The previous chapter discussed the possibility of using pedometric techniques to make numerical c... more The previous chapter discussed the possibility of using pedometric techniques to make numerical classifications of soil material and soil layers. Of course it is not a step too far to use pedometric techniques to make classifications of entire profiles also. That is the subject of this chapter.
Global Soil Security: Towards More Science-Society Interfaces, 2018
Global Soil Security: Towards More Science-Society Interfaces contains contributions presented at... more Global Soil Security: Towards More Science-Society Interfaces contains contributions presented at the 2nd Global Soil Security conference, held 5-6 December 2016 in Paris. These chapters focus on how to achieve soil security. This involves scientific, economic, industrial and political engagement to inform soil-users, policy makers and citizens with the objective of implementing appropriate actions. The contributions to this book address the five dimensions of soil security, namely: capability, condition, capital, connectivity and codification.
ABSTRACT The Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (CN) of forest soils is one of the best predictors for evaluat... more ABSTRACT The Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (CN) of forest soils is one of the best predictors for evaluating the soil functions mainly involved in climate change issues. The CN ratio of forest litters depends generally on tree species and forest management which are local factors, but also on broader environmental factors. Thus, the European forest litter CN ratio map is predicted using: (a) punctual CN ratio measurements collected systematically every 16km in European forests and analyzed according to a common European laboratory method; (b) spatially continuous information on tree species abundance (derived from interpolation) and climate, landform and lithology at 1km resolution. The spatial modeling of the CN ratio is done according to complementary approaches: first, a classical kriging approach done on the CN ratio measurements; and second, a neural network approach using a set of nonlinear equations on the environmental predictors. Other multivariate geostatistical approaches were tested but not retained for final results due to lack of correlation between environmental factors. Twenty percent of CN ratio measurements are kept for validation purpose. The two approaches are compared using coefficient of determinations and Root Mean Square Errors on the validation dataset. Surprisingly, the best approach is the classical kriging, meaning that the spatial structure and variability of CN ratio cannot be explained by the environmental factors, which show high local variation. This leads to a discussion of the quality of the data and to envisage possible risks for global digital soil maps. KeywordsCN ratio-Kriging-Neural network
Contamination is one of the threats affecting soil all over the World. Contaminants are resulting... more Contamination is one of the threats affecting soil all over the World. Contaminants are resulting from human activities like industrial emissions, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, waste treatment and storage, transport or traffic emissions. These contaminants can be directly transferred to soil or indirectly via air or water. Some of them, like persistent organic pollutants, due to their long-range transport potential and their ability to bio-accumulation, can pose high risk for soil quality, biodiversity, food security and safety and human health. Studying the relationships between soil contaminants and health is generally not straightforward and usually requires scientists from different fields like geochemistry, pedology, agronomy, toxicology and/or epidemiology. The classical approach consists in studying what contaminant concentration in soil can people be exposed to without being subject to potential health risk. The exposure is evaluated either from direct measurement...
Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in aquatic and soil environments. This study targets the issue... more Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in aquatic and soil environments. This study targets the issue of MPs’ transfer from soil to groundwater. Scientific papers were collected and analyzed using a text-mining approach that classifies text segments. This allowed the identification of four research topics and the organization of the results into a summarizing table. Those four topics are sources of groundwater MPs, main types of MPs (physico-chemical properties, polymer units, shapes, and size), human exposure (mainly drinking water), and potential environmental and human effects. Compared to the research of MP on aquatic or soil compartments, scientific data on MP in groundwater are less substantial. Current results show a divergence due to differences in context (alluvial aquifer, fractured rock aquifer, karst aquifer, etc), collecting, sampling, and analytical methods. This divergence requires further research with standardized analytic protocols and reference materials. The associat...
Contaminated soils have lost some ecological functions and ecosystem services (Hooper et al., 201... more Contaminated soils have lost some ecological functions and ecosystem services (Hooper et al., 2015). Remediating contaminated sites could then help to restore lost ecological functions and ecosystem services. The test has been made by using phytoextraction, a nature-based solution that aims at remediating trace element (TE) in contaminated areas using plants and, sometimes, chelatants. Metal removal is obtained by decreasing the availability of TE in contaminated areas, TE being transferred to the harvestable plant parts. This emerging technology has progressively shifted to phytomanagement, which takes into account the value created by the biomass produced on contaminated area. In case of phytoextraction, the metal-enriched biomass can produce an economic revenue from metal recovery, being then a new source of raw material for further technological processes. The PHYTOAGGLO project was set up in 2013 in an urban area contaminated by TE (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) impacted by diverse past indu...
