Papers by Carina Antonia Hallin
Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2009
The journal is now in its 8th year, and publishes four issues a year. The review process of the S... more The journal is now in its 8th year, and publishes four issues a year. The review process of the Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism calls for at least two referees assigned anonymously to each submitted manuscript considered appropriate for outside evaluation. While some reviewers are board members, most associate editors and reviewers are from outside.
Routledge eBooks, Jun 8, 2023
The Routledge Handbook of Collective Intelligence for Democracy and Governance
This handbook aims to synthesize key ideas from the emerging field of collective intelligence and... more This handbook aims to synthesize key ideas from the emerging field of collective intelligence and place them more clearly in the context of public problem-solving. Groups, under certain conditions, can solve problems and accomplish complex tasks in a way that surpasses the abilities of any individual within them. How can we understand this phenomenon, and what are the conditions necessary to bring it about? The notion of collective intelligence is polysemic, informed by disciplines as diverse as conflict mediation and computer science. This poses challenges as well as opportunities: Though our notions of cognition, collaboration, and citizen engagement are enriched by studies from a diversity of fields, there is also a risk that these fields talk past one another or that crucial links go unexplored. Our intent in this handbook of collective intelligence for democracy and governance is to add clarity and coherence to the field of collective intelligence as it matures into a scientific discipline in its own right. The increased salience of the field in recent decades may be correlated with some of the key trends of our time, notably the revolution in digital technology that has enabled new modes of large-scale collaboration (McNutt et al., 2016), the growing complexity and interdependence of public problems (Noveck, 2015), and a crisis of trust in public institutions that has inspired a "wave" of deliberative experiments worldwide (OECD, 2020). The present moment has been described as a transition from the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the increasing automation and interconnection of economic functions (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014), to an upcoming fifth industrial revolution centered on the need to make organizations and societies more intelligent (Noble, Mende, Grewal et al., 2022). Authors have referred to this new technological paradigm as the "deep minds era," in which deep knowledge is harnessed, and collective consciousness created, from both humans and machines (cf. Friedman, 2019). See further Part 7 of the Handbook on Collective Intelligence, Technology and Collective Consciousness. This fifth industrial revolution encompasses the notion of harmonious human-machine collaborations with a specific focus on the well-being of multiple stakeholders (i.e., society, companies, employees, and customers). For some, this "deep minds era" holds the promise of a revolution in how we learn and think through the leveraging of human-machine
The Routledge Companion to Strategic Risk Management, Chapter 28 (487-500)
Danish corporations face challenges in adapting to the fourth industrial revolution resulting fro... more Danish corporations face challenges in adapting to the fourth industrial revolution resulting from the evolution in information technology and digitalization. Overall, the fourth industrial revolution has led to new requirements for Danish companies that are challenged in terms of efficiency, cost, quality in creativity and innovation, and the ability to predict new market trends and operational changes better than the competition. The purpose of this research is to map the state of collective intelligence behavior and related crowdsourcing methods applied by CEOs, directors and managers of Denmark's leading corporations across different sectors. As the first quantitative and qualitative research on the status of collective intelligence behavior and practices of top Danish corporations, we investigate the corporations’ use of collective intelligence, crowdsourcing methods (including crowdsourcing of creative and innovative solutions), prediction markets, and crowd predictions without markets. In addition, we examine various factors that can determine the usage of crowdsourcing within the individual company.
Routledge eBooks, Jun 8, 2023
Page 1. FORECASTING FINANCIAL HOTEL PERFORMANCE WITH ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION MEASURES: AN EXPLO... more Page 1. FORECASTING FINANCIAL HOTEL PERFORMANCE WITH ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION MEASURES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF EMPLOYEE STRATEGIC SENTIMENT INDEX (ESSI) Carina Antonia Hallin Co-Authors: Einar Marnburg, Sigbjørn Tveterås ...
Tourism Management, 2008
Knowledge management (KM) has emerged over the last decade to become one of the most debated mana... more Knowledge management (KM) has emerged over the last decade to become one of the most debated management concepts, but in the hospitality industry KM has not achieved the same scale of applications and empirical research as in other fields. This paper presents the first state-of-the-art survey of empirical KM research in the hospitality field. Database searches of the KM concept and related topics yielded 2365 hits, of which only 19 empirical articles were identified. The contents of the articles are discussed in juxtaposition with static versus dynamic perspectives on knowledge. The empirical quality of articles is assessed against relevant theory-of-science criteria. Findings reveal that five empirical contributions offer high research quality, and the remaining studies demonstrate that empirical KM research is limited, inconclusive, low on generalization and testability. It is suggested that future research should offer insight into actual learning dynamics to define what domain-specific knowledge means for hospitality management and employees, to investigate how to store real-time contextual knowledge, investigating employees' versus managers' knowledge abilities in forecasting business change, and to illuminate how knowledge vision and knowledge activities may be aligned.
