Water is essential for life and fresh water is a finite<br> resource that is becoming scarc... more Water is essential for life and fresh water is a finite<br> resource that is becoming scarce day by day even though it is<br> recycled by hydrological cycle. The fresh water reserves are being<br> polluted due to expanding irrigation, industries, urban population and<br> its development. Contaminated water leads to several health<br> problems. With the increasing demand of fresh water, solar<br> distillation is an alternate solution which uses solar energy to<br> evaporate water and then to condense it, thereby collecting distilled<br> water within or outside the same system to use it as potable water.<br> The structure that houses the process is known as a 'solar still'. In this<br> paper, 'Modified double slope solar still (MDSSS)' & 'Modified<br> double slope basin type multiwick solar still (MDSBMSS)' have been<br> designed to convert saline, brackish water into drinking water. In thi...
Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2020
In this paper, the embodied energy, pay-back period and cost analysis of triple slope solar still... more In this paper, the embodied energy, pay-back period and cost analysis of triple slope solar still (TSSS) are studied which is compared with the double slope solar still (DSSS). The embodied energy is an important factor in determining optimum material for solar still whose value depends on local availability of materials and their manufacturing processes. The total embodied energy of TSSS comes out to be 3297.35MJ. Energy pay-back time is 0.251 years and the total cost for constructing TSSS is Rs. 14049. The TSSS embodied energy comes out to be 9.28% less than double slope solar still. EPBT of TSSS comes out to be 153.7 % smaller than of DSSS.
Abstract-This work presents an experimental investigation of the cutting forces and the temperatu... more Abstract-This work presents an experimental investigation of the cutting forces and the temperature during the orthogonal cutting of AISI 1045 steel using a tungsten carbide tool. In this study, the design of experiment which is a powerful tool for experimental design is used to optimize the machining parameters for effective machining of the work piece. Interfacial temperatures play an important role in the machining of AISI 1045 steel. It is increasingly important to understand how the machining temperatures are affected by cutting speed, feed rate and tool wear. Also, the tool wear is related to the cutting forces. Experiments conducted involve simultaneous measurement of cutting forces and temperature using a dynamometer and an infrared camera to monitor the temperature at the toolwork piece interface. The results from the experiment are analyzed by design of experiment methods, namely ANOVA, Regression analysis and Response surface methodology.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021
Abstract Passive solar stills globally accepted as a well-known system to desalinate unkempt wate... more Abstract Passive solar stills globally accepted as a well-known system to desalinate unkempt water at a low yield rate without degradation of ecology and environment. Enhancement techniques are available to increase its productivity at higher capital and distillate production costs. Multi-wick solar stills can be a better option to increase productivity and alleviate distillate production cost relatively at lower capital cost. This work is allied to the assessment of the incorporation of hanging wicks in basin-type solar stills on overall performance improvement based on yield, energy, exergy, energy matrices, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic methodologies. Four modified solar stills, namely, modified basin type single slope solar still (MBSSSS); modified basin type double slope solar still (MBDSSS); modified basin type single slope multi–wick solar still (MBSSMWSS); and modified basin type double slope multi–wick solar still (MBDSMWSS) are designed and fabricated. Experimental observations are taken throughout the year at the climatic conditions of Prayagraj, India. Results revealed that the annual yield and exergy output; average annual energy and exergy efficiency of MBSSMWSS and MBDSMWSS (with black cotton wick (BCW)) are found as 1172.03 and 2583.99 kg; 100.70 and 97.36 kWh; 23.93% and 28.78%; 2.579% and 2.233%, respectively, in comparison to 861.55 and 1551.48 kg; 72.96 and 66.32 kWh; 15.08% and 17.48%; 1.765% and 1.160%, obtained for MBSSSS and MBDSSS, respectively. Based on energy and exergy, lower energy payback time; higher energy production factor; and higher life cycle conversion efficiency are found as 0.637 and 8.255 years; 1.568 and 0.121; 0.2807 and 0.0262 (life span of 50 years) for MBDSMWSS and MBSSMWSS, respectively, with BCW at lower water depth. Among the modified solar stills, minimum cost of distilled water, least payback period, higher CO2 reduction benefit and carbon credits (energy basis) are found for MBDSMWSS. The exergoeconomic parameter is found higher for MBSSMWSS.
