HBIM (Historical Building Information System) represents a very promising tool for the management... more HBIM (Historical Building Information System) represents a very promising tool for the management of Cultural Heritage, both for daily operations and for the planned preservation of the asset itself. However, it requires a specific effort to adapt tried and tested tools and methods for new construction to existing Cultural Heritage buildings. First of all, the starting point of the process (new construction projects versus surveys of existing buildings) changes, and consequently the requirements for geometric and informative modelling change.
The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact ... more The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact that crosses the lagoon city. Moreover it was important as the seat of trade for Venice. For these reasons there a lot of studies about the Grand Canal and its architectural heritage, but there are some difficulties connected with buildings that “grow on the water”. The University Iuav, in collaboration with Riegl and Microgeo, has designed to scan all the facades of the palaces by an acquisition system (laser scanners, photogrammetry and GPS inertial) mounted on a boat, thus obtaining a point of view totally new and particularly suited to the survey of important buildings. The acquisition was made with the scanning system Riegl VMX-250, consisting of the rotary scanner VQ250, an INS inertial system and a system recovery using images of cameras or camcorders. The system has a measuring frequency of 300,000 pts/sec obtained with a scanner rotating at 360 degrees for complete coverage. Mor...
The “Palazzo Ducale” museum complex in Mantua has been the object of intermittent interventions, ... more The “Palazzo Ducale” museum complex in Mantua has been the object of intermittent interventions, which have not represented, over the last 30 years, a consistent strategy in terms of conservation. In the light of new financial and technological possibilities, a renewed management synergy has been activated: better operative decisions and the application of innovative tools are the core of this attitude. The article illustrates the path of knowledge activated in the museum’s “Cortile della Cavallerizza”: from archival research, geometrical survey and diagnostic analysis, up to the executive design of its conservative project.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2019
Planned conservation approach requires a sustained, long-term action to better manage the cultura... more Planned conservation approach requires a sustained, long-term action to better manage the cultural heritage assets during their life cycle. Together with programmed conservation and local interventions, there is a large amount of information related to the building; it emerges the need for an appropriate tool in which to store all data. Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) can be an appropriate way to address this issue. In this context, the lack of automatic tools (to speed up the project) and the need for data interpretation in the process are noticeable, especially for cultural heritage items. In this paper we present a practical case study. Starting from an integrated survey of Mantua Cathedral (located in Northern Italy) we developed a HBIM model of its façade. Particular emphasis is given to data interpretation both from geometrical survey and from historical sources. The resulting model is consistent and coherent with reality. As a result, we state that the development of a HBIM model is not an automatized process. In the process, from the survey to the final model, there is the need for a deep knowledge and a deep understanding of the building, not only in term of geometrical survey but also of its historical phases, its changes in time, its materials and the construction techniques. HBIM can be a useful instrument for planned conservation, which strongly requires a coherent model to be effective and useful. A proper model, working as an integrated archive, can increase the effectiveness of planned conservation.
The synergy between Mantua Diocese, Direzione Regionale per i beni culturali e paesaggistici dell... more The synergy between Mantua Diocese, Direzione Regionale per i beni culturali e paesaggistici della Lombardia and Politecnico di Milano enabled the elaboration of a strategic conservation plan for some Mantova buildings of great significance to the city and to the owners: the planning of monitoring activities necessary to the conservation has experienced a further development as regards the structural aspects, after the earthquake, to improve performances vis-à-vis the updated seismic risk level. The collaboration between stakeholder bodies made it possible to systematise the resources needed to access available funds for scheduled conservation and innovative diagnostics over the last decade. The aim is to bring about the necessary conditions for an in depth examination of case studies pretty much representative of local building materials and techniques, for which to identify the best practices for conservation. The networks the bodies belong to permit the dissemination of the results achieved to a vast number of observers, stakeholders, owners, and other local bodies. The paper relates to the diagnostics part, including the innovative techniques employed alongside the more traditional and standardised ones, with a view to drawing up a program of checks and a plan of preventive actions, despite of a limited number of interventions. The monitoring measures and the inspections aim to mitigate some risk factors, among them the (up to now) advanced state of decay of some elements in the oldest buildings, whose maintenance would aggravate the conservation conditions, especially as regards decorated surfaces. Out of the analysed buildings, the case study herein described concerns the Basilica Concattedrale di Sant'Andrea Apostolo in Mantova, a mankind architectural heritage and, obviously, a city monument.
