This review of research on the social and economic impacts of Mexican immigration upon the San Fr... more This review of research on the social and economic impacts of Mexican immigration upon the San Francisco Bay Area was prepared at the request of the Bay Area and the World Project of the World Affairs Council of Northern California. It synthesizes the results of numerous published and unpublished studies which have been completed during the past six years. It also draws upon preliminary findings from a field research project on the utilization of Mexican immigrants in the California economy, a project which is being conducted by the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies at the University of California, San Diego. While we have relied as much as possible on studies conducted within the San Francisco Bay Area, much of the evidence now available comes from studies that are not limited geographically to California or northern California. The reader should keep in mind that generalizations based partially upon data collected outside of northern California do not necessarily hold for the northern California region. Until more intensive, localized studies are done, we can only guess at the ways in which the Bay Area experience may diverge from the larger picture. In this report the terms "undocumented" and "illegal"-used in reference to Mexican immigrants-are interchangeable. Both terms refer to a person who has either entered the U.S. in violation of U.S. immigration laws (either clandestinely, "without inspection," or without proper or legal documentation), or who was legally admitted to the U.S. but now lives or works here in violation of U.S. laws (someone who has violated the terms of documented entry, e.g., by overstaying a tourist visa, working without permission, or failing to maintain student status). It is true that many-undocumented or illegal immigrants are documentable, e.g., by applying for permanent resident alien status if the person is married to a U.S. citizen. But a substantial proportion of the current "undocumented" immigrant population consists of persons who do not qualify under present U.S. immigration law to legalize their status and who will remain deportable unless new fegislation is passed by Congress (for example, a law granting "amnesty" to certain categories of illegal immigrants who are not now documentable). klarge proportion of the "undocumented" immigrants in California actually carry one or more documents attesting to their legal status in the U.S., but these documents are either fraudulent or borrowed from other persons in whose names the documents were (legally) issued.
An analysis of the impact of migration to the United States on the sending community and on the l... more An analysis of the impact of migration to the United States on the sending community and on the labor market in the receiving country is presented based on a case study of Las Animas, Mexico. "As the community becomes increasingly involved in migration, tendencies can be identified regarding changing migration patterns, class differentiation among villagers, impact of migration on village economy, and the changing role of Mexican workers in California labor markets. Results indicate the importance of social networks in determining the outcome of migration; while migration is individually rational, it is a factor of stagnation for village economy, and it helps reproduce segmented California labor markets."
Preface Acknowledgments 1. Agriculture and the comparative analysis of production systems 2. Theo... more Preface Acknowledgments 1. Agriculture and the comparative analysis of production systems 2. Theory and method 3. The social organization of lettuce production 4. Projected consequences of technological change in the lettuce industry 5. Conclusion Appendix 1. Basis for calculation of displacement numbers and rates Notes Bibliography Index.
... time. A foreman supervises the quality and speed of each crew of about 30 workers. ... packin... more ... time. A foreman supervises the quality and speed of each crew of about 30 workers. ... packinghouses. Finally, packinghouses may form cooperative harvesting associations to manage the pick and assess growers a per-box harvest charge. ...
Agriculture is the nation's largest industry. America's farmers and hired workers produce... more Agriculture is the nation's largest industry. America's farmers and hired workers produce food and fiber worth $150 billion annually, over four percent of GNP. Farmworker employment doubles from a trough of 900,000 in January to a peak of 1.8 million in July.1 This need for one million seasonal workers-more than autos and steel combined-is the root cause of farm labor dilemmas. The Census of Agriculture defines a farm as any unit of land that sells at least $1,000 worth of farm products annually. Fifty-two percent of the nation's 2.5 million farms sold less than $10,000 worth of farm products in 1978.2 Farming is a secondary occupation for most of these farmers, who usually do their own farm work. The largest 282,000 farms (twelve percent of the total) that each sold more than $100,000 worth of farm products, account for sixty-nine percent of all farm sales and hire most of America's farmworkers. 3 Large farms that hire farmworkers tend to specialize, to produce only...
*Acknowledgment is made to Davis McEntire and Refugio I. Rochin for their helpful comments on an ... more *Acknowledgment is made to Davis McEntire and Refugio I. Rochin for their helpful comments on an earlier draft.
