As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring... more As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human, and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking regarding territory
This article describes varied place attachments manifested in public (communal)
places in the t... more This article describes varied place attachments manifested in public (communal)
places in the two socioeconomically weakest suburbs of the city of Jyväskylä in central Finland. We conducted ethnographic research and observations, interviewed local experts on their views of the suburbs, and analyzed discourses from various places where residents’ experiences of identity and social relations are connected to residential and community attachment. Our results show a strong connection to place evolving in both suburbs through bonds to the physical and the social environment. The local experts reported social connectedness and sense of belonging among the residents of both suburbs. The strength of the suburbs resided in a community spirit manifested in public places (community centers, local natural beauty spots, and recreational spaces). Residents are attached to their nearby natural environment and specific places in both suburbs.
Attachment to place is undermined by negative media influence and by public discourse highlighting social segregation and insecurity. Keywords: communality, suburb, place attachment
This study Contested Lands: Land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania. Case Studies o... more This study Contested Lands: Land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania. Case Studies of the Loliondo and Sale Division in the Ngorongoro District concentrates on describing the specific land disputes which took place in the 1990's in the Loliondo and Sale Divisions of the Ngorongoro District in northern Tanzania. The study shows the territorial and historical transformation of territories and property and their relation to the land disputes of the 1990s'.
It was assumed that land disputes have been firstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefined through statutory laws.
In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980's onward, increases in human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. This has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and finally to formalized land rights on village lands of the Loliondo Division.
The land disputes have thus been linked to the use of legal power and to the re-creation of the boundary (informal or formal) either by the Maasai or the Sonjo on the Loliondo and Sale village lands. In Loliondo Division land disputes have been resource-based and related to multiple allocations of land or game resource concessions. Land disputes became clearly political and legal struggles with an ecological reference.Land disputes were stimulated when the common land/resource rights on village lands of the Maasai pastoralists became regulated and insecure.
The analysis of past land disputes showed that space-place tensions on village lands can be presented as a platform on which spatial and property issues with complex power relations have been debated. The reduction of future land disputes will succeed only when/if local property rights to land and resources are acknowledged, especially in rural lands of the Tanzanian State.
These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation an... more These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation and that they strive to educate their visitors
about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves
perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine
how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we
undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and
five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited
understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation
projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration,
and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case
these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not
give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation
in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives
The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year
absence surpri... more The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year
absence surprised rural communities in Southwest Finland. Various social emotions
emerged and began to shape how people thought about wolves and reoriented
their daily practices. In this paper, we examine how emotional reactions and actions
functioned in the presence of the wolf and the non-intervention wolf policy until
2014. We used written documents, interviews and focus group discussions as our
primary materials. Our results indicate how normative emotions have played a role
in influencing Finnish wolf policy
The largest urban centre in Finland, the city of Helsinki, has a population of approximately 620,... more The largest urban centre in Finland, the city of Helsinki, has a population of approximately 620,000 at the turn of the year 2016, and the whole metropolitan area has about 1,5 million human inhabitants. Helsinki is also a home to 46 wild mammal species (City of Helsinki 2016). Over 120 bird species nest in Helsinki (City of Helsinki 2016) and the city hosts a vibrant bird watcher community. Reptiles and frogs instead have declined (City of Helsinki 2016). When listing animals living in urban areas, animals belonging to pet, farmed animal and zoo animal categories are usually omitted. In this article
we are looking at zoo animals as urban animals. Modern, urban zoos give the illusion of “nature” and“wilderness” inside the city. These “natural” spaces are constructed with great effort and detail, yet this human effort is made invisible
Zoos nowadays often claim that their main objective is nature conservation and that they strive t... more Zoos nowadays often claim that their main objective is nature conservation and that they strive to educate the visitors on this subject. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken on conservation education in zoos. This overview performs a qualitative meta-analysis of the methodology, concepts and results of research articles on zoo visitors, particularly regarding learning, education and conservation. Our main finding is that most of the research uses quantitative methodologies and the qualitative, lived experiences of zoo visits remain under-researched. Based on the articles analyzed, “nature conservation” (the substance of conservation education in zoos) becomes implicitly defined as captive breeding and far-off conservation projects, distancing the visitors and their daily lives from nature and issues of conservation.
