African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2014
Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. The aim of this questionnai... more Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. The aim of this questionnaire based survey study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in reproductive age women, and their relation to variables such as age, marital status, education with those attending obstetrics and gynecology outpatient of King Faisal University Health Centre in Al-Ahsa in eastern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted for the period of 6 month staring from September 2012 to February 2013. The questionnaire had three sections on personal information: their educational indicators, gynecological clinical history, and hematological indices. The average age was 25.97±7.17 years. According to the gynecological clinical history of the respondents, 15 (48.4%) respondents were pregnant while 16 (51.6%) were not pregnant. There was significant effect of pregnancy status on Hb level. Majority of the anemic respondents 15/17 were married. Moreover 14/17 anemic women were experiencing severe menstrual bleeding, 11/17 respondents were pregnant. 54.8% of respondents were hemoglobin deficient while 77.4% were found to have low Hct. In 87.1 % of the respondents, transferrin saturation was found to be abnormal. In this study iron deficiency anemia is quite prevalent in the university community especially among pregnant women. The fetus's and newborn infant's iron status depends on the iron status of the pregnant woman and therefore, iron deficiency in the mother-to-be means that growing fetus probably will be iron deficient as well. Thus iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy in well-educated set up needs more attention by the concerned authorities.
Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. ... more Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 g/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of ALT (72 ± 4.70 U/L, 0.1 > > 0.05), AST (157 ± 24.24 U/L, 0.1 > > 0.05), urea (42 ± 3.08 mg/dL, 0.05 > > 0.02), creatinine (1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dL, 0.01 > > 0.001), CK-MB (21 ± 1.5 U/L, 0.05 > > 0.02), and LDH (2064 ± 15.98 U/L, < 0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. However, lethality was enhanced with 800 g/kg of venom in terms of significant release of ALT (86 ± 5.0 U/L, 0.05 > > 0.02), AST (251 ± 18.2 U/L, 0.01 > > 0.001), urea (57.6 ± 3.84 mg/dL, 0.02 > > 0.01), creatinine (2.1 ± 0.10 mg/dL, 0.02 > > 0.01), CK-MB (77 ± 11.22 U/L, 0.05 > > 0.02), and LDH (2562 ± 25.14 U/L, ≪ 0.001). Among twenty-eight tested medicinal plant extracts, only Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found the best antivenom ( > 0.5) compared to the efficacy of standard antidote (ALT = 52.5 ± 3.51 U/L, AST = 69.5 ± 18.55 U/L, urea = 31.5 ± 0.50 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/dL, CK-MB = 09 ± 0.85 U/L, and LDH = 763 ± 6.01 U/L). Other plant extracts were proved less beneficial and partly neutralized the toxicities posed by cobra venom. However, it is essential in future to isolate and characterize bioactive compound(s) from Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem extract to overcome the complications of snake bite.
Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery
No guidelines are available to assist surgeons in determining whether reversal is appropriate for... more No guidelines are available to assist surgeons in determining whether reversal is appropriate for patients with problematic bariatric operations. A retrospective review of 2573 primary and 252 revisional bariatric operations was performed to determine the indications for the reversal of problematic bariatric operations. Of the 82 patients who had undergone reoperation for complications of the primary operation, 13 had undergone reversal rather than revision. Reversal was performed at the patient's request for 5 patients with intractable vomiting after banded restrictive operations and 2 patients with intractable diarrhea after jejunoileal bypass. The surgeon recommended reversal for the remaining 6 patients, including 3 with active substance abuse and 3 with severe metabolic complications. One postoperative complication (wound infection) occurred, with no deaths. The decision to reverse, rather than revise, a problematic bariatric operation is motivated by the perspective that t...