Institute For Research on Labor and Employment, Jun 1, 1991
The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of t... more The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of this sample has changed over time, but in most years it has been 50,000 or more, though the number of agricultural workers within the sample is, of course, much smaller. The CPS is based on a random sample of housing units. Though all types of housing are to be included, critics claim that agricultural workers who live in non-standard housing units or who may be illegal tenants or sub-tenants are likely to be missed. 2 Although many farm workers live in households composed of the immediate nuclear family, other types of settings are also common. The first is the crowded "crash pad" household made up of 2 to 12 male immigrant farm workers unaccompanied by their nuclear families. A second type is the "anchor nuclear family" household which has one or two unaccompanied immigrants living temporarily in the household. 3 A third type is two or more nuclear families sharing cramped space at one address. Finally, in many farm worker communities, garages, shacks, and even fields are rented or assigned to farm workers as their living space. 1 For details on how the survey is conducted, see United States, Bureau of the Census, The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, (Technical Paper-U. S. Bureau of the Census; 40), 1977. Reports based upon this survey include the now extinct Hired Farm Work Force (HFWF) of the USDA and the CPS monthly reports issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Some case studies substantiate the difficulty in locating farm worker housing units.
The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of t... more The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of this sample has changed over time, but in most years it has been 50,000 or more, though the number of agricultural workers within the sample is, of course, much smaller. The CPS is based on a random sample of housing units. Though all types of housing are to be included, critics claim that agricultural workers who live in non-standard housing units or who may be illegal tenants or sub-tenants are likely to be missed. 2 Although many farm workers live in households composed of the immediate nuclear family, other types of settings are also common. The first is the crowded "crash pad" household made up of 2 to 12 male immigrant farm workers unaccompanied by their nuclear families. A second type is the "anchor nuclear family" household which has one or two unaccompanied immigrants living temporarily in the household. 3 A third type is two or more nuclear families sharing cramped space at one address. Finally, in many farm worker communities, garages, shacks, and even fields are rented or assigned to farm workers as their living space. 1 For details on how the survey is conducted, see United States, Bureau of the Census, The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, (Technical Paper-U. S. Bureau of the Census; 40), 1977. Reports based upon this survey include the now extinct Hired Farm Work Force (HFWF) of the USDA and the CPS monthly reports issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Some case studies substantiate the difficulty in locating farm worker housing units.
This review of research on the social and economic impacts of Mexican immigration upon the San Fr... more This review of research on the social and economic impacts of Mexican immigration upon the San Francisco Bay Area was prepared at the request of the Bay Area and the World Project of the World Affairs Council of Northern California. It synthesizes the results of numerous published and unpublished studies which have been completed during the past six years. It also draws upon preliminary findings from a field research project on the utilization of Mexican immigrants in the California economy, a project which is being conducted by the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies at the University of California, San Diego. While we have relied as much as possible on studies conducted within the San Francisco Bay Area, much of the evidence now available comes from studies that are not limited geographically to California or northern California. The reader should keep in mind that generalizations based partially upon data collected outside of northern California do not necessarily hold for the northern California region. Until more intensive, localized studies are done, we can only guess at the ways in which the Bay Area experience may diverge from the larger picture. In this report the terms "undocumented" and "illegal"-used in reference to Mexican immigrants-are interchangeable. Both terms refer to a person who has either entered the U.S. in violation of U.S. immigration laws (either clandestinely, "without inspection," or without proper or legal documentation), or who was legally admitted to the U.S. but now lives or works here in violation of U.S. laws (someone who has violated the terms of documented entry, e.g., by overstaying a tourist visa, working without permission, or failing to maintain student status). It is true that many-undocumented or illegal immigrants are documentable, e.g., by applying for permanent resident alien status if the person is married to a U.S. citizen. But a substantial proportion of the current "undocumented" immigrant population consists of persons who do not qualify under present U.S. immigration law to legalize their status and who will remain deportable unless new fegislation is passed by Congress (for example, a law granting "amnesty" to certain categories of illegal immigrants who are not now documentable). klarge proportion of the "undocumented" immigrants in California actually carry one or more documents attesting to their legal status in the U.S., but these documents are either fraudulent or borrowed from other persons in whose names the documents were (legally) issued.
An analysis of the impact of migration to the United States on the sending community and on the l... more An analysis of the impact of migration to the United States on the sending community and on the labor market in the receiving country is presented based on a case study of Las Animas, Mexico. "As the community becomes increasingly involved in migration, tendencies can be identified regarding changing migration patterns, class differentiation among villagers, impact of migration on village economy, and the changing role of Mexican workers in California labor markets. Results indicate the importance of social networks in determining the outcome of migration; while migration is individually rational, it is a factor of stagnation for village economy, and it helps reproduce segmented California labor markets."
