The goal of this study was to access the green production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (G-ZnO NPs)... more The goal of this study was to access the green production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (G-ZnO NPs) using aqueous extract of horse gram seeds (Macrotyloma Uniflorum). The precursor to the extract ratio (2.5:1) and pH value (8.5), along with the zinc nitrate concentration (0.5 M), had an impact on the particle size and the green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. UV Spectroscopy inspection revealed formation of G-ZnO NPs with absorption at 320 nm which is the characteristic absorption of G-ZnO NPs. FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM were used to characterize the green synthesized ZnO NPs. The findings demonstrated that the presence of secondary metabolites in the seed extract stabilize and contribute in the production of G-ZnO NPs. A dose-dependent increase in antibacterial activity was seen in evaluation of these NPs against Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activity for G-ZnO NPs was also noted to be concentrat...
Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a ri... more Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematophagous fly, Hippobosca maculata (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), and larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of A. squamosa fruit peel aqueous extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent of peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa was identified as 1H- cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-[1ar-(1aα,4aα, 7β, 7 a, β, 7bα)] (28.55%) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The other major constituents present in the aqueous extract were retinal 9-cis- (12.61%), 3,17-dioxo-4-androsten-11alpha-yl hydrogen succinate (6.86%), 1-naphthalenepentanol decahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-y,2-bis(methylene)-(1α,4aβ,5α,8aα) (14.83%), 1-naphthalenemethanol decahydro -5-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pentenyl)- 1,4a-di methyl - 6-methylene -(1S-[1α, 4aα, 5α(E), 8aβ] (4.44%), (-)-spathulenol (20.75%), podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-methyl-13-vinyl- (5.98%), and 1-phenanthrene carboxaldehyde 7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β, 10aα)]-(5.98%). The adult and larval parasitic mortalities observed in fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 31, 59, 80, 91, and100%; 27, 42, 66, 87, and 100%; and 33, 45, 68, 92, and 100% at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, against Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, and R. microplus. The observed larvicidal efficacies were 36, 55, 72, 92, 100% and 14, 34, 68, 89, and 100% at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm, respectively, against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The highest parasite mortality was found after 24 h of exposure against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (LC(50) = 404.51 ppm, r (2) = 0.890), Hippobosca maculata (LC(50) = 600.75 ppm, r (2) = 0.983), the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50) = 548.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.975), fourth-instar larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 327.27 pm, r (2) = 0.970), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 456.29 ppm, r (2) = 0.974), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The χ (2) values were significant at p < 0.05 level. Therefore, the eco-friendly and biodegradable compounds from fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa may be an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in integrated approach for the control of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, R. microplus, and the medically important vectors A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus.
Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Pithecellobium dulce. There... more Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Pithecellobium dulce. There are reports on the medicinal values of the leaves and seeds of this plant. The present study was discusses the microwave assisted soxhlet extraction of Pithecellobium dulcefruit powder and its screening on pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical analysis followed by total phenolic, flavonoid and carbohydrate estimation. The crude extracts were obtained by microwave assisted soxhlet extraction with solvents; 20 % ethanol and Methanol which was further partitioned based on polarity. The fruit extracts were studies for its in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, Phospho molybdenum and Ferric ion reducing method. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be higher in methanolic extract which was obtained bypartitioning with chloroform (MEC) 46.8 ± 2.83 mg/g of Gallic acid equivalent and 1.27 ± 0.03 mg/g of Quercetin equivalent respectively. The total carbohydrate content was found to be higher in 20% ethanol; 113.4 ± 0.04 mg/g of dextrose equivalent. The in vitro antioxidant assay revealed free radical scavenging potential of Pithecellobium dulce fruit, compared with standard antioxidant. This antioxidant activity is endorsed for its high phenolic content. Thus our findings provide evidence that P.dulce fruit is a potential source of natural antioxidant and a good source of carbohydrates.