Routledge eBooks, Jun 8, 2023
International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2021
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021
Digital disruptions caused by use of technologies like social media arguably present a formidable... more Digital disruptions caused by use of technologies like social media arguably present a formidable challenge to democratic values and in-turn to Collective Intelligence (CI or “wisdom-of-crowd”), which the former is an emblem of. These challenges such as misinformation, partisan bias, polarization, and rising mistrust in institutions (incl. mainstream media), present a new threat to collectives both online and offline—amplifying the risk of turning “wise” crowds “mad”, and rendering their actions counterproductive. Considering the increasingly important role crowds play in solving today’s socio-political, technological, and economical issues, and in shaping our future, we identify time-critical challenges and potential solutions that require urgent attention, if future CI systems are to sustain their indispensable role as global deliberation instruments
Successful decision making depends on the ability to identify relevant strategic environmental is... more Successful decision making depends on the ability to identify relevant strategic environmental issues available to decision makers [Eisenhardt 1989, March and Olsen 1976, Vroom and Yetton 1973]. Crowd predictions are widely recognized for producing accurate predictions about the future [Hallin 2015, Hill 1982, Hong and Page 2004, Surowiecki 2004, Thompson 2012]. Strategic foresight and updated information about the future to support strategic decisions can be achieved by tapping into the collective wisdom of crowds [Berg and Rietz 2003, Mannes, Soll and Larrick 2014, O’Leary 2011, Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004]. This paper introduces two empirical case studies on the identification of strategic issues for crowd predictions performed in large international organizations, Copenhagen Airports and Maersk Training. The methods include interviews with key decision makers and crowd testing in order to identify relevant environmental, industrial, and firm uncertainties that are expected to aff...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2018
Big data research has emerged as an important discipline in information systems research and mana... more Big data research has emerged as an important discipline in information systems research and management. Yet, while the torrent of data being generated on the Internet is increasingly unstructured and non-numeric in the form of images and texts, research indicates there is an increasing need to develop more efficient algorithms for treating mixed data in big data. In this paper, we apply the classical K-means algorithm to both numeric and categorical attributes in big data platforms. We first present an algorithm which handles the problem of mixed data. We then utilize big data platforms to implement the algorithm. This provides us with a solid basis for performing more targeted profiling for business and research purposes using big data, so that decision makers will be able to treat mixed data, i.e. numerical and categorical data, to explain phenomena within the big data ecosystem.
This paper explores a new judgmental forecasting indicator, the Employee Sensed Operational Capab... more This paper explores a new judgmental forecasting indicator, the Employee Sensed Operational Capabilities (ESOC). The purpose of the ESOC is to establish a practical prediction tool that can provide early signals about changes in financial performance by gauging frontline employees' sensing of changes in the firm's operational capabilities. We present the first stage of the development of ESOC by applying a formative measurement approach to test the index in relation to financial performance and against an organizational commitment scale. We use distributed lag models to test whether the ESOC can predict financial performance. Monthly data were collected from frontline employees in three different companies during an 18-month period, and the initial results indicate that the ESOChas predictive power.
The organizational capacity to cope with unexpected changes remains a fundamental challenge in st... more The organizational capacity to cope with unexpected changes remains a fundamental challenge in strategy as global competition and technological innovation increase environmental uncertainty. Whereas conventional strategy-making often is conceived as a sequential linear process, we see it as a non-linear interaction between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms dealing with multiple actions taken throughout the organization over time. It is driven by intension but with a flexible balance between centralized (planned) and decentralized (spontaneous) activities where strategy formulation and implementation interact. We adopt the frame of complementary Yin-Yang elements and Zhong Yong balance to explain the time bound interaction between these opposing yet complementary strategy-making mechanisms where tradeoffs and synergies are balanced across hierarchical levels. The model outlines how the interaction between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms shape sustainable strategic responses.
The organizational capacity to cope with unexpected changes remains a fundamental challenge in st... more The organizational capacity to cope with unexpected changes remains a fundamental challenge in strategy as global competition and technological innovation increase environmental uncertainty. Conventional strategymaking is often conceived as a sequential linear process where we see it as a non-linear interaction between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms dealing with multiple actions taken throughout the organization over time. It is driven by intension but with a flexible balance between centralized (planned) and decentralized (spontaneous) activities. We adopt the principles of complementary Yin-Yang elements and Zhong Yong balance to explain the time bound interaction between these opposing yet complementary strategy-making mechanisms where tradeoffs and synergies are balanced across hierarchical levels.