ABSTRACT These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conserv... more ABSTRACT These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation and that they strive to educate their visitors about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration, and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives.
As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring... more As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring
together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study
set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and
sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations
between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf
must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two
territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human,
and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making
of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for
humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking
regarding territory
The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year absence surprise... more The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year absence surprised rural communities in Southwest Finland. Various social emotions emerged and began to shape how people thought about wolves and reoriented their daily practices. In this paper, we examine how emotional reactions and actions functioned in the presence of the wolf and the non-intervention wolf policy until 2014. We used written documents, interviews and focus group discussions as our primary materials. Our results indicate how normative emotions have played a role in influencing Finnish wolf policy.
Th is study concentrates on describing the specifi c land disputes which took place in the 1990s ... more Th is study concentrates on describing the specifi c land disputes which took place in the 1990s in the Loliondo and Sale Divisions of the Ngorongoro District in northern Tanzania. Th e study shows the territorial and historical transformation of territories and property and their relation to the land disputes of the 1990s’. It was assumed that land disputes have been fi rstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, that they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefi ned through statutory laws. In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980s onwards, increasesin human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. Th is has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and fi...
Artikkelissani olen tarkastellut, miten susi onVarsinais-Suomessa vaaran ja uhkan kokemusten kaut... more Artikkelissani olen tarkastellut, miten susi onVarsinais-Suomessa vaaran ja uhkan kokemusten kautta muuttanut paikallisten ihmisten elinpiirissä spatiaalisia käytäntöjä ja vaikuttanut ihmisten tunteisiin. Relationaalisessa tilassa susi ja susikokemukset ovat vaikuttaneet paikallisten ihmisten arkisiin toimintatapoihin. Erityisesti susireviireillä suden ilmaantuessa maisemaan susihaitat ja uhka sudesta vaikuttavat ihmisten susikokemuksiin ja tunteisiin. Kielteiset käytännöt, susitunteet ja asenteet alkavat
muuttaa tilaa. Tämä synnyttää erityyppisiä spatiaalisia käytäntöjä. Ihmisten keskuudessa ilmenee sosiaalisten suhteiden ja käytäntöjen vuorovaikutuksessa uhkan ja pelon tiedostamista sekä vaaratilanteen välttelyä. Kun ihmisen kehollisuus ja epämiellyttävät kokemukset, tunteet ja uskomukset vaikuttavat tilallisuuteen, myös ihmisten tilalliset sosiaaliset käytännöt alkavat muuttua. Näin syntyy uudentyyppistä
tilaa eli susivaarallisia paikkoja, joista susi halutaan rajata pois, eletyn tilan ulkopuolelle
As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring... more As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human, and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking regarding territory
This article describes varied place attachments manifested in public (communal)
places in the t... more This article describes varied place attachments manifested in public (communal)
places in the two socioeconomically weakest suburbs of the city of Jyväskylä in central Finland. We conducted ethnographic research and observations, interviewed local experts on their views of the suburbs, and analyzed discourses from various places where residents’ experiences of identity and social relations are connected to residential and community attachment. Our results show a strong connection to place evolving in both suburbs through bonds to the physical and the social environment. The local experts reported social connectedness and sense of belonging among the residents of both suburbs. The strength of the suburbs resided in a community spirit manifested in public places (community centers, local natural beauty spots, and recreational spaces). Residents are attached to their nearby natural environment and specific places in both suburbs.
Attachment to place is undermined by negative media influence and by public discourse highlighting social segregation and insecurity. Keywords: communality, suburb, place attachment
This study Contested Lands: Land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania. Case Studies o... more This study Contested Lands: Land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania. Case Studies of the Loliondo and Sale Division in the Ngorongoro District concentrates on describing the specific land disputes which took place in the 1990's in the Loliondo and Sale Divisions of the Ngorongoro District in northern Tanzania. The study shows the territorial and historical transformation of territories and property and their relation to the land disputes of the 1990s'.
It was assumed that land disputes have been firstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefined through statutory laws.
In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980's onward, increases in human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. This has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and finally to formalized land rights on village lands of the Loliondo Division.
