Thorium exists on the earth in isotopic form Th-232, its half-life is 1.4000 000x1010 years, that... more Thorium exists on the earth in isotopic form Th-232, its half-life is 1.4000 000x1010 years, that is, 3 times the age of the earth, ThO2 thorium oxide also called torianite has one of the highest melting points of all oxides 3350 ° C so it is used in filaments of light bulbs, welding electrodes, around 1828 when a priest found a black mineral that he could not identify in the Norwegian Lovoya Peninsula, Jons Jakob Berzelius a chemist of Swedish origin He obtained a sample of this, discovering it was a new chemical element to which I name Thorium in honor of Thor the Norse god of thunder. 1898 Gerhard Schmidt German chemist and Marie Curie discovered the radioactivity of thorium. The microscope lenses, telescopes contain thorium oxide this provides a high index of refraction and wavelength dispersion, the ThO2 is relatively inert has a higher thermal conductivity unlike uranium dioxide <UO2>, the gas release fission is smaller and thermal expansion lower.Phosphate ore is the most common source of thorium, with 12% monacite with thorium phosphate being the highest containment, the largest resource of monacite is found in the southern and eastern coasts of India with 12MT (metric ton) of 16MT from all over the world.
Ionizing radiation: is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (g... more Ionizing radiation: is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma rays or Xrays) or particles (alpha and beta particles or neutrons). Gamma radiation (γ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally produced by radioactive elements or by subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-electron pair. It is also generated in astrophysical phenomena of great violence. Energy of this nature is measured in megaelectronvolts. A MeV corresponds to gamma photons of wavelengths less than 10-11 m or frequencies greater than 1019 Hz. Non-ionizing radiation: They are those whose energy is not able to tear an electron to an atom, in a few words it does not produce ionizations in matter, within it there are two well-known ones.
Hydrogen is a virtually inexhaustible fuel on Earth, low cost and capable of generating more ener... more Hydrogen is a virtually inexhaustible fuel on Earth, low cost and capable of generating more energy compared to nuclear fission (used in current reactors). The fusion will not produce radioactive waste, only the activation of reactor structural materials (by neutron bombardment) and small amounts of Tritium, a very dangerous isotope because it is a very weak beta emitter. The nuclear reaction will stop completely when fuel and energy are no longer supplied to the reactor unlike the fission reactors that once stopped continue to generate heat by radioactive decay. The most promising project to achieve nuclear fusion is being built in France by ITER the advanced state and its huge investment places it above other work teams.
These designs were selected on the basis of being clean, safe and profitable means to meet the gr... more These designs were selected on the basis of being clean, safe and profitable means to meet the growing demands of energy in a sustainable way, while being resistant to the diversion of material for the proliferation of weapons and terrorist attacks. Three of the six are fast neutron reactors and one can function as a fast reactor, one is epidermal (intermediate zone) and only two operate with thermal (slow) neutrons like current plants. The effective section indicates the ability to collide with the core only one is cooled with light water, two are cooled with helium and the others have coolant with lead salt and bismuth, sodium or fluorine. The last three operate at low pressure and the last one has the uranium fuel dissolved in the refrigerant. Temperatures range from 510 ° C to 1000 ° C, compared to 330 ° C for current light water reactors, and this means that four of them can be used for thermochemical hydrogen production, sizes range from 150 and 1500 MWe, with lead-cooling optionally available as a 50–150 MWe “battery” with long service life (15–20 years with the same fuel) and with the possibility of replacing the complete reactor module. At least four of the systems have significant operational experience in most aspects of their design, which provides a good basis for increased R&D and can probably be in commercial operation before 2030.In January 2014, a new update of the GIF technology roadmap was published, confirmed the choice of the six systems and focused on the most relevant developments to define the R&D objectives for the next decade GIF suggested that The IV Generation technologies that will most likely be used first are the sodium-cooled fast reactor, the lead-cooled fast reactor and the very high temperature reactor technologies. The molten salt reactor and the gas-cooled fast reactor were shown to be the furthest from the demonstration phase. The third GIF symposium took place in Japan in May 2015 and checked the progress of the six systems.
This phylogeny shows evolutionary relationships of HCoV-19 viruses from the ongoing novel coronav... more This phylogeny shows evolutionary relationships of HCoV-19 viruses from the ongoing novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. All samples are still closely related with few mutations relative to a common ancestor, suggesting a shared common ancestor some time in Nov-Dec 2019. This indicates an initial human infection in Nov-Dec 2019 followed by sustained human-to-human transmission leading to sampled infections.
