Papers by shujaat ali khan
This research project deals with the elaboration and evaluation of coacervation technique for the... more This research project deals with the elaboration and evaluation of coacervation technique for the microencapsulation of single drug (nimesulide) and/or in combination (nimesulide and tizanidine) using non-biodegradable and biodegradable polymers and physicochemical evaluation of prepared
Purpose: To formulate prolonged-release floating microparticles that would minimise the irritant ... more Purpose: To formulate prolonged-release floating microparticles that would minimise the irritant effect of weakly acidic drugs, such as nimesulide, on the stomach by avoiding direct contact with gastric mucosa. Methods: Sustained release floating microparticles of nimesulide was prepared by a coacervation (nonsolvent addition technique. Three different ratios of the coacervating polymer, low-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), were used, and the dissolution characteristics of the floating microparticles in simulated gastric and intestinal media were evaluated. In order to determine whether there was drug-polymer interaction, the microparticles were also assessed by infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Micromeritic properties of the microparticles were also assessed. Results: The drug content of the floating microparticles increased with increase in the level of HPMC incorporated. All floating microparticles formulations showed good flow properties while particle size analysis revealed that the appearance and size distribution of the formulations varied with polymer concentration. FTIR and XRD data indicated the crystalline nature of the drug but there was no chemical interaction between the drug and the polymer in the microparticles. Nimesulide release was faster in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) than in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and distilled water (pH 6.5). Conclusion: Coacervation non-solvent addition is a suitable technique for preparing floating microparticles of nimesulide using low-viscosity HPMC.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Background: Oxaliplatin (OXP), a 3rd generation platinum compound, which causes severe side effec... more Background: Oxaliplatin (OXP), a 3rd generation platinum compound, which causes severe side effects due to; impulse high concentration in the bloodstream thereby exposing healthy cells at a high ratio, nonspecific delivery at the target site and non-compliance is administered intravenously. Objective: The project was aimed at the development, characterization, and in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of pHresponsive hydrogels for oral administration of OXP. Methods: Hydrogel formulations were synthesized through a free radical polymerization technique followed by brief characterization using various techniques. The hydrogels were investigated for various in-vitro studies such as sol-gel, drug loading, swelling, drug release, and MTT-assay. While in-vivo studies such as oral tolerability, histopathology, and hematology studies were performed on rabbits. A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method was optimized and the comparative pharmacokinetic study was performed in rabbits using OXP-oral sol...
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Purpose: To investigate the perception of community pharmacists with regard to pharmaceutical car... more Purpose: To investigate the perception of community pharmacists with regard to pharmaceutical care services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan.Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey carried out among the community pharmacists in seven divisions of KPK, namely, Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Malakand, Mardan, and Peshawar. The survey was conducted between July and September 2014. A total of 22 community pharmacists were identified and approached.Results: Eighteen community pharmacists returned the filled questionnaire showing a response rate of 81.8 %. All participants (n = 18, 100 %) were male. The majority of the participants 55.6 % (n = 10) made it clear that they had never interacted with doctors, while only 33.3 % (n = 6) reported weekly interaction. The major reasons for interaction were to discuss drug alternatives (38.9 %, n = 7) and the availability of prescribed drugs (33.3 %, n = 6). Meanwhile, about 83.3 % (n = 15) of community pharmacists were involved i...