Modern digital technologies give us great possibilities to organize knowledge about constructions... more Modern digital technologies give us great possibilities to organize knowledge about constructions, regarding multidisciplinary fields like preservation, conservation and valorization of our architectural heritage, in order to suggest restoration projects and related work, or to suppose a planned preventive maintenance. New procedures to archive, analyze and manage architectural information find a natural support in 3D model, thanks to the development of capacities of new modeling software. Moreover, if the model contains or interfaces with a heterogeneous archive of information, as it is for BIM, this model can be considered as the bases of critical studies, projects of restoration, heritage maintenance, integrated management, protection, and valorization, and evaluation of economic aspects, management and planning, that can flow into a planned preventive maintenance [1]. The aspect that limit the use of BIM technology is the set up parametric object library inside programs: the standardized level of these objects deals difficulty with survey and restoration issues, where each single element has its own historical and architectural characterization [2]. From this foreword, the goal of this research is more evident: the possibilities of using BIM modeling to the existing constructions and cultural heritage, as a support for the construction and management of a Plan for planned preventive maintenance.
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2015
Geomatics technics and methods are now able to provide a great contribution to the Cultural Herit... more Geomatics technics and methods are now able to provide a great contribution to the Cultural Heritage (CH) processes, being adaptable to different purposes: management, diagnosis, restoration, protection, study and research, communication, formation and fruition of the Cultural Heritage. This experimentation was done with an eye to encouraging and promoting the development of principles and good practices for recording, documentation and information management of cultural heritage This research focuses on the documentation path of a cultural asset, in particular a Renaissance statue, aimed to achieve a three dimensional model useful for many digital applications and for solid reproduction. The digital copy can be used in many contexts and represents an efficient tool to preserve and promote CH. It can be included in virtual museum archives and catalogues, shared on network with cultural operators and users, and it permits the contextualization of the asset in its artistic and historical background. Moreover, the possibility to obtain a hard copy, reproduced through 3D printing, allows to reach new opportunities of interaction with CH. In this article, two techniques for the digitization of the terracotta bust of Francesco II Gonzaga, in the City Museum of Mantua, are described: the triangulation scanner and dense image matching photogrammetry. As well as the description of the acquisition and the elaborations, other aspects are taken into account: the characteristics of the object, the place for the acquisition, the ultimate goal and the economic availability. There are also highlighted the optimization pipeline to get the correct three-dimensional models and a 3D printed copy. A separate section discusses the comparison of the realized model to identify the positive and negative aspects of each adopted application.
This paper will demonstrate how new technologies in cartographic environment integrate acquisitio... more This paper will demonstrate how new technologies in cartographic environment integrate acquisition, management and representation techniques for georefencing data processing. Moreover, there is an ever-growing demand for a more "representative" and "world widespread" digital cartography. More representative means the capabilities in describing physical phenomena but also social, economic and cultural data that are necessarily connected to geographical aspects. More widespread derives from the growing use of cartographic products by non-specialized users. Among the different formats of numerical cartography, threedimensional maps are certainly the more suitable. These represent a cartographic typology corresponding to different levels of accuracy and details to describe reality, such as DTM and city modelling. They provide geometrical and qualitative information coming from the use of historical documents and present-day aerial and terrestrial photo suitably processed: such as orthophotos mapped onto DTM for a more truthful description of territory. Data for 3D map production can be acquired by employing the most advanced and outstanding techniques, normally integrated such as digital photogrammetry and laser scanning, both aerial (aircraft or helicopter) and terrestrial survey. 3D digital cartography seems to be more suitable in different field of applications: to recover the historical maps content, to establish an architectural project in its surroundings, to well deals with town-planning matters, to perform simulations for environmental impact analyses, and so on.