Site numbering and genome structure uses Wuhan-Hu-1/2019 as reference. The phylogeny is rooted relative to early samples from Wuhan. Temporal resolution assumes a nucleotide substitution rate of 5 × 10^-4 subs per site per year.
Nuclear power generates a huge amount of electrical energy from a very small amount of fuel and a... more Nuclear power generates a huge amount of electrical energy from a very small amount of fuel and a relatively small volume of waste. Waste is inherent to any activity, but the amount generated by energy is very small compared to toxic industrial waste emitted by fossil fuels. The nuclear fuel used can be treated as a waste or as or a resource, the current nuclear reactors extract 5% of the fuel energy, a value that increases considerably with the current reprocessing, with the IV Generation reactors it is expected to reach 95 % of energy Radioactive waste is not particularly dangerous or complex to manage compared to industrial waste due to its degree of toxicity, the perception of public opinion risk is much more influenced by anti-nuclear organizations, conspiracy organizations and the media. Unlike the waste produced during the generation of electricity through fossil fuels, the management of nuclear waste is completely regulated and is not allowed at the administrative level to pollute the environment. Radioactive waste is not exclusive to nuclear energy, these are also generated in medicine, agriculture, research, mining, armament and manufacturing, the danger of radioactive waste is reduced over time, unlike waste from fossil fuels whose impact is permanent. The international technical consensus indicates that the best option for the final management of radioactive waste is deep geological housing. So far, nuclear energy is the only large-scale technology that assumes full responsibility for all its waste and associated costs.
Thorium exists on the earth in isotopic form Th-232, its half-life is 1.4000 000x1010 years, that... more Thorium exists on the earth in isotopic form Th-232, its half-life is 1.4000 000x1010 years, that is, 3 times the age of the earth, ThO2 thorium oxide also called torianite has one of the highest melting points of all oxides 3350 ° C so it is used in filaments of light bulbs, welding electrodes, around 1828 when a priest found a black mineral that he could not identify in the Norwegian Lovoya Peninsula, Jons Jakob Berzelius a chemist of Swedish origin He obtained a sample of this, discovering it was a new chemical element to which I name Thorium in honor of Thor the Norse god of thunder. 1898 Gerhard Schmidt German chemist and Marie Curie discovered the radioactivity of thorium. The microscope lenses, telescopes contain thorium oxide this provides a high index of refraction and wavelength dispersion, the ThO2 is relatively inert has a higher thermal conductivity unlike uranium dioxide <UO2>, the gas release fission is smaller and thermal expansion lower.Phosphate ore is the most common source of thorium, with 12% monacite with thorium phosphate being the highest containment, the largest resource of monacite is found in the southern and eastern coasts of India with 12MT (metric ton) of 16MT from all over the world.
Ionizing radiation: is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (g... more Ionizing radiation: is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma rays or Xrays) or particles (alpha and beta particles or neutrons). Gamma radiation (γ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally produced by radioactive elements or by subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-electron pair. It is also generated in astrophysical phenomena of great violence. Energy of this nature is measured in megaelectronvolts. A MeV corresponds to gamma photons of wavelengths less than 10-11 m or frequencies greater than 1019 Hz. Non-ionizing radiation: They are those whose energy is not able to tear an electron to an atom, in a few words it does not produce ionizations in matter, within it there are two well-known ones.
Hydrogen is a virtually inexhaustible fuel on Earth, low cost and capable of generating more ener... more Hydrogen is a virtually inexhaustible fuel on Earth, low cost and capable of generating more energy compared to nuclear fission (used in current reactors). The fusion will not produce radioactive waste, only the activation of reactor structural materials (by neutron bombardment) and small amounts of Tritium, a very dangerous isotope because it is a very weak beta emitter. The nuclear reaction will stop completely when fuel and energy are no longer supplied to the reactor unlike the fission reactors that once stopped continue to generate heat by radioactive decay. The most promising project to achieve nuclear fusion is being built in France by ITER the advanced state and its huge investment places it above other work teams.