Stress has many biological effects on human daily life. In the present study, dietary protein int... more Stress has many biological effects on human daily life. In the present study, dietary protein intake was correlated with the investigated stress levels of nurses and housewives of the targeted urban population. Age group ranged from 30 to 45 years and both the groups belonged to middle socioeconomic status. After calculations of environmental, psychological and physiological stresses, it was observed that the levels of stress in housewives were significantly higher than those of nurses. Recommended dietary allowances, RDA and actual protein intakes, API were also compared in both the groups. The found protein intake was less in housewives as compared to that of nurses.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2006
A solid state fermentation (SSF) process for the production of lignin peroxidase was optimized to... more A solid state fermentation (SSF) process for the production of lignin peroxidase was optimized to enhance enzyme production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Optimization of the corncob SSF medium caused a significant reduction in fermentation time to give maximum lignin peroxidase yield. Supplementation of the SSF medium by low concentrations of peptone, yeast extract and Tween-80 enhanced lignin peroxidase production. Maximum yield of lignin peroxidase was 13.7 U/gds (units per gram dry substrate) noted after 5 days of SSF with 70% moisture and 20% (v/w) inoculum.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007
Page 1. Abstract This is a continuation of our previous paper on production of lignin peroxidase ... more Page 1. Abstract This is a continuation of our previous paper on production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) by Phanero-chaete chrysosporium in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) medium of corncobs. The enzyme was purified by ...
Four different aerobic mixed consortia collected from basins of wastewater streams coming out of ... more Four different aerobic mixed consortia collected from basins of wastewater streams coming out of dying plants of Crescent Textile (CT), Sitara Textile (ST), Chenab Fabrics (CF) and Noor Fatima Textile (NF), Faisalabad, Pakistan were applied for decolorization of Drimarene Orange K-GL, Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL, Foron Yellow SE4G and Foron Blue RDGLN for 10 days using the shake flask technique. CT culture showed the best decolorization potential on all dyestuffs followed by ST, NF and CF, respectively. CT could completely decolorize all dyes within 3-5 days. ST cultures showed effective decolorization potential on Foron Yellow SE4G and Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL but complete color removal was achieved after 4 and 7 days, respectively. NF culture showed 100% decolorization efficiencies on Foron Yellow SE4G and Foron Blue RDGLN but it took comparatively longer time periods (5-7 days). Where as, the NF culture had decolorized only 40% and 50% of Drimarene orange and red, respectively, after 10 days. CF caused complete decolorization of Foron Blue RDGLN and Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL after 4 and 8 days, respectively but it showed poor performance on other two dyes.
We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild o... more We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild olive (Olea cuspidata) possibly use for human consumption. Fruits and oil of wild olive were assessed for physical and chemical properties, while saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were ...
This paper presents the simulation of two dimensional flows around a wind turbine blade by using ... more This paper presents the simulation of two dimensional flows around a wind turbine blade by using the improved hybrid model. Modeling of a flow field in wind farm requires prohibitive computational cost due to complex geometry of wind turbine blades. The equivalent simplified models replace the real geometry of wind turbine blades in order to represent flow field with significantly reduced computational cost. The modeling method combines blade element approach for forces calculation and Navier- Stokes equations for the flow field simulation. Blades are replaced with surfaces, where pressure discontinuity is applied which represent normal forces, and source terms are applied in the vicinity of surfaces which represent tangential forces. The improved model results of flow field are then compared with existing models.
Abstract Present work highlights the importance of material strain hardening characteristics as a... more Abstract Present work highlights the importance of material strain hardening characteristics as a dominating factor in increasing material strength, as uncut chip thickness decreases from macro to micro-level dimensions during down-cut milling process. It has been found for a strain rate dependent material (A2024-T351) that rake facechip contact length increases nonlinearly when tool approaches to micro-level of uncut chip thickness. This suggests higher energy consumption due to frictional interaction at tool-chip interface, resulting in higher specific cutting energy. In addition, results depict that increase in cutting speeds are attributed to increased rake face-chip contact lengths. Furthermore, to analyze the contribution of the strain gradient hardening on size effect phenomenon during micro cutting operations, modified Johnson-Cook material model (strain gradient-based approach) of the equivalent stress has been formulated in ABAQUS®/EXPLICIT via its user subroutine VUMAT. T...