L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geoma... more L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geomatica applicata allo studio dei Beni Culturali. Il rilievo di una facciata, operazione tradizionale in architettura, si caratterizza infatti come campo di applicazione per nuove tecnologie e strumenti e come possibilità di verifica delle metodologie già consolidate. Dopo alcuni anni dal rilievo delle facciate monumentali delle chiese palladiane a Venezia, il Laboratorio di Fotogrammetria si è impegnato nel rilievo della facciata del Codussi con lo ...
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2020
Geomatics is trying to redefine its role in the Italian higher-level educational system according... more Geomatics is trying to redefine its role in the Italian higher-level educational system according to the new technological developments. The recent thematic thread of Building Information Modelling (BIM) systems contributes to the new role of Geomatics inside universities and, more generally, in the training process. BIM systems propose new ways of managing the construction process throughout building life cycle, from design to construction and management. They allow managing large flows of information, organized and shared among the different operators in the construction chain, through databases linked to threedimensional objects. The BIM approach is based on two principles: interoperability and digitization. BIM was born as an application dedicated to new buildings, to promote the optimization of the entire life cycle of the building, from design to management. Many countries have been active in this sector for years, while others are now joining the digitization approach. In this complex scenario, the proposal to adopt the BIM process not only for the management of new constructions but also for the intervention on the existing one, is relevant in a country, like Italy, with a very rich history and a high presence of built historical heritage. Maurice Murphy coined the term HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling), referring to BIM systems applied to historical buildings that need intervention and subsequent management. Geomatics plays a crucial role in HBIM as it is the primary tool for the digitization of built heritage and to obtain a model of the existing, an "as-built" model. In order to achieve this result, laser scanner and photogrammetry are the main tools, and they are involved in the so-called Scan2Bim process. The other important role is connected with the modeling stage to arrive at a threedimensional representation suitable for common BIM authoring software while maintaining the rigor and accuracy that characterize the geomatic approach. The fundamental role of Geomatics in this context requires the training of personnel specialized in surveying and managing the acquired data through HBIM systems. There are new training courses and masters in the field of BIM systems, hosted by Politecnico di Milano at the Mantua Campus, aimed at training new figures with a specific curriculum, including Geomatics. The elements that characterize the training course are the knowledge of the principles and methods of data and the evaluation of achievable accuracy and admissible errors. It is also important to address issues that are still not completely solved in HBIM community, such as the type of modeling the best levels of detail of geometric and information content and the most practical aspects of commercial BIM authoring software. The article describes the experience carried out by Politecnico di Milano and tries to define, afterward, the training curriculum for HBIM experts, in which Geomatics plays an essential role, not only in the data acquisition phase but also in geometric and informative modeling.
This work starts from the observation that today cartographic globes, present in almost every mus... more This work starts from the observation that today cartographic globes, present in almost every museum and art collection, are deprived of part of their value. They are actually considered as art objects, meant to decorate the halls of historical buildings and now relegated in museums, without recognizing the cartographic value that they deserve. From this consideration we want to investigate the different aspects of these cartographic spheres. We intend to improve the knowledge of their cartographic value under the double aspect of the material support and the depicted (or applied) cartography.
In recent years, digital photogrammetry has enjoyed a renewed approval in the ield of Cultural He... more In recent years, digital photogrammetry has enjoyed a renewed approval in the ield of Cultural Heritage. This is due both to the relative cheapness of the instruments (a high resolution camera, possibly a relex with good lenses) and to new algorithms and software that simpliied the use, perhaps at the expense of the necessary knowledge of its principles. The 3D survey of the Mausoleum of Romulus, along the Via Appia Antica, within the European project 3DICONS, provided the opportunity to test different photogrammetric techniques, with the aim to verify the results and to evaluate the positive and negative aspects. In particular two different approaches have been applied: spherical photogrammetry and dense image matching. The irst technique is based on traditional photogrammetric principles, applied on panoramic images instead of frame images. The second one, the most recent and very widespread, is inspired by traditional photogrammetry and computer vision. In order to have a signiic...
