Broodstock development, spawning, fertilization, embryonic development, fecundity, "hatching rate... more Broodstock development, spawning, fertilization, embryonic development, fecundity, "hatching rate and deformation rates" of five species (Amphiprion ocellaris, A. percula, A. melanopus, A. clarkii and A. nigripes) of anemone fish were studied in captive condition. The egg diameter, parental care, fecundity rate, fertilization rate, hatching rate, deformation rates and size of eggs were quantified. In addition, the courtship behaviors and parental care of each broodstock were noted. The day wise embryonic developments from 1 st day to 8 th day were observed under microscope and major morphological and functional features of embryos were documented. The egg size ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 mm in length and width of 1.1 to 1.3 mm. The numbers of spawned eggs were varied between 405 to 810 numbers. Spawning was achieved in every 15 to 20 days of interval in summer and in monsoon it was increased ranging from 20 to 40 days. The clutch diameter ranged from 5.2 to 14. 3 cm in length and width of 4.8 to 11.5 cm.
To study the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in two species of marine ornamental fishes through... more To study the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in two species of marine ornamental fishes through histopathological investigation along with control for differentiating the tissue damage. Methods: Six naturally infected fishes were collected. They were anaesthetized and subsequently killed by organ dissection. The infected fish organs were aseptically cut off and stored with 10% formalin solution for histological study. Samples were examined for gross pathology including location, distribution, shape, size, colour, consistency and special features of typical external lesions by standard method. Results: The diameter of the tumor nodules ranged from 1 to 2 mm (Amphiprion ocellaris) and 2.5 to 3.5 mm (Amphiprion percula). Light microscopic observation showed over growth of tumor like nodules on the skin or scales and ventral side as well. Numerous hypertrophied cells with basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were in the connective tissues of dermis and between scales on two species. The nucleus of lymphocystis cell were enlarged, irregular and containing basophilic marginated chromatin. Thus, the similarities among cellular patterns of different fish LCDV isolates from different hosts indicated that these profiles do not depend on the host species. Conclusions: In conclusion, this current study of histopathological statement of LCDV may be adequate for a presumptive diagnosis of lymphocystis disease from both marine as well as fresh water fish species. The findings of asymptomatic carriers by histology using infected skin and fin sampling, which does not imply animal killing, could be important tool to epizootics caused by LCDV. This study may be very useful for further molecular studies.
Objective: To investigate functional groups of toxic spines in stingray by Fourier transform infr... more Objective: To investigate functional groups of toxic spines in stingray by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Methods: The venom extract of Himantura gerrardi, Himantura imbricata and Pastinachus sephen were centrifuged at 6 000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and preserved separately in methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone (1:2) and then soaked in the mentioned solvents for 48 h. Then extracts were filtered and used for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Results: The results identified that the presence of free amino acids and protein having β-sheet and random coiled secondary structure. The presence of O-H stretch, C=O stretch, C-H stretch, N-H deformation, O-H deformation and CO stretch in the sample aligned with standard bovine serum albumin. The influence of functional groups within the molecule was because of the impact of preferred spatial orientation, chemical and physical interaction on the molecule. In conclusion, compared to bovine serum albumin, Himantura imbricata consists of two C=O stretch, are involved in the hydrogen bonding that takes place between the different elements of secondary structure. Conclusions: The venom of poisonous animals has been extensively studied, since standard medicine not available for treatment against injuries causing stingray. Therefore, it's the baseline study, to motivate further process and produce effective antibiotics.
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2009
Background Due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the emergence of human pathogeni... more Background Due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the emergence of human pathogenic microorganisms resistant to major classes of antibiotics has been increased and has caused many clinical problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the in vitro antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp lethality of extracts and isolated compounds from Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bur., a species used in Brazilian folk medicine for treatment of cancer and skin diseases. Methods Using the disc diffusion method, bioautography assay and brine shrimp toxicity test (Artemia salina Leach), we studied the antimicrobial activity and lethality of extracts and isolated compounds against three microorganisms strains, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and yeasts (Candida albicans). Results In this study, the extracts inhibited S. aureus (8.0 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm) ...
Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting, 2014
Global warming is progression in which the earth temperature and the temperature on the atmospher... more Global warming is progression in which the earth temperature and the temperature on the atmosphere layers that are close to earth rise artificially as a result of the intense increase in some gases that occur in consequence of various human activities and that are qualified as greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As to global climate change, it is the phenomenon where other climatic factors change as well depending upon global warming. Marine ecosystems are not in a steady state, but are affected by the environment, which varies on many spatial and temporal scales. Generally due to climate change and global warming the small and beneficial microorganism such as algae, bacteria, phyto and zooplanktons are getting disturbed or due to increasing of temperature and sea level raise it powerless to survive in the water surroundings. Detailed information is reported on the main Indian reef areas, including the Lakshadweep Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Gulf of Mannar, with limited and largely anecdotal information for reefs elsewhere in the country. A fish population cannot be tolerant of high temperature changes in the area where it is distributed in a certain time interval. If these changes are within a certain temperature boundary and slow, it generally causes migration of fish specifically ornamental clown fishes. Temperature takes important physiological phenomena such as feeding, respiration, osmoregulation, growth and reproduction under control. If the individuals of population cannot adjust themselves according to the sudden and strong changes in temperature, one or some of their metabolism activities may deteriorate and mass deaths may occur and the changes in the sea water level will endanger the coastal habitat and species such as the sea turtle which uses the beaches as reproduction areas and lays eggs there will be unfavorably affected since their reproduction areas will become narrower.