International Journal of Nanomedicine
Purpose: To investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on chloroquine (CQ)-ind... more Purpose: To investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on chloroquine (CQ)-induced itching, and overall behavior of mice after oral administration of ZnO NPs of various sizes and doses. Background: With the widespread use of ZnO NPs in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, concerns about their safety and toxicity are also increasing. Multiple aspects of ZnO NPs regarding cytotoxicity and tolerability are under investigation globally. Still, a clear conclusion about their safety has not been reached. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial with known side effects of itching in humans and animals. In this study, CQ was used to induce itching in mice, and the effects of ZnO NPs on scratching and other neurological behavior of mice were observed. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were divided into eleven groups of six mice each. ZnO NPs of various sizes and doses were administered orally 1 hour before CQ (32 mg/kg body weight) was administered subcutaneously. The effect of ZnO NPs on CQ-induced pruritus was observed for the next 30 minutes. Simultaneously, overall behavioral changes (socialization and locomotion) were also recorded using a video camera. Results: A significant reduction (P˂0.001) in scratching bouts was observed at all three doses of ZnO NPs (particle sizes 100, 30 nm, and green synthesized 30 nm). Locomotion was reduced significantly (P˂0.001) in ZnO NPs-treated groups in comparison to normal saline and CQ group, additionally, a significant increase in socialization (P˂0.05) was observed in ZnO NP-treated groups as compared to CQ group. Conclusion: ZnO NPs, instead of aggravating the dermatological condition, ameliorated the pruritus. All sizes of ZnO NPs used significantly improved socialization among mice and reduced locomotion activity.
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common infectious agent in the communit... more Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common infectious agent in the community and hospitals. Infections with S. aureus are now becoming difficult to be treated by using conventional antibiotics due to its emerging methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. Objective: In the present study, MRSA was isolated from clinical samples and evaluated for resistance against different antibiotics, TiO2 nanoparticles and their combinations. Methods: Clinical samples were collected from Ayub Medical Complex (AMC), Abbottabad, Pakistan and identified by different biochemical tests and polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was performed to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and vancomycin was found out by agar dilution method while the broth dilution method was used for the MIC of TiO2 nanoparticles and their combinations with erythromycin. Results: All 13/1...
Current Drug Delivery
Objective: The aim of the present study was to design an efficient delivery system with an antici... more Objective: The aim of the present study was to design an efficient delivery system with an anticipated swelling and drug release properties for a prolonged drug release as well as to target colon for various hydrophilic drugs. Methods: For this purpose, the pH-responsive hydrogel comprising a combination of Eudragit and acrylic acid was formed. The hydrogels were characterized for spectral (FTIR), thermal (TGA/DSC), structural (XRD), and morphological (SEM) investigations. Oral tolerability was assessed in rabbits for biocompatibility and oral use of the prepared hydrogels. Results: The results showed that an increased incorporation of Eudragit and cross-linking agent retorted the swelling, drug loading, and drug release properties at both acid (pH 1.2) and basic pH (pH 6.8 and 7.4) , while acrylic acid presented the inverse results. The oral tolerability and toxicity studies depicted that the developed hydrogels were safe up to 3800 mg/kg body weight and caused no hematological or ...
BioMed Research International
Aloe vera is a multifunctional plant that has gained acceptance as an excellent home remedy sourc... more Aloe vera is a multifunctional plant that has gained acceptance as an excellent home remedy source in Asia and the world. The present study was intended to evaluate the phytochemical contents and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and protein kinase inhibition activities in different fractions of A. vera leaf. Methanolic extract of A. vera leaves was fractionated using column chromatography and ten fractions (AV1-AV10) were obtained. Phenolics composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and protein kinase inhibition activities were evaluated using standard protocols. Well-known compounds of A. vera were used for in silico study against enzymes involved in brine shrimp and antileishmanial and hyphae formation inhibition assay on the basis of results. Five fractions (AV3 to AV7) possess potential total phenolics and flavonoids contents along with significant biological activities. AV4 fraction exhibited the highest total phenolics content 332.4 ± 32.6μ...