HBIM (Historical Building Information System) represents a very promising tool for the management... more HBIM (Historical Building Information System) represents a very promising tool for the management of Cultural Heritage, both for daily operations and for the planned preservation of the asset itself. However, it requires a specific effort to adapt tried and tested tools and methods for new construction to existing Cultural Heritage buildings. First of all, the starting point of the process (new construction projects versus surveys of existing buildings) changes, and consequently the requirements for geometric and informative modelling change.
The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact ... more The Grand Canal is certainly the main waterway of Venice, and it owes its importance to the fact that crosses the lagoon city. Moreover it was important as the seat of trade for Venice. For these reasons there a lot of studies about the Grand Canal and its architectural heritage, but there are some difficulties connected with buildings that “grow on the water”. The University Iuav, in collaboration with Riegl and Microgeo, has designed to scan all the facades of the palaces by an acquisition system (laser scanners, photogrammetry and GPS inertial) mounted on a boat, thus obtaining a point of view totally new and particularly suited to the survey of important buildings. The acquisition was made with the scanning system Riegl VMX-250, consisting of the rotary scanner VQ250, an INS inertial system and a system recovery using images of cameras or camcorders. The system has a measuring frequency of 300,000 pts/sec obtained with a scanner rotating at 360 degrees for complete coverage. Mor...
The “Palazzo Ducale” museum complex in Mantua has been the object of intermittent interventions, ... more The “Palazzo Ducale” museum complex in Mantua has been the object of intermittent interventions, which have not represented, over the last 30 years, a consistent strategy in terms of conservation. In the light of new financial and technological possibilities, a renewed management synergy has been activated: better operative decisions and the application of innovative tools are the core of this attitude. The article illustrates the path of knowledge activated in the museum’s “Cortile della Cavallerizza”: from archival research, geometrical survey and diagnostic analysis, up to the executive design of its conservative project.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2019
Planned conservation approach requires a sustained, long-term action to better manage the cultura... more Planned conservation approach requires a sustained, long-term action to better manage the cultural heritage assets during their life cycle. Together with programmed conservation and local interventions, there is a large amount of information related to the building; it emerges the need for an appropriate tool in which to store all data. Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) can be an appropriate way to address this issue. In this context, the lack of automatic tools (to speed up the project) and the need for data interpretation in the process are noticeable, especially for cultural heritage items. In this paper we present a practical case study. Starting from an integrated survey of Mantua Cathedral (located in Northern Italy) we developed a HBIM model of its façade. Particular emphasis is given to data interpretation both from geometrical survey and from historical sources. The resulting model is consistent and coherent with reality. As a result, we state that the development of a HBIM model is not an automatized process. In the process, from the survey to the final model, there is the need for a deep knowledge and a deep understanding of the building, not only in term of geometrical survey but also of its historical phases, its changes in time, its materials and the construction techniques. HBIM can be a useful instrument for planned conservation, which strongly requires a coherent model to be effective and useful. A proper model, working as an integrated archive, can increase the effectiveness of planned conservation.
The synergy between Mantua Diocese, Direzione Regionale per i beni culturali e paesaggistici dell... more The synergy between Mantua Diocese, Direzione Regionale per i beni culturali e paesaggistici della Lombardia and Politecnico di Milano enabled the elaboration of a strategic conservation plan for some Mantova buildings of great significance to the city and to the owners: the planning of monitoring activities necessary to the conservation has experienced a further development as regards the structural aspects, after the earthquake, to improve performances vis-à-vis the updated seismic risk level. The collaboration between stakeholder bodies made it possible to systematise the resources needed to access available funds for scheduled conservation and innovative diagnostics over the last decade. The aim is to bring about the necessary conditions for an in depth examination of case studies pretty much representative of local building materials and techniques, for which to identify the best practices for conservation. The networks the bodies belong to permit the dissemination of the results achieved to a vast number of observers, stakeholders, owners, and other local bodies. The paper relates to the diagnostics part, including the innovative techniques employed alongside the more traditional and standardised ones, with a view to drawing up a program of checks and a plan of preventive actions, despite of a limited number of interventions. The monitoring measures and the inspections aim to mitigate some risk factors, among them the (up to now) advanced state of decay of some elements in the oldest buildings, whose maintenance would aggravate the conservation conditions, especially as regards decorated surfaces. Out of the analysed buildings, the case study herein described concerns the Basilica Concattedrale di Sant'Andrea Apostolo in Mantova, a mankind architectural heritage and, obviously, a city monument.