The purpose of present study is to present a methodology to determine the effective elastic prope... more The purpose of present study is to present a methodology to determine the effective elastic properties of sandwich structures. This methodology is based on strain energy based criteria. Sandwich structures contain core material and face sheet. Earlier work in this domain contains the homogenization of core material and determining its equivalent orthotropic properties. The equivalent properties for core material then modeled along with face sheet for final analysis. In the present study however a direct scheme is proposed. Here core material and face sheet are modeled together to determine the equivalent orthotropic properties of sandwich structure.
For qualitative prediction of chip morphology and quantitative prediction of burr size, 2D and 3D... more For qualitative prediction of chip morphology and quantitative prediction of burr size, 2D and 3D finite element (FE) based turning models have been developed in this paper. Coupled temperaturedisplacement machining simulations exploiting the capabilities of Abaqus r with a particular industrial turning insert and a newly proposed geometrical version of this insert have been performed. Limitations of 2D models in defining the chip morphologies and surface topologies have been discussed. The phenomenological findings on the Poisson burr (Side burr) formation using 3D cutting models have been highlighted. Bespoke geometry of the turning insert has been found helpful in reducing the Poisson burr formation, as it reduces the contact pressures at the edges of tool rake face-workpiece interface. Lower contact pressures serve to decrease the material flow towards workpiece edges (out of plane deformation). In contrast, higher contact pressures at tool rake face-workpiece interface lead to more material flow towards workpiece edges resulting in longer burr. Simulation results of chip morphologies and cutting forces for turning an aluminum alloy A2024-T351 have been compared with the experimental ones. Finally, it has been concluded that the newly proposed geometry of the insert not only decreases the burr but also helpful in lessening the magnitude of tool-workpiece initial impact.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2014
Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. The aim of this questionnai... more Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. The aim of this questionnaire based survey study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in reproductive age women, and their relation to variables such as age, marital status, education with those attending obstetrics and gynecology outpatient of King Faisal University Health Centre in Al-Ahsa in eastern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted for the period of 6 month staring from September 2012 to February 2013. The questionnaire had three sections on personal information: their educational indicators, gynecological clinical history, and hematological indices. The average age was 25.97±7.17 years. According to the gynecological clinical history of the respondents, 15 (48.4%) respondents were pregnant while 16 (51.6%) were not pregnant. There was significant effect of pregnancy status on Hb level. Majority of the anemic respondents 15/17 were married. Moreover 14/17 anemic women were experiencing severe menstrual bleeding, 11/17 respondents were pregnant. 54.8% of respondents were hemoglobin deficient while 77.4% were found to have low Hct. In 87.1 % of the respondents, transferrin saturation was found to be abnormal. In this study iron deficiency anemia is quite prevalent in the university community especially among pregnant women. The fetus&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s and newborn infant&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s iron status depends on the iron status of the pregnant woman and therefore, iron deficiency in the mother-to-be means that growing fetus probably will be iron deficient as well. Thus iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy in well-educated set up needs more attention by the concerned authorities.
Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. ... more Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 g/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of ALT (72 ± 4.70 U/L, 0.1 > > 0.05), AST (157 ± 24.24 U/L, 0.1 > > 0.05), urea (42 ± 3.08 mg/dL, 0.05 > > 0.02), creatinine (1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dL, 0.01 > > 0.001), CK-MB (21 ± 1.5 U/L, 0.05 > > 0.02), and LDH (2064 ± 15.98 U/L, < 0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. However, lethality was enhanced with 800 g/kg of venom in terms of significant release of ALT (86 ± 5.0 U/L, 0.05 > > 0.02), AST (251 ± 18.2 U/L, 0.01 > > 0.001), urea (57.6 ± 3.84 mg/dL, 0.02 > > 0.01), creatinine (2.1 ± 0.10 mg/dL, 0.02 > > 0.01), CK-MB (77 ± 11.22 U/L, 0.05 > > 0.02), and LDH (2562 ± 25.14 U/L, ≪ 0.001). Among twenty-eight tested medicinal plant extracts, only Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found the best antivenom ( > 0.5) compared to the efficacy of standard antidote (ALT = 52.5 ± 3.51 U/L, AST = 69.5 ± 18.55 U/L, urea = 31.5 ± 0.50 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/dL, CK-MB = 09 ± 0.85 U/L, and LDH = 763 ± 6.01 U/L). Other plant extracts were proved less beneficial and partly neutralized the toxicities posed by cobra venom. However, it is essential in future to isolate and characterize bioactive compound(s) from Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem extract to overcome the complications of snake bite.
Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery
No guidelines are available to assist surgeons in determining whether reversal is appropriate for... more No guidelines are available to assist surgeons in determining whether reversal is appropriate for patients with problematic bariatric operations. A retrospective review of 2573 primary and 252 revisional bariatric operations was performed to determine the indications for the reversal of problematic bariatric operations. Of the 82 patients who had undergone reoperation for complications of the primary operation, 13 had undergone reversal rather than revision. Reversal was performed at the patient's request for 5 patients with intractable vomiting after banded restrictive operations and 2 patients with intractable diarrhea after jejunoileal bypass. The surgeon recommended reversal for the remaining 6 patients, including 3 with active substance abuse and 3 with severe metabolic complications. One postoperative complication (wound infection) occurred, with no deaths. The decision to reverse, rather than revise, a problematic bariatric operation is motivated by the perspective that t...
Stress has many biological effects on human daily life. In the present study, dietary protein int... more Stress has many biological effects on human daily life. In the present study, dietary protein intake was correlated with the investigated stress levels of nurses and housewives of the targeted urban population. Age group ranged from 30 to 45 years and both the groups belonged to middle socioeconomic status. After calculations of environmental, psychological and physiological stresses, it was observed that the levels of stress in housewives were significantly higher than those of nurses. Recommended dietary allowances, RDA and actual protein intakes, API were also compared in both the groups. The found protein intake was less in housewives as compared to that of nurses.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2006
A solid state fermentation (SSF) process for the production of lignin peroxidase was optimized to... more A solid state fermentation (SSF) process for the production of lignin peroxidase was optimized to enhance enzyme production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Optimization of the corncob SSF medium caused a significant reduction in fermentation time to give maximum lignin peroxidase yield. Supplementation of the SSF medium by low concentrations of peptone, yeast extract and Tween-80 enhanced lignin peroxidase production. Maximum yield of lignin peroxidase was 13.7 U/gds (units per gram dry substrate) noted after 5 days of SSF with 70% moisture and 20% (v/w) inoculum.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007
Page 1. Abstract This is a continuation of our previous paper on production of lignin peroxidase ... more Page 1. Abstract This is a continuation of our previous paper on production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) by Phanero-chaete chrysosporium in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) medium of corncobs. The enzyme was purified by ...
Four different aerobic mixed consortia collected from basins of wastewater streams coming out of ... more Four different aerobic mixed consortia collected from basins of wastewater streams coming out of dying plants of Crescent Textile (CT), Sitara Textile (ST), Chenab Fabrics (CF) and Noor Fatima Textile (NF), Faisalabad, Pakistan were applied for decolorization of Drimarene Orange K-GL, Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL, Foron Yellow SE4G and Foron Blue RDGLN for 10 days using the shake flask technique. CT culture showed the best decolorization potential on all dyestuffs followed by ST, NF and CF, respectively. CT could completely decolorize all dyes within 3-5 days. ST cultures showed effective decolorization potential on Foron Yellow SE4G and Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL but complete color removal was achieved after 4 and 7 days, respectively. NF culture showed 100% decolorization efficiencies on Foron Yellow SE4G and Foron Blue RDGLN but it took comparatively longer time periods (5-7 days). Where as, the NF culture had decolorized only 40% and 50% of Drimarene orange and red, respectively, after 10 days. CF caused complete decolorization of Foron Blue RDGLN and Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL after 4 and 8 days, respectively but it showed poor performance on other two dyes.