Natural Product Research
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae), is native to the Himalayas.... more Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae), is native to the Himalayas. The present study, for the first time, was undertaken to explore the antimicrobial potential, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the methanol extract of the roots of Trillium govanianum and its solid phase extraction (SPE) fractions by using resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial registered strains and to carry out phytochemical analysis. The remarkable amount of gallic acid equivalent phenolic and quercetin equivalent flavonoid content was manifested by MeOH extract (20.27±3.03 mg GAE/ g DW and 9.25± 0.50 mg QE/ g DW respectively). The GC/MS analysis revealed the presence saturated and unsaturated components. Considerable level of antibacterial potential against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC: 2.5-0.009 mg/mL) than against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC: 2.5-0.165 mg/mL). The use of microtiter plates has the advantage of lower cost, fast and quantitative results.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
In present investigation, gelatin-based (AA-co-AMPS) hydrogels were prepared using N, N&a... more In present investigation, gelatin-based (AA-co-AMPS) hydrogels were prepared using N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker and ammonium per sulfate (APS) as an initiator. The successful crosslinking and network formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations proved the higher thermal stability and successful entrapment of oxaliplatin (OXP) in the polymeric network. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the loss in crystallinity of the drug after loading in the hydrogel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the porous surface of the hydrogel. The newly formed hydrogels were responsive to change in pH. The swelling, drug loading and drug release was increased with increase in concentration of acrylic acid (AA) while gelatin and 2-acrylamido 2-methylpronesulfonic acid (AMPS) were found to act inversely. The in-vitro enzymatic degradation study showed that the blank hydrogels were more stable against the blank PBS than the collagenase and lysozyme. MTT-assay proved that the blank hydrogels were cyto-compatible while free OXP as well as OXP-loaded hydrogels showed dose dependent controlled cytotoxicity against Vero, MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines. The preliminary safety evaluation and oral tolerability showed that the hydrogel suspension was biocompatible and well tolerable upto 4000 mg/kg of body weight without causing any hematological or histopathological changes in rabbits.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis
The aim of this research paper was to develop a simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and economical... more The aim of this research paper was to develop a simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and economical Ultra Violet spectrophotometric method for the Analysis of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor. Methods: The study was performed in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and presence of the drug was analysed using UV spectrophotometer. Various analytical parameters such as linearity, range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined according International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: Absorbance maximum (ʎmax) of drug in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer were found to be 270.5 nm. Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration range of 2-20 mg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R 2 Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that the developed method is accurate, precise and reproducible while being simple, cheap and less time consuming and hence can be suitably applied for the analysis of donepezil in pharmaceutical preparations.) value of 0.999. % RSD values below 2 at different concentration levels for Intra and inter-day precision indicated that the proposed spectrophotometric method is highly reproducible. LOD and LOQ were 0.401 and 1.22 µg/ml respectively signifying that it can be adopted for routine quality testing.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
In this study, the chemically crosslinked hydrogels of carboxymethyl chitosan and polyvinyl alcoh... more In this study, the chemically crosslinked hydrogels of carboxymethyl chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol were fabricated by the free radical polymerization. Successful polymerization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetric measurements helped in investigating crystallinity and thermal behavior of the products. Morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy. The increased incorporation of carboxymethyl chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol enhanced the swelling, drug loading, and in-vitro drug release while crosslinking agent acted inversely. The blanked hydrogels were cytocompatible while oxaliplatin loaded hydrogels showed dose-dependent controlled cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7. Oral biocompatibility in albino rabbits showed that the hydrogel suspension was tolerable up to 3600 mg/kg as no toxic or histopathological changes were observed upon comparison with the control group. Results of the studies confirmed that the developed hydrogels can be a potential candidate for controlled oxaliplatin delivery and targeting in cancer therapy.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2018
The aim of this study was to prepare hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose (HPMC)-K15 based hydrogels vi... more The aim of this study was to prepare hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose (HPMC)-K15 based hydrogels via free radical polymerization using 2‑acrylamido-2‑methyl propane sulphonic acid (AMPS) as a monomer and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm) as a crosslinker. Loxoprofen sodium was chosen as a model drug and successfully loaded in hydrogel discs. Sol-gel, porosity, loading efficiency, and the in vitro drug release analysis were carried out to evaluate its drug delivery potential. HMPC-g-poly(AMPS) hydrogels were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) approaches. Maximum swelling and drug release were observed at pH 7.4. Kinetic modelling suggested that drug release followed first-order kinetics with the non-Fickian mechanism. FTIR and DSC confirmed the formation of new hydrogels. SEM micrographs confirmed uneven, rough, and partially porous type of surface. These results s...