The land disputes have thus been linked to the use of legal power and to the re-creation of the boundary (informal or formal) either by the Maasai or the Sonjo on the Loliondo and Sale village lands. In Loliondo Division land disputes have been resource-based and related to multiple allocations of land or game resource concessions. Land disputes became clearly political and legal struggles with an ecological reference.Land disputes were stimulated when the common land/resource rights on village lands of the Maasai pastoralists became regulated and insecure.
The analysis of past land disputes showed that space-place tensions on village lands can be presented as a platform on which spatial and property issues with complex power relations have been debated. The reduction of future land disputes will succeed only when/if local property rights to land and resources are acknowledged, especially in rural lands of the Tanzanian State.
These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation an... more These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation and that they strive to educate their visitors
about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves
perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine
how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we
undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and
five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited
understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation
projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration,
and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case
these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not
give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation
in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives
The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year
absence surpri... more The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year
absence surprised rural communities in Southwest Finland. Various social emotions
emerged and began to shape how people thought about wolves and reoriented
their daily practices. In this paper, we examine how emotional reactions and actions
functioned in the presence of the wolf and the non-intervention wolf policy until
2014. We used written documents, interviews and focus group discussions as our
primary materials. Our results indicate how normative emotions have played a role
in influencing Finnish wolf policy
The largest urban centre in Finland, the city of Helsinki, has a population of approximately 620,... more The largest urban centre in Finland, the city of Helsinki, has a population of approximately 620,000 at the turn of the year 2016, and the whole metropolitan area has about 1,5 million human inhabitants. Helsinki is also a home to 46 wild mammal species (City of Helsinki 2016). Over 120 bird species nest in Helsinki (City of Helsinki 2016) and the city hosts a vibrant bird watcher community. Reptiles and frogs instead have declined (City of Helsinki 2016). When listing animals living in urban areas, animals belonging to pet, farmed animal and zoo animal categories are usually omitted. In this article
we are looking at zoo animals as urban animals. Modern, urban zoos give the illusion of “nature” and“wilderness” inside the city. These “natural” spaces are constructed with great effort and detail, yet this human effort is made invisible
Zoos nowadays often claim that their main objective is nature conservation and that they strive t... more Zoos nowadays often claim that their main objective is nature conservation and that they strive to educate the visitors on this subject. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken on conservation education in zoos. This overview performs a qualitative meta-analysis of the methodology, concepts and results of research articles on zoo visitors, particularly regarding learning, education and conservation. Our main finding is that most of the research uses quantitative methodologies and the qualitative, lived experiences of zoo visits remain under-researched. Based on the articles analyzed, “nature conservation” (the substance of conservation education in zoos) becomes implicitly defined as captive breeding and far-off conservation projects, distancing the visitors and their daily lives from nature and issues of conservation.
ABSTRACT These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conserv... more ABSTRACT These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation and that they strive to educate their visitors about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration, and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives.
As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring... more As human codings of animals are often simultaneously legal and spatial, it may be useful to bring
together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study
set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and
sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations
between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf
must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two
territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human,
and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making
of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for
humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking
regarding territory
The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year absence surprise... more The reappearance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in 2005 after a one-hundred-year absence surprised rural communities in Southwest Finland. Various social emotions emerged and began to shape how people thought about wolves and reoriented their daily practices. In this paper, we examine how emotional reactions and actions functioned in the presence of the wolf and the non-intervention wolf policy until 2014. We used written documents, interviews and focus group discussions as our primary materials. Our results indicate how normative emotions have played a role in influencing Finnish wolf policy.
Th is study concentrates on describing the specifi c land disputes which took place in the 1990s ... more Th is study concentrates on describing the specifi c land disputes which took place in the 1990s in the Loliondo and Sale Divisions of the Ngorongoro District in northern Tanzania. Th e study shows the territorial and historical transformation of territories and property and their relation to the land disputes of the 1990s’. It was assumed that land disputes have been fi rstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, that they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefi ned through statutory laws. In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980s onwards, increasesin human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. Th is has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and fi...