These designs were selected on the basis of being clean, safe and profitable means to meet the gr... more These designs were selected on the basis of being clean, safe and profitable means to meet the growing demands of energy in a sustainable way, while being resistant to the diversion of material for the proliferation of weapons and terrorist attacks. Three of the six are fast neutron reactors and one can function as a fast reactor, one is epidermal (intermediate zone) and only two operate with thermal (slow) neutrons like current plants. The effective section indicates the ability to collide with the core only one is cooled with light water, two are cooled with helium and the others have coolant with lead salt and bismuth, sodium or fluorine. The last three operate at low pressure and the last one has the uranium fuel dissolved in the refrigerant. Temperatures range from 510 ° C to 1000 ° C, compared to 330 ° C for current light water reactors, and this means that four of them can be used for thermochemical hydrogen production, sizes range from 150 and 1500 MWe, with lead-cooling optionally available as a 50–150 MWe “battery” with long service life (15–20 years with the same fuel) and with the possibility of replacing the complete reactor module. At least four of the systems have significant operational experience in most aspects of their design, which provides a good basis for increased R&D and can probably be in commercial operation before 2030.In January 2014, a new update of the GIF technology roadmap was published, confirmed the choice of the six systems and focused on the most relevant developments to define the R&D objectives for the next decade GIF suggested that The IV Generation technologies that will most likely be used first are the sodium-cooled fast reactor, the lead-cooled fast reactor and the very high temperature reactor technologies. The molten salt reactor and the gas-cooled fast reactor were shown to be the furthest from the demonstration phase. The third GIF symposium took place in Japan in May 2015 and checked the progress of the six systems.
This phylogeny shows evolutionary relationships of HCoV-19 viruses from the ongoing novel coronav... more This phylogeny shows evolutionary relationships of HCoV-19 viruses from the ongoing novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. All samples are still closely related with few mutations relative to a common ancestor, suggesting a shared common ancestor some time in Nov-Dec 2019. This indicates an initial human infection in Nov-Dec 2019 followed by sustained human-to-human transmission leading to sampled infections.
Site numbering and genome structure uses Wuhan-Hu-1/2019 as reference. The phylogeny is rooted relative to early samples from Wuhan. Temporal resolution assumes a nucleotide substitution rate of 5 × 10^-4 subs per site per year.
Nuclear power generates a huge amount of electrical energy from a very small amount of fuel and a... more Nuclear power generates a huge amount of electrical energy from a very small amount of fuel and a relatively small volume of waste. Waste is inherent to any activity, but the amount generated by energy is very small compared to toxic industrial waste emitted by fossil fuels. The nuclear fuel used can be treated as a waste or as or a resource, the current nuclear reactors extract 5% of the fuel energy, a value that increases considerably with the current reprocessing, with the IV Generation reactors it is expected to reach 95 % of energy Radioactive waste is not particularly dangerous or complex to manage compared to industrial waste due to its degree of toxicity, the perception of public opinion risk is much more influenced by anti-nuclear organizations, conspiracy organizations and the media. Unlike the waste produced during the generation of electricity through fossil fuels, the management of nuclear waste is completely regulated and is not allowed at the administrative level to pollute the environment. Radioactive waste is not exclusive to nuclear energy, these are also generated in medicine, agriculture, research, mining, armament and manufacturing, the danger of radioactive waste is reduced over time, unlike waste from fossil fuels whose impact is permanent. The international technical consensus indicates that the best option for the final management of radioactive waste is deep geological housing. So far, nuclear energy is the only large-scale technology that assumes full responsibility for all its waste and associated costs.
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Physics by Danilo Nori
or particles (alpha and beta particles or neutrons).
Gamma radiation (γ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally
produced by radioactive elements or by subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-electron pair. It is
also generated in astrophysical phenomena of great violence. Energy of this nature is measured in
megaelectronvolts. A MeV corresponds to gamma photons of wavelengths less than 10-11 m or frequencies greater
than 1019 Hz.
Non-ionizing radiation: They are those whose energy is not able to tear an electron to an atom, in a few words it
does not produce ionizations in matter, within it there are two well-known ones.
Papers by Danilo Nori
The effective section indicates the ability to collide with the core only one is cooled with light water, two are cooled with helium and the others have coolant with lead salt and bismuth, sodium or fluorine. The last three operate at low pressure and the last one has the uranium fuel dissolved in the refrigerant.
Temperatures range from 510 ° C to 1000 ° C, compared to 330 ° C for current light water reactors, and this means that four of them can be used for thermochemical hydrogen production, sizes range from 150 and 1500 MWe, with lead-cooling optionally available as a 50–150 MWe “battery” with long service life (15–20 years with the same fuel) and with the possibility of replacing the complete reactor module. At least four of the systems have significant operational experience in most aspects of their design, which provides a good basis for increased R&D and can probably be in commercial operation before 2030.In January 2014, a new update of the GIF technology roadmap was published, confirmed the choice of the six systems and focused on the most relevant developments to define the R&D objectives for the next decade GIF suggested that The IV Generation technologies that will most likely be used first are the sodium-cooled fast reactor, the lead-cooled fast reactor and the very high temperature reactor technologies.