International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 2013
In the present study total antioxidant activity of crude extracts of mushroom Pleurotus eous and ... more In the present study total antioxidant activity of crude extracts of mushroom Pleurotus eous and its phenolic, flavonoid content have been investigated. The study was carried out by preparing methanol, ethyl acetate, aqueous and pet ether extracts. The results showed that methanolic extract of P.eous has higher antioxidant capacity (88, 56 and 34 mg equivalents of BHT/100 mg of MeOH, EA, PE extracts respectively) phenolic content (354.59, 189.37, 146.38 and 142.98 mg/gm of dry mass of MeOH , EA, PE, Aqs extracts respectively), and flavonoid content (in terms of Quercetin equivalent as 334.785, 257.60, 152.173 and 93.48 mg/gm of dry mass of MeOH, EA, Aqs, PE extracts respectively) than ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts. The total antioxidant capacity of mushroom P.eous is in good correlation with their phenolic and flavonoid content. The study describes that the methanol could be the good solvent for the isolation of potent phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in this mushroom species. The detailed investigation of methanol extract confirmed the presence of poly-phenols such as flavonoids and tannins which are well known natural antioxidants. Thus, the antioxidant potential of extracts of P.eous is confirmed due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds
The chemical profile of Teucrium polium L. (T. polium) methanolic extract was tested using liquid... more The chemical profile of Teucrium polium L. (T. polium) methanolic extract was tested using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS). Disc diffusion and microdilution assays were used for the antimicrobial activities. Coxsackievirus B-3 (CVB3) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were used for the antiviral activities. Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472 and CV026) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were used as starter strains for the anti-quorum sensing tests. Isoprenoids are the main class of compounds identified, and 13R-hydroxy-9E,11Z-octadecadienoic acid, valtratum, rhoifolin, sericetin diacetate, and dihydrosamidin were the dominant phytoconstituents. The highest mean diameter of growth inhibition zone was recorded for Acinetobacter baumannii (19.33 ± 1.15 mm). The minimal inhibitory concentrations were ranging from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL for bacterial strains, and from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL for Candida species. The 50% cytotoxic concentration on VERO (African Green Monkey Kidney) cell lines was estimated at 209 µg/mL. No antiviral activity was recorded. Additionally, T. polium extract was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa PAO1 motility in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the tested extract was able to inhibit 23.66% of the swarming and 35.25% of swimming capacities of
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of formulation variables on the bioadhesion and release propertie... more Purpose: To evaluate the effect of formulation variables on the bioadhesion and release properties of bioadhesive cyproheptadine hydrochloride tablets. Methods: Screening of polymers-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and Carbopol 974p and 934p-in solution form were carried out by shear stress and detachment force measurement,based on Taguchi model, in order to determine their bioadhesion properties. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the combined effects of the polymers on release rate constant (K), diffusion coefficient (n), regression coefficient (R 2) and detachment force of a sustained release tablet formulation of cyproheptadine hydrochloride containing also a prompt dose of the drug. Results: The shear stress of 3 % solution of HPMC was greater than that of an equivalent concentration of Carbopol 934P. The values of K, n, R 2 and detachment force for the optimized formulation (F0) were 0.269, 0.696, 0.964 and 0.066 Newton (N), respectively, and showed good correlation with the predicted values, thus confirming the practicability and validity of the model. Conclusion: Gastric retention time can be increased for cyproheptadine hydrochloride by formulating it as a bioadhesive tablet that enhances the retention of the dosage form in the stomach and hence gastric absorption of the drug.
A metal and base-free effective synthetic approach for the direct amidation of esters via C(acyl)... more A metal and base-free effective synthetic approach for the direct amidation of esters via C(acyl)–O bond cleavage, using water as a green-solvent.
The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of shade dried neem flower powder extract... more The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of shade dried neem flower powder extracts by DPPH, phospomolybdenum, and FRAP methods respectively. The antioxidant activity of different extracts of neem flower powder has been investigated. Among them, 80% hydroalcoholic extract displayed the highest scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 18 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay, 29 mg/L in DPPH, 30 mg/L in FRAP assay. Whereas Pet. ether (PE) extract shows lowest antioxidant potential amongst them with the IC50 value of 76 mg/L in FRAP, 37 mg/L DPPH, 28 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay. On examining the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts, 80% hydroalcoholic extract possesses the greatest phenolic content about 83.88 mg/L followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 62.05, 7.52, 3.56 mg/L respectively. The highest flavonoid content of 57.36 mg/L in 80% hydroalcoholic extract followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 20.56, 11.25, 1.56 mg/L respectively. The order of t...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology... more Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore-632 014, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : [email protected] The comparative pharmacokinetic study of levodopa (l-dopa) nasal microspheres (test) and l-dopa carbidopa (c-dopa) nasal formulation (reference) was carried out on 120 healthy experimental rats in 20 groups. The concentration of l-dopa in brain was determined by LC/MS-MS. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model. 90% bootstrap confidence interval (CI) of test/reference AUC and Cmax ratio were calculated to access bioavailability. The ratio and 90% CI for nasal l-dopa/nasal l-dopa+c-dopa formulation was 96.94 (60.05–133.83) for C<sub>max</sub> and 92.29 (66.54–118.04) for AUC<sub>t</sub> . Despite 90% CI limit not within the bioequivalence limit of 80% to 125% both formulation are equivalent at ratio test. The above statement is further proved by studen...
