more Ski jumping can be divided into three separate phases for biomechanical analysis: inrun, take-off and flight. Because of the technicality of the sport, hundreds of hours must be spent just practising the take-off. Therefore, a need exists to develop an effective simulator where athletes can practice the timing and biomechanical aspects of the take-off year-round. The US Olympic Development Team (USODT) has assembled such a simulator which is constructed of wood and steel tracking. This study is the first stage of a plan to determine the effectiveness of an indoor ski jumping simulator. The purpose of this stage was to describe the kinematics involved during the take-off phase on an indoor simulator. The second and third stages will consist of a kinematic and kinetic comparison of simulated ski jumping to on-snow jumping. The take-off has been regarded as the most critical aspect of ski jumping due to the importance of timing and the biomechanical positioning of the jumper. Therefore...
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2018
These data demonstrated that a level of heat stress is similar under different ambient temperatur... more These data demonstrated that a level of heat stress is similar under different ambient temperature and RH when matched the same in WBGT. However, it is speculated that a prolonged working time (e.g. 4 to 8 hour work shift) would likely surpass the upper limit of ACGIH's TLV.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, Jan 27, 2017
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different back squat protocols on ... more The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different back squat protocols on intra-cellular signaling, endocrine responses, and power fatigue. Nine recreationally trained males (X±SD; age: 21.4±0.6yrs; height: 177.8±5.1cm; weight: 78.7±9.7kg), completed three maximal concentric velocity squat protocols in a randomized order. Testing protocols consisted of 5 sets of 10 repetitions at 30% of 1RM; 5 sets of 5 repetitions at 70% of 1RM; and 5 sets of 3 repetitions at 90% of 1RM. Average system power for each set was obtained with a tethered external dynamometer. Pre- and post-exercise blood draws were analyzed for lactate, testosterone, hGH, and cortisol. Muscle biopsies assessed pre- and post-exercise extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 phosphorylation via western blotting. Cortisol, hGH, and lactate increased post-exercise (p<0.05), but did not differ between protocols (p>0.05). Testosterone was unaltered (p>0.05). Average power was ...
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2014
William Hawkins1, Nicole Moodie2, Mallory Matuszek1, Zachary Graham1, John Vardiman1 & Philip... more William Hawkins1, Nicole Moodie2, Mallory Matuszek1, Zachary Graham1, John Vardiman1 & Philip Gallagher1 1Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; 2Rockhurst University, Kansas City, Missouri PURPOSE: To better understand the types of resistance training protocols that are most beneficial to stimulate muscle hypertrophy, we examined the difference between a single set (SS) of resistance exercise to multiple sets (MS) of resistance exercise on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and on the gene expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the receptor for IGF-1 (IGF-1R). METHODS: For this study, sixteen healthy males were divided in to two groups of eight. Subjects in each group received three biopsies: 1) baseline, prior to exercise; 2) 15-minutes post exercise; and 3) 180 minutes post exercise. Subjects in the SS group performed one set of leg press exercise at 80% of their predetermined 1RM to volitional fatigue. Subjects in the MS group performed 2 sets of 10 repetitions and one set to volitional fatigue at 80% of their predetermined 1RM, with 3 minutes of rest between each set. RESULTS: There were no differences between groups in the concentration of Akt signaling proteins. Furthermore, there was no difference in IGF-1 expression. However, there was a greater increase in IGF-1R expression in the SS group compared to the MS group 180 minutes post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that exercise volume may not alter signals associated protein synthesis in recreationally trained individuals. (Funded by ACSM Doctoral Research Award
The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 2017
Background: Isokinetic fatigue protocols are commonly used in both research as well as in kinesio... more Background: Isokinetic fatigue protocols are commonly used in both research as well as in kinesiology education. However, fatigue quantification methods vary between studies. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how fatigue quantification methods affect data interpretation and which methods may be most appropriate. Method: In this study, we quantified fatigue from a repeated maximal effort isokinetic knee extension test using different methods, as seen in published research. Nine healthy males and nine healthy females performed 50 concentric knee extensions at 180°•s-1. For each repetition, torque was quantified as either peak torque (PT), torque at the mid-point of the range of motion, and torque integrated over the full, middle 30° range of motion, and isokinetic range of motion. Fatigue Index was quantified using either the first and last three or five repetitions or the peak and last three or five repetitions. Torque slopes were quantified using all r...
Journal of immunological methods, 2017
Recent work investigating exercise induced changes in immunocompetence suggests that some of the ... more Recent work investigating exercise induced changes in immunocompetence suggests that some of the ambiguity in the literature is resultant from different cell isolation protocols and mitogen selection. To understand this effect, we compared post-exercise measures of T cell activation and proliferation using two different stimulation methods (costimulation through CD28 or stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin [PHA]). Further, we investigated whether exercise induced changes are maintained when T cell isolation from whole blood is delayed overnight in either a room temperature or chilled (4°C) environment. As expected, an increased proliferation response was observed post-exercise in T cells isolated from whole blood of previously trained individuals immediately after blood collection. Also, cells stimulated with PHA after resting overnight in whole blood were not adversely impacted by the storage conditions. In contrast, allowing cells to rest overnight in whole blood prior to stimulat...