Modern digital technologies give us great possibilities to organize knowledge about constructions... more Modern digital technologies give us great possibilities to organize knowledge about constructions, regarding multidisciplinary fields like preservation, conservation and valorization of our architectural heritage, in order to suggest restoration projects and related work, or to suppose a planned preventive maintenance. New procedures to archive, analyze and manage architectural information find a natural support in 3D model, thanks to the development of capacities of new modeling software. Moreover, if the model contains or interfaces with a heterogeneous archive of information, as it is for BIM, this model can be considered as the bases of critical studies, projects of restoration, heritage maintenance, integrated management, protection, and valorization, and evaluation of economic aspects, management and planning, that can flow into a planned preventive maintenance [1]. The aspect that limit the use of BIM technology is the set up parametric object library inside programs: the standardized level of these objects deals difficulty with survey and restoration issues, where each single element has its own historical and architectural characterization [2]. From this foreword, the goal of this research is more evident: the possibilities of using BIM modeling to the existing constructions and cultural heritage, as a support for the construction and management of a Plan for planned preventive maintenance.
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2015
Geomatics technics and methods are now able to provide a great contribution to the Cultural Herit... more Geomatics technics and methods are now able to provide a great contribution to the Cultural Heritage (CH) processes, being adaptable to different purposes: management, diagnosis, restoration, protection, study and research, communication, formation and fruition of the Cultural Heritage. This experimentation was done with an eye to encouraging and promoting the development of principles and good practices for recording, documentation and information management of cultural heritage This research focuses on the documentation path of a cultural asset, in particular a Renaissance statue, aimed to achieve a three dimensional model useful for many digital applications and for solid reproduction. The digital copy can be used in many contexts and represents an efficient tool to preserve and promote CH. It can be included in virtual museum archives and catalogues, shared on network with cultural operators and users, and it permits the contextualization of the asset in its artistic and historical background. Moreover, the possibility to obtain a hard copy, reproduced through 3D printing, allows to reach new opportunities of interaction with CH. In this article, two techniques for the digitization of the terracotta bust of Francesco II Gonzaga, in the City Museum of Mantua, are described: the triangulation scanner and dense image matching photogrammetry. As well as the description of the acquisition and the elaborations, other aspects are taken into account: the characteristics of the object, the place for the acquisition, the ultimate goal and the economic availability. There are also highlighted the optimization pipeline to get the correct three-dimensional models and a 3D printed copy. A separate section discusses the comparison of the realized model to identify the positive and negative aspects of each adopted application.
This paper will demonstrate how new technologies in cartographic environment integrate acquisitio... more This paper will demonstrate how new technologies in cartographic environment integrate acquisition, management and representation techniques for georefencing data processing. Moreover, there is an ever-growing demand for a more "representative" and "world widespread" digital cartography. More representative means the capabilities in describing physical phenomena but also social, economic and cultural data that are necessarily connected to geographical aspects. More widespread derives from the growing use of cartographic products by non-specialized users. Among the different formats of numerical cartography, threedimensional maps are certainly the more suitable. These represent a cartographic typology corresponding to different levels of accuracy and details to describe reality, such as DTM and city modelling. They provide geometrical and qualitative information coming from the use of historical documents and present-day aerial and terrestrial photo suitably processed: such as orthophotos mapped onto DTM for a more truthful description of territory. Data for 3D map production can be acquired by employing the most advanced and outstanding techniques, normally integrated such as digital photogrammetry and laser scanning, both aerial (aircraft or helicopter) and terrestrial survey. 3D digital cartography seems to be more suitable in different field of applications: to recover the historical maps content, to establish an architectural project in its surroundings, to well deals with town-planning matters, to perform simulations for environmental impact analyses, and so on.