: The plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra species (liquorice or licorice), a flowering plant of the bean fa... more : The plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra species (liquorice or licorice), a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, is of utmost importance as it contains glycyrrhizin an important antiviral compound along with other significant phytoconstituents like glycyrrhetinic acid, glabrin A&amp;B, triterpene sterols, isoflavones, and many more. Glycyrrhiza glabra has been recognized since time immemorial for its ethnopharmacological values, as it exhibits various pharmacological activities. The crux of this review focuses on the antiviral activity of liquorice against several viruses that pose a severe threat to humankind like herpes simplex virus (HSV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), H5N1 virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), H3N2 virus, influenza, and influenza A virus, pseudorabies virus (PrV), etc. To recapitulate, this review article explains the compilation of data obtained from Scopus indexed journal articles over 5 years ranging from 2015 to 2020, which not only aims to shed light on the application of Glycyrrhiza glabra against human viruses but also on how to develop these responses further to improve the efficacy. Further the review also focuses on of Glycyrrhiza glabra for its potential commercial uses, such as for the treatment of porcine virus in pigs and piglets, is also verified.
The decolourisation of C.I. basic yellow1 in aqueousmediumwas studied using a 25W low-pressure ul... more The decolourisation of C.I. basic yellow1 in aqueousmediumwas studied using a 25W low-pressure ultra-violet (UV) lamp along with H2O2 as an oxidant. It was observed that when H2O2 was used with UV radiation, the decolourisation rate became faster and 98.1% of colour removal was occurred in 20min at 20mg/L of initial dye concentration. Itwas also observed that decolourisation is dependent on initial concentration of H2O2, initial concentration of dye solution, UV dosage and pH. The decolourisation rate followed pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to the dye concentration.
The goal of this study was to access the green production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (G-ZnO NPs)... more The goal of this study was to access the green production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (G-ZnO NPs) using aqueous extract of horse gram seeds (Macrotyloma Uniflorum). The precursor to the extract ratio (2.5:1) and pH value (8.5), along with the zinc nitrate concentration (0.5 M), had an impact on the particle size and the green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. UV Spectroscopy inspection revealed formation of G-ZnO NPs with absorption at 320 nm which is the characteristic absorption of G-ZnO NPs. FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM were used to characterize the green synthesized ZnO NPs. The findings demonstrated that the presence of secondary metabolites in the seed extract stabilize and contribute in the production of G-ZnO NPs. A dose-dependent increase in antibacterial activity was seen in evaluation of these NPs against Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activity for G-ZnO NPs was also noted to be concentrat...
Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a ri... more Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematophagous fly, Hippobosca maculata (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), and larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of A. squamosa fruit peel aqueous extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent of peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa was identified as 1H- cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-[1ar-(1aα,4aα, 7β, 7 a, β, 7bα)] (28.55%) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The other major constituents present in the aqueous extract were retinal 9-cis- (12.61%), 3,17-dioxo-4-androsten-11alpha-yl hydrogen succinate (6.86%), 1-naphthalenepentanol decahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-y,2-bis(methylene)-(1α,4aβ,5α,8aα) (14.83%), 1-naphthalenemethanol decahydro -5-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pentenyl)- 1,4a-di methyl - 6-methylene -(1S-[1α, 4aα, 5α(E), 8aβ] (4.44%), (-)-spathulenol (20.75%), podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-methyl-13-vinyl- (5.98%), and 1-phenanthrene carboxaldehyde 7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β, 10aα)]-(5.98%). The adult and larval parasitic mortalities observed in fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 31, 59, 80, 91, and100%; 27, 42, 66, 87, and 100%; and 33, 45, 68, 92, and 100% at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, against Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, and R. microplus. The observed larvicidal efficacies were 36, 55, 72, 92, 100% and 14, 34, 68, 89, and 100% at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm, respectively, against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The highest parasite mortality was found after 24 h of exposure against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (LC(50) = 404.51 ppm, r (2) = 0.890), Hippobosca maculata (LC(50) = 600.75 ppm, r (2) = 0.983), the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50) = 548.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.975), fourth-instar larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 327.27 pm, r (2) = 0.970), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 456.29 ppm, r (2) = 0.974), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The χ (2) values were significant at p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05 level. Therefore, the eco-friendly and biodegradable compounds from fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa may be an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in integrated approach for the control of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, R. microplus, and the medically important vectors A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus.
Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Pithecellobium dulce. There... more Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Pithecellobium dulce. There are reports on the medicinal values of the leaves and seeds of this plant. The present study was discusses the microwave assisted soxhlet extraction of Pithecellobium dulcefruit powder and its screening on pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical analysis followed by total phenolic, flavonoid and carbohydrate estimation. The crude extracts were obtained by microwave assisted soxhlet extraction with solvents; 20 % ethanol and Methanol which was further partitioned based on polarity. The fruit extracts were studies for its in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, Phospho molybdenum and Ferric ion reducing method. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be higher in methanolic extract which was obtained bypartitioning with chloroform (MEC) 46.8 ± 2.83 mg/g of Gallic acid equivalent and 1.27 ± 0.03 mg/g of Quercetin equivalent respectively. The total carbohydrate content was found to be higher in 20% ethanol; 113.4 ± 0.04 mg/g of dextrose equivalent. The in vitro antioxidant assay revealed free radical scavenging potential of Pithecellobium dulce fruit, compared with standard antioxidant. This antioxidant activity is endorsed for its high phenolic content. Thus our findings provide evidence that P.dulce fruit is a potential source of natural antioxidant and a good source of carbohydrates.
International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 2013
In the present study total antioxidant activity of crude extracts of mushroom Pleurotus eous and ... more In the present study total antioxidant activity of crude extracts of mushroom Pleurotus eous and its phenolic, flavonoid content have been investigated. The study was carried out by preparing methanol, ethyl acetate, aqueous and pet ether extracts. The results showed that methanolic extract of P.eous has higher antioxidant capacity (88, 56 and 34 mg equivalents of BHT/100 mg of MeOH, EA, PE extracts respectively) phenolic content (354.59, 189.37, 146.38 and 142.98 mg/gm of dry mass of MeOH , EA, PE, Aqs extracts respectively), and flavonoid content (in terms of Quercetin equivalent as 334.785, 257.60, 152.173 and 93.48 mg/gm of dry mass of MeOH, EA, Aqs, PE extracts respectively) than ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts. The total antioxidant capacity of mushroom P.eous is in good correlation with their phenolic and flavonoid content. The study describes that the methanol could be the good solvent for the isolation of potent phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in this mushroom species. The detailed investigation of methanol extract confirmed the presence of poly-phenols such as flavonoids and tannins which are well known natural antioxidants. Thus, the antioxidant potential of extracts of P.eous is confirmed due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds
The chemical profile of Teucrium polium L. (T. polium) methanolic extract was tested using liquid... more The chemical profile of Teucrium polium L. (T. polium) methanolic extract was tested using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS). Disc diffusion and microdilution assays were used for the antimicrobial activities. Coxsackievirus B-3 (CVB3) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were used for the antiviral activities. Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472 and CV026) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were used as starter strains for the anti-quorum sensing tests. Isoprenoids are the main class of compounds identified, and 13R-hydroxy-9E,11Z-octadecadienoic acid, valtratum, rhoifolin, sericetin diacetate, and dihydrosamidin were the dominant phytoconstituents. The highest mean diameter of growth inhibition zone was recorded for Acinetobacter baumannii (19.33 ± 1.15 mm). The minimal inhibitory concentrations were ranging from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL for bacterial strains, and from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL for Candida species. The 50% cytotoxic concentration on VERO (African Green Monkey Kidney) cell lines was estimated at 209 µg/mL. No antiviral activity was recorded. Additionally, T. polium extract was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa PAO1 motility in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the tested extract was able to inhibit 23.66% of the swarming and 35.25% of swimming capacities of
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of formulation variables on the bioadhesion and release propertie... more Purpose: To evaluate the effect of formulation variables on the bioadhesion and release properties of bioadhesive cyproheptadine hydrochloride tablets. Methods: Screening of polymers-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and Carbopol 974p and 934p-in solution form were carried out by shear stress and detachment force measurement,based on Taguchi model, in order to determine their bioadhesion properties. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the combined effects of the polymers on release rate constant (K), diffusion coefficient (n), regression coefficient (R 2) and detachment force of a sustained release tablet formulation of cyproheptadine hydrochloride containing also a prompt dose of the drug. Results: The shear stress of 3 % solution of HPMC was greater than that of an equivalent concentration of Carbopol 934P. The values of K, n, R 2 and detachment force for the optimized formulation (F0) were 0.269, 0.696, 0.964 and 0.066 Newton (N), respectively, and showed good correlation with the predicted values, thus confirming the practicability and validity of the model. Conclusion: Gastric retention time can be increased for cyproheptadine hydrochloride by formulating it as a bioadhesive tablet that enhances the retention of the dosage form in the stomach and hence gastric absorption of the drug.