Current drug delivery, Jan 24, 2018
The study describes the development of chitosan-based (AMPS-co-AA) semi-IPN hydrogels using free ... more The study describes the development of chitosan-based (AMPS-co-AA) semi-IPN hydrogels using free radical polymerization technique. The resulting hydrogels were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The successful crosslinking of chitosan, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and acrylic acid (AA) was confirmed by FT IR. Unloaded and drug-loaded hydrogels exhibited higher thermal stability after crosslinking compared to the individual components. XRD confirmed the decrease in crystallinity after hydrogel formation and molecular dispersion of oxaliplatin (OXP) in the polymeric network. SEM showed rough, vague and nebulous surface resulting from crosslinking and loading of OXP. The experimental results revealed that swelling and drug release was influenced by pH of the medium being low at acidic pH and hi...
Acta poloniae pharmaceutica, 2016
Worldwide, pharmaceutical care has been recognized as the primary mission of pharmacy. According ... more Worldwide, pharmaceutical care has been recognized as the primary mission of pharmacy. According to the philosophy of pharmaceutical care, pharmacist is not only responsible to dispense the medicines but also responsible to improve the patient's quality of life. Pharmaceutical care practice is required to be introduced in the developing countries to decrease drug related mortality and morbidity. This paper aimed to highlight the quality of pharmaceutical care practice in the developing countries, predominantly in Pakistan. The paper highlights the health status and current scenario and barriers to pharmaceutical care practice in Pakistan. Pharmacists in Pakistan are not much involved in the provision of pharmaceutical care services due to a number of barriers that include insufficient number of pharmacists, lack of proper time, inadequate skills and training, lack of fmancial support and limited recognition of pharmacists in the public. A majority of community pharmacies are run...
BioMed research international, 2018
Current drug delivery, Jan 3, 2018
In this study, central composite design was utilized for the optimization of genipin cross-linked... more In this study, central composite design was utilized for the optimization of genipin cross-linked chitosan/Eudragit®-L 100 interpenetrating hydrogel network films fabricated through solvent evaporation technique. Hydrogel formulations were studied using response surface methodology; regression analysis and the surface plots were used to evaluate the effect of variables on T50% (the time for 50% of drug release) and dynamic swelling with optimum formulation selection. Initial burst release of drug was observed from the formulated hydrogels during first 2 hour of dissolution at simulated gastric pH 1.2 and then slow release during next 10 hours in the simulated intestinal fluid at pH 7.4. Different polymer ratios in formulation showed significant influence on T50% and dynamic swelling of hydrogel. The highest T50% was observed at 9.89 hour and dynamic swelling at 7.86 h. It was observed that by changing the polymer ratio with cross-linker, release rate of metformin could be modified. ...
Current drug delivery, Jan 23, 2018
Androgenetic alopecia, generally recognized as male pattern baldness, is a gradually developing m... more Androgenetic alopecia, generally recognized as male pattern baldness, is a gradually developing medical and physiological change, which is manifested by continuous hair-loss from scalp. Finasteride (4-aza-3-oxosteroid) is a potent anti-baldness compound that selectively and competitively inhibits the 5α-reductase isoenzymes. Prolonged oral use of finasteride leads to the emergence of sexual disorders including decrease in libido, gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorder, orgasm disorders and mood disturbances. Since, hair follicles widely home in 5α-reductase, topical formulations of finasteride in comparison to its oral formulations are expected to potentially reduce its systemic adverse effects. The analysis of literature has revealed some delivery systems developed for the enhanced and localized penetration of finasteride into the skin. These finasteride delivery systems include polymersomes, vesicular nanocarriers, vesicular ethosomal carriers, liposomes and nios...
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Papers by shujaat ali khan