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2015
Military training involves rapid decision making during periods of intense stress. Often these de... more Military training involves rapid decision making during periods of intense stress. Often these decisions have a profound impact on the moral and tactical growth of military personnel in training. PURPOSE: Map the trajectory of the endocrine response and quantify variation in measures of moral judgment (MJ) and intention (MI) following Marine Corps Martial Arts training. METHODS: 10 male Marines participated in this study and were observed 3 times during a 9-week period. Blood samples for cortisol, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were collected before training (Baseline) and during the recovery period (Immediate Post (IP), 15, 30, 45 and 60min). Components of the Ethical and Moral Index were assessed over the same times. Blood markers were quantified using summary measures and analyzed with rm-ANOVA. Hierarchical regression was used to analyze emotional and cognitive variables. RESULTS: There were no significant differences across visits for the summary or baseline blood markers. EPI (69±46.5pcg/ml, 70.6±46.1pcg/ml, 58.5±42.6pcg/ml) and NE (880.3±670pcg/ml, 886.4±353.2pcg/ml, 874.1±578.1pcg/ml) values peaked at IP. Times to peak for cortisol (22.0±6.7mcg/dl, 20.9±5.9mcg/dl, 19.7±3.9mcg/dl) are interpreted as peaks between 15-30min for Visit 1 and between 0-15min for Visits 2-3. At baseline, MJ was predicted positively by moral justification (β=.67, t(24)=2.39, p<.05) and national identity (β=.59, t(24)=2.22, p<.05). At IP, national identity (β=.77, t(24)=2.27, p<.05) predicted MI the higher the individual identified with America, the more likely they were to intend to commit unethical acts on the battlefield. Over the 15-45 min recovery moral identity predicted MJ (β=-.61, t(24)=-2.72, p<.05) and MI (β=-.57, t(24)=-2.70, p<.05). CONCLUSION: The lack of significant differences across visits suggests the acute endocrine response to training stress is not attenuated with repeated exposure. Changes in moral predictors over the recovery period indicate moral decision making is informed differently immediately following an acute stressor. Future research quantifying the interplay between physiological responses to acute stress and moral decision making may aid the development of training strategies for military personnel. Supported by a grant through the Office of Naval Research.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2016
CONCLUSION: The pattern of salivary SIgA secretion rate response to aerobic exercise was not affe... more CONCLUSION: The pattern of salivary SIgA secretion rate response to aerobic exercise was not affected by the menstrual cycle. These findings indicate that the menstrual cycle may not need to be considered when assessing oral-respiratory mucosal immune responses to acute exercise.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2016
PURPOSE: Differences in motor unit (MU) behavior as a result of chronic training have previously ... more PURPOSE: Differences in motor unit (MU) behavior as a result of chronic training have previously been reported. It is hypothesized that MU behavior is regulated by the physical properties of a muscle rather than the central nervous system. Thus, it has been suggested that differences in MU firing rates between training statuses were likely due to differences in the physical properties of the MU, such as, percent myosin heavy chain [%MHC] expression. No study has correlated MU control strategies during a voluntary contraction with MHC expression in vivo. METHODS: Twelve individuals (age = 20.91 ± 2.30 yrs, weight = 70.76 ± 14.47 kg) volunteered for this investigation. Participants performed 3 isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the leg extensors on an isokinetic dynamometer followed by an isometric trapezoid muscle action at 40% MVC. An electromyographic (EMG) sensor was placed over the vastus lateralis (VL). EMG signals were decomposed to extract action potentials and firing events of single MUs. Only MUs with > 90% accuracies were used for further analysis. Recruitment (REC) thresholds and mean firing rates (MFR) were calculated for each MU. MFR was calculated as the average value of the MFR trajectory during steady force. Subjects gave a muscle biopsy of the VL. Type I %MHC expression was determined by SDS-PAGE. Linear regressions were performed to determine the slopes and y-intercepts of the MFR versus REC relationships. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to determine the relationship between type I %MHC expression with the slopes and y-intercepts. Alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Pearson’s product moment correlations were significant between the type I %MHC expression and the slopes (P = 0.001, r = 0.844) from the MFR versus REC relationships, but not the y-intercepts (P = 0.826, r = -0.071). CONCLUSION: Individuals with a greater percentage of type I %MHC expression had greater firing rates of the higher-threshold MUs at the targeted force level than individuals with a lower percentage of type I %MHC expression. It is plausible that the firing rates of the higher-threshold MUs are lower in individuals with greater percentages of type II MHC isoform content as a result of greater twitch forces. This study supported the hypothesis that the MU control scheme is regulated by the physical properties of the muscle.
Heat Shock Proteins, 2015
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are chaperone molecules that are known to facilitate protein synthesis,... more Heat shock proteins (HSP) are chaperone molecules that are known to facilitate protein synthesis, protein assembly, provide cellular protection and regulate intracellular signaling. These cytoprotective effects have been linked to increases in HSP70 and HSP27p concentrations but there has been little progress in determining the specific role of HSP in human skeletal muscle adaptations. Short wave diathermy (SWD) and ultrasound are treatments commonly used to stimulate deep heat increases in skeletal muscle with limited research examining the effects of increased muscle temperature on muscle damage induced injury severity. Current research cannot definitively identify the mechanistic roles of HSP in mitigation of muscle damage even though they are commonly cited as mechanism of action for prevention of damage in heat-treated muscle. This article will examine the role of HSP induction in skeletal muscle as a therapeutic countermeasure for reduction of muscle atrophy during prolonged periods of immobilization as well as mechanisms for accelerated repair of injured muscle fibers through increased total protein concentrations.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2001
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Papers by Philip Gallagher