Artikkelissani olen tarkastellut, miten susi onVarsinais-Suomessa vaaran ja uhkan kokemusten kaut... more Artikkelissani olen tarkastellut, miten susi onVarsinais-Suomessa vaaran ja uhkan kokemusten kautta muuttanut paikallisten ihmisten elinpiirissä spatiaalisia käytäntöjä ja vaikuttanut ihmisten tunteisiin. Relationaalisessa tilassa susi ja susikokemukset ovat vaikuttaneet paikallisten ihmisten arkisiin toimintatapoihin. Erityisesti susireviireillä suden ilmaantuessa maisemaan susihaitat ja uhka sudesta vaikuttavat ihmisten susikokemuksiin ja tunteisiin. Kielteiset käytännöt, susitunteet ja asenteet alkavat
muuttaa tilaa. Tämä synnyttää erityyppisiä spatiaalisia käytäntöjä. Ihmisten keskuudessa ilmenee sosiaalisten suhteiden ja käytäntöjen vuorovaikutuksessa uhkan ja pelon tiedostamista sekä vaaratilanteen välttelyä. Kun ihmisen kehollisuus ja epämiellyttävät kokemukset, tunteet ja uskomukset vaikuttavat tilallisuuteen, myös ihmisten tilalliset sosiaaliset käytännöt alkavat muuttua. Näin syntyy uudentyyppistä
tilaa eli susivaarallisia paikkoja, joista susi halutaan rajata pois, eletyn tilan ulkopuolelle
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places in the two socioeconomically weakest suburbs of the city of Jyväskylä in central Finland. We conducted ethnographic research and observations, interviewed local experts on their views of the suburbs, and analyzed discourses from various places where residents’ experiences of identity and social relations are connected to residential and community attachment. Our results show a strong connection to place evolving in both suburbs through bonds to the physical and the social environment. The local experts reported social connectedness and sense of belonging among the residents of both suburbs. The strength of the suburbs resided in a community spirit manifested in public places (community centers, local natural beauty spots, and recreational spaces). Residents are attached to their nearby natural environment and specific places in both suburbs.
Attachment to place is undermined by negative media influence and by public discourse highlighting social segregation and insecurity. Keywords: communality, suburb, place attachment
It was assumed that land disputes have been firstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefined through statutory laws.
In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980's onward, increases in human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. This has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and finally to formalized land rights on village lands of the Loliondo Division.
The land disputes have thus been linked to the use of legal power and to the re-creation of the boundary (informal or formal) either by the Maasai or the Sonjo on the Loliondo and Sale village lands. In Loliondo Division land disputes have been resource-based and related to multiple allocations of land or game resource concessions. Land disputes became clearly political and legal struggles with an ecological reference.Land disputes were stimulated when the common land/resource rights on village lands of the Maasai pastoralists became regulated and insecure.
The analysis of past land disputes showed that space-place tensions on village lands can be presented as a platform on which spatial and property issues with complex power relations have been debated. The reduction of future land disputes will succeed only when/if local property rights to land and resources are acknowledged, especially in rural lands of the Tanzanian State.
about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves
perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine
how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we
undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and
five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited
understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation
projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration,
and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case
these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not
give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation
in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives
absence surprised rural communities in Southwest Finland. Various social emotions
emerged and began to shape how people thought about wolves and reoriented
their daily practices. In this paper, we examine how emotional reactions and actions
functioned in the presence of the wolf and the non-intervention wolf policy until
2014. We used written documents, interviews and focus group discussions as our
primary materials. Our results indicate how normative emotions have played a role
in influencing Finnish wolf policy
we are looking at zoo animals as urban animals. Modern, urban zoos give the illusion of “nature” and“wilderness” inside the city. These “natural” spaces are constructed with great effort and detail, yet this human effort is made invisible
together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study
set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and
sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations
between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf
must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two
territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human,
and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making
of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for
humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking
regarding territory
muuttaa tilaa. Tämä synnyttää erityyppisiä spatiaalisia käytäntöjä. Ihmisten keskuudessa ilmenee sosiaalisten suhteiden ja käytäntöjen vuorovaikutuksessa uhkan ja pelon tiedostamista sekä vaaratilanteen välttelyä. Kun ihmisen kehollisuus ja epämiellyttävät kokemukset, tunteet ja uskomukset vaikuttavat tilallisuuteen, myös ihmisten tilalliset sosiaaliset käytännöt alkavat muuttua. Näin syntyy uudentyyppistä
tilaa eli susivaarallisia paikkoja, joista susi halutaan rajata pois, eletyn tilan ulkopuolelle
places in the two socioeconomically weakest suburbs of the city of Jyväskylä in central Finland. We conducted ethnographic research and observations, interviewed local experts on their views of the suburbs, and analyzed discourses from various places where residents’ experiences of identity and social relations are connected to residential and community attachment. Our results show a strong connection to place evolving in both suburbs through bonds to the physical and the social environment. The local experts reported social connectedness and sense of belonging among the residents of both suburbs. The strength of the suburbs resided in a community spirit manifested in public places (community centers, local natural beauty spots, and recreational spaces). Residents are attached to their nearby natural environment and specific places in both suburbs.