The molten salt reactor and the gas-cooled fast reactor were shown to be the furthest from the demonstration phase. The third GIF symposium took place in Japan in May 2015 and checked the progress of the six systems.
Site numbering and genome structure uses Wuhan-Hu-1/2019 as reference. The phylogeny is rooted relative to early samples from Wuhan. Temporal resolution assumes a nucleotide substitution rate of 5 × 10^-4 subs per site per year.
The nuclear fuel used can be treated as a waste or as or a resource, the current nuclear reactors extract 5% of the fuel energy, a value that increases considerably with the current reprocessing, with the IV Generation reactors it is expected to reach 95 % of energy
Radioactive waste is not particularly dangerous or complex to manage compared to industrial waste due to its degree of toxicity, the perception of public opinion risk is much more influenced by anti-nuclear organizations, conspiracy organizations and the media. Unlike the waste produced during the generation of electricity through fossil fuels, the management of nuclear waste is completely regulated and is not allowed at the administrative level to pollute the environment.
Radioactive waste is not exclusive to nuclear energy, these are also generated in medicine, agriculture, research, mining, armament and manufacturing, the danger of radioactive waste is reduced over time, unlike waste from fossil fuels whose impact is permanent.
The international technical consensus indicates that the best option for the final management of radioactive waste is deep geological housing.
So far, nuclear energy is the only large-scale technology that assumes full responsibility for all its waste and associated costs.
or particles (alpha and beta particles or neutrons).
Gamma radiation (γ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally ): is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore constituted by photons, generally
produced by radioactive elements or by subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-electron pair. It is
also generated in astrophysical phenomena of great violence. Energy of this nature is measured in
megaelectronvolts. A MeV corresponds to gamma photons of wavelengths less than 10-11 m or frequencies greater
than 1019 Hz.
Non-ionizing radiation: They are those whose energy is not able to tear an electron to an atom, in a few words it
does not produce ionizations in matter, within it there are two well-known ones.
The effective section indicates the ability to collide with the core only one is cooled with light water, two are cooled with helium and the others have coolant with lead salt and bismuth, sodium or fluorine. The last three operate at low pressure and the last one has the uranium fuel dissolved in the refrigerant.
Temperatures range from 510 ° C to 1000 ° C, compared to 330 ° C for current light water reactors, and this means that four of them can be used for thermochemical hydrogen production, sizes range from 150 and 1500 MWe, with lead-cooling optionally available as a 50–150 MWe “battery” with long service life (15–20 years with the same fuel) and with the possibility of replacing the complete reactor module. At least four of the systems have significant operational experience in most aspects of their design, which provides a good basis for increased R&D and can probably be in commercial operation before 2030.In January 2014, a new update of the GIF technology roadmap was published, confirmed the choice of the six systems and focused on the most relevant developments to define the R&D objectives for the next decade GIF suggested that The IV Generation technologies that will most likely be used first are the sodium-cooled fast reactor, the lead-cooled fast reactor and the very high temperature reactor technologies.
The molten salt reactor and the gas-cooled fast reactor were shown to be the furthest from the demonstration phase. The third GIF symposium took place in Japan in May 2015 and checked the progress of the six systems.
Site numbering and genome structure uses Wuhan-Hu-1/2019 as reference. The phylogeny is rooted relative to early samples from Wuhan. Temporal resolution assumes a nucleotide substitution rate of 5 × 10^-4 subs per site per year.
The nuclear fuel used can be treated as a waste or as or a resource, the current nuclear reactors extract 5% of the fuel energy, a value that increases considerably with the current reprocessing, with the IV Generation reactors it is expected to reach 95 % of energy
Radioactive waste is not particularly dangerous or complex to manage compared to industrial waste due to its degree of toxicity, the perception of public opinion risk is much more influenced by anti-nuclear organizations, conspiracy organizations and the media. Unlike the waste produced during the generation of electricity through fossil fuels, the management of nuclear waste is completely regulated and is not allowed at the administrative level to pollute the environment.
Radioactive waste is not exclusive to nuclear energy, these are also generated in medicine, agriculture, research, mining, armament and manufacturing, the danger of radioactive waste is reduced over time, unlike waste from fossil fuels whose impact is permanent.
The international technical consensus indicates that the best option for the final management of radioactive waste is deep geological housing.
So far, nuclear energy is the only large-scale technology that assumes full responsibility for all its waste and associated costs.