L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geoma... more L'esperienza condotta su San Michele in Isola si inserisce nel filone di ricerca della geomatica applicata allo studio dei Beni Culturali. Il rilievo di una facciata, operazione tradizionale in architettura, si caratterizza infatti come campo di applicazione per nuove tecnologie e strumenti e come possibilità di verifica delle metodologie già consolidate. Dopo alcuni anni dal rilievo delle facciate monumentali delle chiese palladiane a Venezia, il Laboratorio di Fotogrammetria si è impegnato nel rilievo della facciata del Codussi con lo ...
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2020
Geomatics is trying to redefine its role in the Italian higher-level educational system according... more Geomatics is trying to redefine its role in the Italian higher-level educational system according to the new technological developments. The recent thematic thread of Building Information Modelling (BIM) systems contributes to the new role of Geomatics inside universities and, more generally, in the training process. BIM systems propose new ways of managing the construction process throughout building life cycle, from design to construction and management. They allow managing large flows of information, organized and shared among the different operators in the construction chain, through databases linked to threedimensional objects. The BIM approach is based on two principles: interoperability and digitization. BIM was born as an application dedicated to new buildings, to promote the optimization of the entire life cycle of the building, from design to management. Many countries have been active in this sector for years, while others are now joining the digitization approach. In this complex scenario, the proposal to adopt the BIM process not only for the management of new constructions but also for the intervention on the existing one, is relevant in a country, like Italy, with a very rich history and a high presence of built historical heritage. Maurice Murphy coined the term HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling), referring to BIM systems applied to historical buildings that need intervention and subsequent management. Geomatics plays a crucial role in HBIM as it is the primary tool for the digitization of built heritage and to obtain a model of the existing, an "as-built" model. In order to achieve this result, laser scanner and photogrammetry are the main tools, and they are involved in the so-called Scan2Bim process. The other important role is connected with the modeling stage to arrive at a threedimensional representation suitable for common BIM authoring software while maintaining the rigor and accuracy that characterize the geomatic approach. The fundamental role of Geomatics in this context requires the training of personnel specialized in surveying and managing the acquired data through HBIM systems. There are new training courses and masters in the field of BIM systems, hosted by Politecnico di Milano at the Mantua Campus, aimed at training new figures with a specific curriculum, including Geomatics. The elements that characterize the training course are the knowledge of the principles and methods of data and the evaluation of achievable accuracy and admissible errors. It is also important to address issues that are still not completely solved in HBIM community, such as the type of modeling the best levels of detail of geometric and information content and the most practical aspects of commercial BIM authoring software. The article describes the experience carried out by Politecnico di Milano and tries to define, afterward, the training curriculum for HBIM experts, in which Geomatics plays an essential role, not only in the data acquisition phase but also in geometric and informative modeling.
This work starts from the observation that today cartographic globes, present in almost every mus... more This work starts from the observation that today cartographic globes, present in almost every museum and art collection, are deprived of part of their value. They are actually considered as art objects, meant to decorate the halls of historical buildings and now relegated in museums, without recognizing the cartographic value that they deserve. From this consideration we want to investigate the different aspects of these cartographic spheres. We intend to improve the knowledge of their cartographic value under the double aspect of the material support and the depicted (or applied) cartography.
In recent years, digital photogrammetry has enjoyed a renewed approval in the ield of Cultural He... more In recent years, digital photogrammetry has enjoyed a renewed approval in the ield of Cultural Heritage. This is due both to the relative cheapness of the instruments (a high resolution camera, possibly a relex with good lenses) and to new algorithms and software that simpliied the use, perhaps at the expense of the necessary knowledge of its principles. The 3D survey of the Mausoleum of Romulus, along the Via Appia Antica, within the European project 3DICONS, provided the opportunity to test different photogrammetric techniques, with the aim to verify the results and to evaluate the positive and negative aspects. In particular two different approaches have been applied: spherical photogrammetry and dense image matching. The irst technique is based on traditional photogrammetric principles, applied on panoramic images instead of frame images. The second one, the most recent and very widespread, is inspired by traditional photogrammetry and computer vision. In order to have a signiic...
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Papers by Andrea Adami