Attachment to place is undermined by negative media influence and by public discourse highlighting social segregation and insecurity. Keywords: communality, suburb, place attachment
It was assumed that land disputes have been firstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefined through statutory laws.
In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980's onward, increases in human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. This has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and finally to formalized land rights on village lands of the Loliondo Division.
The land disputes have thus been linked to the use of legal power and to the re-creation of the boundary (informal or formal) either by the Maasai or the Sonjo on the Loliondo and Sale village lands. In Loliondo Division land disputes have been resource-based and related to multiple allocations of land or game resource concessions. Land disputes became clearly political and legal struggles with an ecological reference.Land disputes were stimulated when the common land/resource rights on village lands of the Maasai pastoralists became regulated and insecure.
The analysis of past land disputes showed that space-place tensions on village lands can be presented as a platform on which spatial and property issues with complex power relations have been debated. The reduction of future land disputes will succeed only when/if local property rights to land and resources are acknowledged, especially in rural lands of the Tanzanian State.
about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves
perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine
how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we
undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and
five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited
understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation
projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration,
and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case
these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not
give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation
in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives
absence surprised rural communities in Southwest Finland. Various social emotions
emerged and began to shape how people thought about wolves and reoriented
their daily practices. In this paper, we examine how emotional reactions and actions
functioned in the presence of the wolf and the non-intervention wolf policy until
2014. We used written documents, interviews and focus group discussions as our
primary materials. Our results indicate how normative emotions have played a role
in influencing Finnish wolf policy
we are looking at zoo animals as urban animals. Modern, urban zoos give the illusion of “nature” and“wilderness” inside the city. These “natural” spaces are constructed with great effort and detail, yet this human effort is made invisible
together the animal geographies literature and scholarship on legal geography. Through a case study
set in southwest Finland, we explore the emergent and fraught entanglements of wolves, humans and
sheep, characterizing the attempts at the regulation of the wolf as entailing tense biopolitical calculations
between the contradictory legal imperatives of biodiversity and biosecurity. Under the former, the wolf
must be made to live; under the latter, it may need to die. These are worked out in and productive of two
territorial configurations: the everyday spaces of encounter (real or imagined) between wolf and human,
and the propertied territories of sheep farming. While human imperatives and anxieties are clearly central to these spatializations, we also seek to give the wolf its due, noting its important role in the making
of legal territories. The coproduction of law and space, we conclude, offers important ethical lessons for
humans in their relations to the wolf, as well as directing us to the need for more capacious thinking
regarding territory
muuttaa tilaa. Tämä synnyttää erityyppisiä spatiaalisia käytäntöjä. Ihmisten keskuudessa ilmenee sosiaalisten suhteiden ja käytäntöjen vuorovaikutuksessa uhkan ja pelon tiedostamista sekä vaaratilanteen välttelyä. Kun ihmisen kehollisuus ja epämiellyttävät kokemukset, tunteet ja uskomukset vaikuttavat tilallisuuteen, myös ihmisten tilalliset sosiaaliset käytännöt alkavat muuttua. Näin syntyy uudentyyppistä
tilaa eli susivaarallisia paikkoja, joista susi halutaan rajata pois, eletyn tilan ulkopuolelle