Broodstock development, spawning, fertilization, embryonic development, fecundity, "hatching rate... more Broodstock development, spawning, fertilization, embryonic development, fecundity, "hatching rate and deformation rates" of five species (Amphiprion ocellaris, A. percula, A. melanopus, A. clarkii and A. nigripes) of anemone fish were studied in captive condition. The egg diameter, parental care, fecundity rate, fertilization rate, hatching rate, deformation rates and size of eggs were quantified. In addition, the courtship behaviors and parental care of each broodstock were noted. The day wise embryonic developments from 1 st day to 8 th day were observed under microscope and major morphological and functional features of embryos were documented. The egg size ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 mm in length and width of 1.1 to 1.3 mm. The numbers of spawned eggs were varied between 405 to 810 numbers. Spawning was achieved in every 15 to 20 days of interval in summer and in monsoon it was increased ranging from 20 to 40 days. The clutch diameter ranged from 5.2 to 14. 3 cm in length and width of 4.8 to 11.5 cm.
To study the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in two species of marine ornamental fishes through... more To study the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in two species of marine ornamental fishes through histopathological investigation along with control for differentiating the tissue damage. Methods: Six naturally infected fishes were collected. They were anaesthetized and subsequently killed by organ dissection. The infected fish organs were aseptically cut off and stored with 10% formalin solution for histological study. Samples were examined for gross pathology including location, distribution, shape, size, colour, consistency and special features of typical external lesions by standard method. Results: The diameter of the tumor nodules ranged from 1 to 2 mm (Amphiprion ocellaris) and 2.5 to 3.5 mm (Amphiprion percula). Light microscopic observation showed over growth of tumor like nodules on the skin or scales and ventral side as well. Numerous hypertrophied cells with basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were in the connective tissues of dermis and between scales on two species. The nucleus of lymphocystis cell were enlarged, irregular and containing basophilic marginated chromatin. Thus, the similarities among cellular patterns of different fish LCDV isolates from different hosts indicated that these profiles do not depend on the host species. Conclusions: In conclusion, this current study of histopathological statement of LCDV may be adequate for a presumptive diagnosis of lymphocystis disease from both marine as well as fresh water fish species. The findings of asymptomatic carriers by histology using infected skin and fin sampling, which does not imply animal killing, could be important tool to epizootics caused by LCDV. This study may be very useful for further molecular studies.
Objective: To investigate functional groups of toxic spines in stingray by Fourier transform infr... more Objective: To investigate functional groups of toxic spines in stingray by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Methods: The venom extract of Himantura gerrardi, Himantura imbricata and Pastinachus sephen were centrifuged at 6 000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and preserved separately in methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone (1:2) and then soaked in the mentioned solvents for 48 h. Then extracts were filtered and used for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Results: The results identified that the presence of free amino acids and protein having β-sheet and random coiled secondary structure. The presence of O-H stretch, C=O stretch, C-H stretch, N-H deformation, O-H deformation and CO stretch in the sample aligned with standard bovine serum albumin. The influence of functional groups within the molecule was because of the impact of preferred spatial orientation, chemical and physical interaction on the molecule. In conclusion, compared to bovine serum albumin, Himantura imbricata consists of two C=O stretch, are involved in the hydrogen bonding that takes place between the different elements of secondary structure. Conclusions: The venom of poisonous animals has been extensively studied, since standard medicine not available for treatment against injuries causing stingray. Therefore, it's the baseline study, to motivate further process and produce effective antibiotics.
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2009
Background Due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the emergence of human pathogeni... more Background Due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the emergence of human pathogenic microorganisms resistant to major classes of antibiotics has been increased and has caused many clinical problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the in vitro antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp lethality of extracts and isolated compounds from Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bur., a species used in Brazilian folk medicine for treatment of cancer and skin diseases. Methods Using the disc diffusion method, bioautography assay and brine shrimp toxicity test (Artemia salina Leach), we studied the antimicrobial activity and lethality of extracts and isolated compounds against three microorganisms strains, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and yeasts (Candida albicans). Results In this study, the extracts inhibited S. aureus (8.0 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm) ...
Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting, 2014
Global warming is progression in which the earth temperature and the temperature on the atmospher... more Global warming is progression in which the earth temperature and the temperature on the atmosphere layers that are close to earth rise artificially as a result of the intense increase in some gases that occur in consequence of various human activities and that are qualified as greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As to global climate change, it is the phenomenon where other climatic factors change as well depending upon global warming. Marine ecosystems are not in a steady state, but are affected by the environment, which varies on many spatial and temporal scales. Generally due to climate change and global warming the small and beneficial microorganism such as algae, bacteria, phyto and zooplanktons are getting disturbed or due to increasing of temperature and sea level raise it powerless to survive in the water surroundings. Detailed information is reported on the main Indian reef areas, including the Lakshadweep Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Gulf of Mannar, with limited and largely anecdotal information for reefs elsewhere in the country. A fish population cannot be tolerant of high temperature changes in the area where it is distributed in a certain time interval. If these changes are within a certain temperature boundary and slow, it generally causes migration of fish specifically ornamental clown fishes. Temperature takes important physiological phenomena such as feeding, respiration, osmoregulation, growth and reproduction under control. If the individuals of population cannot adjust themselves according to the sudden and strong changes in temperature, one or some of their metabolism activities may deteriorate and mass deaths may occur and the changes in the sea water level will endanger the coastal habitat and species such as the sea turtle which uses the beaches as reproduction areas and lays eggs there will be unfavorably affected since their reproduction areas will become narrower.
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