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible ... more Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
Geoderma aims to stimulate cooperation and understanding among workers in the different fields of... more Geoderma aims to stimulate cooperation and understanding among workers in the different fields of soil science by bringing together papers from the entire field of soil research rather than emphasizing any single sub-discipline. The journal publishes primary studies, reviews as well as scientific correspondence with respect to all types of soils, including agricultural, forest, and urban soils. We particularly welcome interdisciplinary work focusing on soil processes and functions across space and time. In order to facilitate extrapolation of published results, we strongly encourage our authors to include a soil classification according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and, if appropriate, a published national classification system. Benefits to authors We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services.
Nowadays, French soil scientists tend to gather new and existing soil data into a common database... more Nowadays, French soil scientists tend to gather new and existing soil data into a common database. The use of this database potentially allows for resolving environmental issues, largely through soil mapping. The purpose of this study is to present a methodology for mapping soil types illustrated by typical observations in the soil database, in this case from the La Rochelle area on the French Mid-Atlantic Coast. The main hypothesis underlying the method is that soil types result from environmental factors such as landform, parent material, and land cover. The method can be divided into four stages. The first step is to construct a local soil type classification from the database by a two-stage continuous classification procedure. The result of this procedure is that at each observation point, the soil is described by a vector of taxonomic distances to each of k centroidal soil types. In the example given, k = 18. The second step involves fitting soil-environment equations, one for each centroidal soil type, by regressing taxonomic distances on layers of multivariate environmental data observed on a fine 20-m grid, by multiple linear regression. In this case, the layers are terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model and land cover attributes derived from three bands of a SPOT image. The third step is to predict k maps or raster GIS layers representing taxonomic distances to soil types on the 20-m grid, using the soil-environment equations and the kriging of the residuals from the regressions. This results in many potential maps: a summary map depicting the nearest centroidal soil type (the soil type for which the taxonomic distance is least) at each location is possibly the most useful, and another one representing the minimum taxonomic distance which, if considered too large, might suggest locations for further field survey to refine the soil types. A map of standard errors of the kriged taxonomic distance residuals to the nearest centroidal soil type can be made to indicate spatial uncertainty. Continuous fuzzy membership maps can also be constructed from the distances. The fourth step involves validation with an independent soil data set allowing
The previous chapter discussed the possibility of using pedometric techniques to make numerical c... more The previous chapter discussed the possibility of using pedometric techniques to make numerical classifications of soil material and soil layers. Of course it is not a step too far to use pedometric techniques to make classifications of entire profiles also. That is the subject of this chapter.
Global Soil Security: Towards More Science-Society Interfaces, 2018
Global Soil Security: Towards More Science-Society Interfaces contains contributions presented at... more Global Soil Security: Towards More Science-Society Interfaces contains contributions presented at the 2nd Global Soil Security conference, held 5-6 December 2016 in Paris. These chapters focus on how to achieve soil security. This involves scientific, economic, industrial and political engagement to inform soil-users, policy makers and citizens with the objective of implementing appropriate actions. The contributions to this book address the five dimensions of soil security, namely: capability, condition, capital, connectivity and codification.
ABSTRACT The Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (CN) of forest soils is one of the best predictors for evaluat... more ABSTRACT The Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (CN) of forest soils is one of the best predictors for evaluating the soil functions mainly involved in climate change issues. The CN ratio of forest litters depends generally on tree species and forest management which are local factors, but also on broader environmental factors. Thus, the European forest litter CN ratio map is predicted using: (a) punctual CN ratio measurements collected systematically every 16km in European forests and analyzed according to a common European laboratory method; (b) spatially continuous information on tree species abundance (derived from interpolation) and climate, landform and lithology at 1km resolution. The spatial modeling of the CN ratio is done according to complementary approaches: first, a classical kriging approach done on the CN ratio measurements; and second, a neural network approach using a set of nonlinear equations on the environmental predictors. Other multivariate geostatistical approaches were tested but not retained for final results due to lack of correlation between environmental factors. Twenty percent of CN ratio measurements are kept for validation purpose. The two approaches are compared using coefficient of determinations and Root Mean Square Errors on the validation dataset. Surprisingly, the best approach is the classical kriging, meaning that the spatial structure and variability of CN ratio cannot be explained by the environmental factors, which show high local variation. This leads to a discussion of the quality of the data and to envisage possible risks for global digital soil maps. KeywordsCN ratio-Kriging-Neural network
Contamination is one of the threats affecting soil all over the World. Contaminants are resulting... more Contamination is one of the threats affecting soil all over the World. Contaminants are resulting from human activities like industrial emissions, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, waste treatment and storage, transport or traffic emissions. These contaminants can be directly transferred to soil or indirectly via air or water. Some of them, like persistent organic pollutants, due to their long-range transport potential and their ability to bio-accumulation, can pose high risk for soil quality, biodiversity, food security and safety and human health. Studying the relationships between soil contaminants and health is generally not straightforward and usually requires scientists from different fields like geochemistry, pedology, agronomy, toxicology and/or epidemiology. The classical approach consists in studying what contaminant concentration in soil can people be exposed to without being subject to potential health risk. The exposure is evaluated either from direct measurement...
Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in aquatic and soil environments. This study targets the issue... more Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in aquatic and soil environments. This study targets the issue of MPs’ transfer from soil to groundwater. Scientific papers were collected and analyzed using a text-mining approach that classifies text segments. This allowed the identification of four research topics and the organization of the results into a summarizing table. Those four topics are sources of groundwater MPs, main types of MPs (physico-chemical properties, polymer units, shapes, and size), human exposure (mainly drinking water), and potential environmental and human effects. Compared to the research of MP on aquatic or soil compartments, scientific data on MP in groundwater are less substantial. Current results show a divergence due to differences in context (alluvial aquifer, fractured rock aquifer, karst aquifer, etc), collecting, sampling, and analytical methods. This divergence requires further research with standardized analytic protocols and reference materials. The associat...
Contaminated soils have lost some ecological functions and ecosystem services (Hooper et al., 201... more Contaminated soils have lost some ecological functions and ecosystem services (Hooper et al., 2015). Remediating contaminated sites could then help to restore lost ecological functions and ecosystem services. The test has been made by using phytoextraction, a nature-based solution that aims at remediating trace element (TE) in contaminated areas using plants and, sometimes, chelatants. Metal removal is obtained by decreasing the availability of TE in contaminated areas, TE being transferred to the harvestable plant parts. This emerging technology has progressively shifted to phytomanagement, which takes into account the value created by the biomass produced on contaminated area. In case of phytoextraction, the metal-enriched biomass can produce an economic revenue from metal recovery, being then a new source of raw material for further technological processes. The PHYTOAGGLO project was set up in 2013 in an urban area contaminated by TE (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) impacted by diverse past indu...
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible ... more Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
Geoderma aims to stimulate cooperation and understanding among workers in the different fields of... more Geoderma aims to stimulate cooperation and understanding among workers in the different fields of soil science by bringing together papers from the entire field of soil research rather than emphasizing any single sub-discipline. The journal publishes primary studies, reviews as well as scientific correspondence with respect to all types of soils, including agricultural, forest, and urban soils. We particularly welcome interdisciplinary work focusing on soil processes and functions across space and time. In order to facilitate extrapolation of published results, we strongly encourage our authors to include a soil classification according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and, if appropriate, a published national classification system. Benefits to authors We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services.
Nowadays, French soil scientists tend to gather new and existing soil data into a common database... more Nowadays, French soil scientists tend to gather new and existing soil data into a common database. The use of this database potentially allows for resolving environmental issues, largely through soil mapping. The purpose of this study is to present a methodology for mapping soil types illustrated by typical observations in the soil database, in this case from the La Rochelle area on the French Mid-Atlantic Coast. The main hypothesis underlying the method is that soil types result from environmental factors such as landform, parent material, and land cover. The method can be divided into four stages. The first step is to construct a local soil type classification from the database by a two-stage continuous classification procedure. The result of this procedure is that at each observation point, the soil is described by a vector of taxonomic distances to each of k centroidal soil types. In the example given, k = 18. The second step involves fitting soil-environment equations, one for each centroidal soil type, by regressing taxonomic distances on layers of multivariate environmental data observed on a fine 20-m grid, by multiple linear regression. In this case, the layers are terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model and land cover attributes derived from three bands of a SPOT image. The third step is to predict k maps or raster GIS layers representing taxonomic distances to soil types on the 20-m grid, using the soil-environment equations and the kriging of the residuals from the regressions. This results in many potential maps: a summary map depicting the nearest centroidal soil type (the soil type for which the taxonomic distance is least) at each location is possibly the most useful, and another one representing the minimum taxonomic distance which, if considered too large, might suggest locations for further field survey to refine the soil types. A map of standard errors of the kriged taxonomic distance residuals to the nearest centroidal soil type can be made to indicate spatial uncertainty. Continuous fuzzy membership maps can also be constructed from the distances. The fourth step involves validation with an independent soil data set allowing
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