Preface Acknowledgments 1. Agriculture and the comparative analysis of production systems 2. Theo... more Preface Acknowledgments 1. Agriculture and the comparative analysis of production systems 2. Theory and method 3. The social organization of lettuce production 4. Projected consequences of technological change in the lettuce industry 5. Conclusion Appendix 1. Basis for calculation of displacement numbers and rates Notes Bibliography Index.
... time. A foreman supervises the quality and speed of each crew of about 30 workers. ... packin... more ... time. A foreman supervises the quality and speed of each crew of about 30 workers. ... packinghouses. Finally, packinghouses may form cooperative harvesting associations to manage the pick and assess growers a per-box harvest charge. ...
Agriculture is the nation's largest industry. America's farmers and hired workers produce... more Agriculture is the nation's largest industry. America's farmers and hired workers produce food and fiber worth $150 billion annually, over four percent of GNP. Farmworker employment doubles from a trough of 900,000 in January to a peak of 1.8 million in July.1 This need for one million seasonal workers-more than autos and steel combined-is the root cause of farm labor dilemmas. The Census of Agriculture defines a farm as any unit of land that sells at least $1,000 worth of farm products annually. Fifty-two percent of the nation's 2.5 million farms sold less than $10,000 worth of farm products in 1978.2 Farming is a secondary occupation for most of these farmers, who usually do their own farm work. The largest 282,000 farms (twelve percent of the total) that each sold more than $100,000 worth of farm products, account for sixty-nine percent of all farm sales and hire most of America's farmworkers. 3 Large farms that hire farmworkers tend to specialize, to produce only...
*Acknowledgment is made to Davis McEntire and Refugio I. Rochin for their helpful comments on an ... more *Acknowledgment is made to Davis McEntire and Refugio I. Rochin for their helpful comments on an earlier draft.
Institute For Research on Labor and Employment, Jun 1, 1991
The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of t... more The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of this sample has changed over time, but in most years it has been 50,000 or more, though the number of agricultural workers within the sample is, of course, much smaller. The CPS is based on a random sample of housing units. Though all types of housing are to be included, critics claim that agricultural workers who live in non-standard housing units or who may be illegal tenants or sub-tenants are likely to be missed. 2 Although many farm workers live in households composed of the immediate nuclear family, other types of settings are also common. The first is the crowded "crash pad" household made up of 2 to 12 male immigrant farm workers unaccompanied by their nuclear families. A second type is the "anchor nuclear family" household which has one or two unaccompanied immigrants living temporarily in the household. 3 A third type is two or more nuclear families sharing cramped space at one address. Finally, in many farm worker communities, garages, shacks, and even fields are rented or assigned to farm workers as their living space. 1 For details on how the survey is conducted, see United States, Bureau of the Census, The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, (Technical Paper-U. S. Bureau of the Census; 40), 1977. Reports based upon this survey include the now extinct Hired Farm Work Force (HFWF) of the USDA and the CPS monthly reports issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Some case studies substantiate the difficulty in locating farm worker housing units.
The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of t... more The CPS is conducted monthly by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1 The size of this sample has changed over time, but in most years it has been 50,000 or more, though the number of agricultural workers within the sample is, of course, much smaller. The CPS is based on a random sample of housing units. Though all types of housing are to be included, critics claim that agricultural workers who live in non-standard housing units or who may be illegal tenants or sub-tenants are likely to be missed. 2 Although many farm workers live in households composed of the immediate nuclear family, other types of settings are also common. The first is the crowded "crash pad" household made up of 2 to 12 male immigrant farm workers unaccompanied by their nuclear families. A second type is the "anchor nuclear family" household which has one or two unaccompanied immigrants living temporarily in the household. 3 A third type is two or more nuclear families sharing cramped space at one address. Finally, in many farm worker communities, garages, shacks, and even fields are rented or assigned to farm workers as their living space. 1 For details on how the survey is conducted, see United States, Bureau of the Census, The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology, (Technical Paper-U. S. Bureau of the Census; 40), 1977. Reports based upon this survey include the now extinct Hired Farm Work Force (HFWF) of the USDA and the CPS monthly reports issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Some case studies substantiate the difficulty in locating farm worker housing units.
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