This paper presents different corporate prediction aggregation techniques and introduces a new ty... more This paper presents different corporate prediction aggregation techniques and introduces a new type of prediction mechanism linking the sensing of operational capabilities by frontline employees to the identification of fuzzy events and emerging strategic issues as ‘early warning signals’. Based on the literatures on prediction markets and fuzzy logic the methodology collects information from many diverse frontline employees to develop valid signaling predictors. Individuals in the frontline gain deep insights as they perform operational activities in direct interactions with many internal and external stakeholders and we tap into this unique knowledge source to identify new issues and opportunities for ongoing strategic decision-making. Aggregating dispersed information from crowds is not a new phenomenon. The capacity to aggregate heterogeneous and dispersed information from the environment is seen as a critical input for strategic decision making [Arrow, 1974; Hayek, 1945; Stinch...
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Papers by Carina Antonia Hallin
Drawing on ground-breaking research into adaptive strategy, this book introduces compelling tools to help design responsive strategic organizations by cultivating global strategic democracy. Written by two leading scholars, this book provides models to inform strategic decisions through the aggregation of frontline information.
With a wealth of illustrative case examples supplementing unique research, this text is essential reading for students of strategic management and provides illuminating insights for the reflective practitioner.
Formålet med denne forskningsrapport er at skabe et overblik vedrørende viden om og anvendelsen af kollektiv intelligens og relaterede crowdsourcing-metoder blandt beslutningstagere i Danmarks ledende virksomheder på tværs af sektorer.
Empirien er indsamlet ved semi-strukturerede spørgeskemaundersøgelser i form af telefoninterviews med CEOs, direktører, afdelingsledere og mellemledere i 50 af de største virksomheder i Danmark på tværs af sektorer og inkluderer i alt 69 besvarelser.
Som det første større kvantitative og kvalitative studie i Danmark af kollektiv intelligens adfærd blandt danske virksomheder, undersøger vi virksomhedernes brug af crowdsourcing-metoder, herunder crowdsourcing af kreative og innovative løsninger samt anvendelsen af prediction markets og brugen af crowd forudsigelser uden markeder.
Hovedkonklusionerne af forskningsrapporten er, at de største danske virksomheder står overfor et anseligt potentiale med hensyn til at implementere kollektiv intelligens adfærd og crowdsourcing teknikker for at skabe øget konkurrencefordele i fremtiden. Virksomheder, der har brugt crowdsourcing tidligere har i højere grad forventning om at bruge crowdsourcing end virksomheder, der ikke har brugt crowdsourcing. Virksomheder, der scorer højt på industri-ekspertise har større forventning om at bruge crowdsourcing i fremtiden. Eksternt pres på virksomheder giver samtidig en større sandsynlighed for crowdsourcing i fremtiden. Det er særligt i sektorer, der har en stigende mangfoldighed i kunders ønsker, at man forventer at anvende crowdsourcing.
Til sammenligning med anerkendte globale virksomheder, kan det konkluderes at danske erhvervsledere, som er repræsenteret i udvalget har viden om kollektiv intelligens og crowdsourcing, mens anvendelsen af disse områder er mindre udbredt. Det betyder at virksomhederne har et stort uudnyttet potentiale med henblik på at tilpasse sig den globale udvikling indenfor anvendelsen af kollektiv intelligens og crowdsourcing-metoder.
mechanism linking the sensing of operational capabilities by frontline employees to the identification of fuzzy events
and emerging strategic issues as ‘early warning signals’. Based on the literatures on prediction markets and fuzzy logic
the methodology collects information from many diverse frontline employees to develop valid signaling predictors.
Individuals in the frontline gain deep insights as they perform operational activities in direct interactions with many
internal and external stakeholders and we tap into this unique knowledge source to identify new issues and
opportunities for ongoing strategic decision-making.
employees as an important part of the micro-foundations of dynamic capabilities: By
putting in place organizational processes that mobilize and exploit information gathered
by individual employees from their operating environment, firms can update insights
about performance outcomes and improve strategic decision-making. We test empirically
the extent to which firms can ascertain performance outcomes by drawing on employee
knowledge. Our empirical setting is the Scandinavian hospitality sector with respondents
among frontline service employees. Using a time series approach, we show that
employee respondents (collectively) assess medium-term organizational performance
better than management and the financial models available to them.