We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild o... more We report for the first time new edible oil extracted and quantified from fruit samples of wild olive (Olea cuspidata) possibly use for human consumption. Fruits and oil of wild olive were assessed for physical and chemical properties, while saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were ...
This paper presents the simulation of two dimensional flows around a wind turbine blade by using ... more This paper presents the simulation of two dimensional flows around a wind turbine blade by using the improved hybrid model. Modeling of a flow field in wind farm requires prohibitive computational cost due to complex geometry of wind turbine blades. The equivalent simplified models replace the real geometry of wind turbine blades in order to represent flow field with significantly reduced computational cost. The modeling method combines blade element approach for forces calculation and Navier- Stokes equations for the flow field simulation. Blades are replaced with surfaces, where pressure discontinuity is applied which represent normal forces, and source terms are applied in the vicinity of surfaces which represent tangential forces. The improved model results of flow field are then compared with existing models.
Abstract Present work highlights the importance of material strain hardening characteristics as a... more Abstract Present work highlights the importance of material strain hardening characteristics as a dominating factor in increasing material strength, as uncut chip thickness decreases from macro to micro-level dimensions during down-cut milling process. It has been found for a strain rate dependent material (A2024-T351) that rake facechip contact length increases nonlinearly when tool approaches to micro-level of uncut chip thickness. This suggests higher energy consumption due to frictional interaction at tool-chip interface, resulting in higher specific cutting energy. In addition, results depict that increase in cutting speeds are attributed to increased rake face-chip contact lengths. Furthermore, to analyze the contribution of the strain gradient hardening on size effect phenomenon during micro cutting operations, modified Johnson-Cook material model (strain gradient-based approach) of the equivalent stress has been formulated in ABAQUS®/EXPLICIT via its user subroutine VUMAT. T...
The purpose of present study is to present a methodology to determine the effective elastic prope... more The purpose of present study is to present a methodology to determine the effective elastic properties of sandwich structures. This methodology is based on strain energy based criteria. Sandwich structures contain core material and face sheet. Earlier work in this domain contains the homogenization of core material and determining its equivalent orthotropic properties. The equivalent properties for core material then modeled along with face sheet for final analysis. In the present study however a direct scheme is proposed. Here core material and face sheet are modeled together to determine the equivalent orthotropic properties of sandwich structure.
For qualitative prediction of chip morphology and quantitative prediction of burr size, 2D and 3D... more For qualitative prediction of chip morphology and quantitative prediction of burr size, 2D and 3D finite element (FE) based turning models have been developed in this paper. Coupled temperaturedisplacement machining simulations exploiting the capabilities of Abaqus r with a particular industrial turning insert and a newly proposed geometrical version of this insert have been performed. Limitations of 2D models in defining the chip morphologies and surface topologies have been discussed. The phenomenological findings on the Poisson burr (Side burr) formation using 3D cutting models have been highlighted. Bespoke geometry of the turning insert has been found helpful in reducing the Poisson burr formation, as it reduces the contact pressures at the edges of tool rake face-workpiece interface. Lower contact pressures serve to decrease the material flow towards workpiece edges (out of plane deformation). In contrast, higher contact pressures at tool rake face-workpiece interface lead to more material flow towards workpiece edges resulting in longer burr. Simulation results of chip morphologies and cutting forces for turning an aluminum alloy A2024-T351 have been compared with the experimental ones. Finally, it has been concluded that the newly proposed geometry of the insert not only decreases the burr but also helpful in lessening the magnitude of tool-workpiece initial impact.
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Papers by Muhammad Asad