A metal and base-free effective synthetic approach for the direct amidation of esters via C(acyl)... more A metal and base-free effective synthetic approach for the direct amidation of esters via C(acyl)–O bond cleavage, using water as a green-solvent.
The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of shade dried neem flower powder extract... more The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of shade dried neem flower powder extracts by DPPH, phospomolybdenum, and FRAP methods respectively. The antioxidant activity of different extracts of neem flower powder has been investigated. Among them, 80% hydroalcoholic extract displayed the highest scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 18 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay, 29 mg/L in DPPH, 30 mg/L in FRAP assay. Whereas Pet. ether (PE) extract shows lowest antioxidant potential amongst them with the IC50 value of 76 mg/L in FRAP, 37 mg/L DPPH, 28 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay. On examining the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts, 80% hydroalcoholic extract possesses the greatest phenolic content about 83.88 mg/L followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 62.05, 7.52, 3.56 mg/L respectively. The highest flavonoid content of 57.36 mg/L in 80% hydroalcoholic extract followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 20.56, 11.25, 1.56 mg/L respectively. The order of t...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology... more Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore-632 014, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : [email protected] The comparative pharmacokinetic study of levodopa (l-dopa) nasal microspheres (test) and l-dopa carbidopa (c-dopa) nasal formulation (reference) was carried out on 120 healthy experimental rats in 20 groups. The concentration of l-dopa in brain was determined by LC/MS-MS. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model. 90% bootstrap confidence interval (CI) of test/reference AUC and Cmax ratio were calculated to access bioavailability. The ratio and 90% CI for nasal l-dopa/nasal l-dopa+c-dopa formulation was 96.94 (60.05–133.83) for C<sub>max</sub> and 92.29 (66.54–118.04) for AUC<sub>t</sub> . Despite 90% CI limit not within the bioequivalence limit of 80% to 125% both formulation are equivalent at ratio test. The above statement is further proved by studen...
: The plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra species (liquorice or licorice), a flowering plant of the bean fa... more : The plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra species (liquorice or licorice), a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, is of utmost importance as it contains glycyrrhizin an important antiviral compound along with other significant phytoconstituents like glycyrrhetinic acid, glabrin A&amp;B, triterpene sterols, isoflavones, and many more. Glycyrrhiza glabra has been recognized since time immemorial for its ethnopharmacological values, as it exhibits various pharmacological activities. The crux of this review focuses on the antiviral activity of liquorice against several viruses that pose a severe threat to humankind like herpes simplex virus (HSV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), H5N1 virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), H3N2 virus, influenza, and influenza A virus, pseudorabies virus (PrV), etc. To recapitulate, this review article explains the compilation of data obtained from Scopus indexed journal articles over 5 years ranging from 2015 to 2020, which not only aims to shed light on the application of Glycyrrhiza glabra against human viruses but also on how to develop these responses further to improve the efficacy. Further the review also focuses on of Glycyrrhiza glabra for its potential commercial uses, such as for the treatment of porcine virus in pigs and piglets, is also verified.
The decolourisation of C.I. basic yellow1 in aqueousmediumwas studied using a 25W low-pressure ul... more The decolourisation of C.I. basic yellow1 in aqueousmediumwas studied using a 25W low-pressure ultra-violet (UV) lamp along with H2O2 as an oxidant. It was observed that when H2O2 was used with UV radiation, the decolourisation rate became faster and 98.1% of colour removal was occurred in 20min at 20mg/L of initial dye concentration. Itwas also observed that decolourisation is dependent on initial concentration of H2O2, initial concentration of dye solution, UV dosage and pH. The decolourisation rate followed pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to the dye concentration.
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