The aim of this study is to improve the production of potable water through ultra modified double... more The aim of this study is to improve the production of potable water through ultra modified double slope solar still (UMDSSS) by harvesting of direct solar energy as well as diffused radiation through transparent side walls. The setup was fabricated in combination with FRP and transparent acrylic sheets with a total basin area of 2 m 2. Reflectors angles (30 • , 45 • , 60 • , and 75 •) were optimized for climatic conditions of Lucknow (26 • 30 ′ N, 80 • 13 ′ E), U.P., India. On the basis of productivity, optimized reflector angle has been found as 60 •. The experimental and theoretical studies were carried out in the different seasons of year 2018. The basin water depth and glass cover tilt angle have been taken as 1.0 cm and 15 • respectively. Our experimental investigation shows that the cumulative distillate productivity was obtained as 9157 ml/day and 6630 ml/day during summer and winter season, respectively at 60 • reflector angle. The performance evaluation has been carried out in terms of physicochemical environmental parameters, productivity, and economic analysis. On the basis of economic analysis, the payback period was found 111 days and thermal efficiency of ultramodified solar still is higher 10.4% in summer and 10.0% in winter than that modified solar still.
This paper investigates thermal performance of modified double slope basin type solar distiller (... more This paper investigates thermal performance of modified double slope basin type solar distiller (MDSBSD) located at the roof of Mechanical Engineering Department, M.N.N.I.T. Allahabad (25.45°N, 81.85°E), Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, solar still is fabricated with FRP (basin and north wall) and Acrylic (east, west and south walls) material to enhance the heat input and yield rate. Experiments were conducted to predict their performance, exergy and enviroeconomic analysis (carbon credits), distillate quality and economic feasibility. Maximum distillate yield of 2744 ml/day was obtained at 1 cm water depth in the month of November, 2015. Maximum energy efficiency and exergy efficiency noticed were 26.74% and 1.94%, respectively. Energy payback and payback time of the solar still were around 1.33 years and 235 days, respectively and it can prevent 15.16 tons of CO2 emission during 15 years of lifetime.
In the present work, an effort is carried out to enhance the distillate yield of a single-slope b... more In the present work, an effort is carried out to enhance the distillate yield of a single-slope basin-type solar still by increasing the heat input through its transparent walls and providing hanging wicks to increase the evaporation–condensation rates. A modified basin-type single-slope multi-wick solar still (MBSSMWSS) was proposed and fabricated to increase the productivity and improve the low efficiency of the recently designed modified basin-type single-slope solar still (MBSSSS). Experiments were conducted on both the solar stills to assess their performance, productivity, and efficiency (thermal and exergy) for the same basin area and water depth for the climatic condition of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India. Results showed that the productivity, overall energy (thermal) efficiency, and maximum values of measured instantaneous exergy efficiency of the MBSSSS and MBSSMWSS systems were found to be 3.2 l/m2 day and 4.22 l/m2 day, 18.16% and 26.89%, and 4.28% and 5.31%, res...
This paper presents an analysis of energy matrices, production cost of water and electricity, exe... more This paper presents an analysis of energy matrices, production cost of water and electricity, exergo-economic and enviro-economic analyses of an active single slope solar still integrated with a heat exchanger under optimized conditions on the bases of energy and exergy. Analyses have been done considering four climatic conditions (a, b, c and d) for each month of year for three cases: (i) Npartially covered Photovoltaic Thermal Flat Plate Collectors Single Slope Solar Still (Partially-PVT-FPC-SS-SS), (ii) Nfully covered Photovoltaic Thermal Flat Plate Collectors Single Slope Solar Still (Fully-PVT-FPC-SS-SS) and (iii) N-Flat Plate Collector Single Slope Solar Still (FPC-SS-SS). We report that the cost of potable water is lowest for case (i) followed by case (iii) and then case (ii) at the interest rate of 2% and 5%. However, case (ii) performs better for electricity generation followed by case (i) and the computed kWh per unit cost (exergo-economic parameter) based on energy is highest for case (ii) i.e. 1.73 kWh/₹.
Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 2018
In this communication, performance of modified basin-type single-slope solar distiller (MBSSSD) i... more In this communication, performance of modified basin-type single-slope solar distiller (MBSSSD) is present. The effect of design and operational parameters like solar radiation, water, basin, inner and outer glass temperatures, wind velocity, water depth, and total hourly yield per day were assessed. A modified solar still has been introduced with less capital investment to enhance the productivity. The modification includes fabrication of a solar still with locally available material in the market, i.e., fiber-reinforced plastic sheet and acrylic. The east, west, and south walls of the MBSSSD are made transparent. With this modification, a significant increase in the heat input, distillate output have been obtained. No metal was used to design the MBSSSD during fabrication, which leads to a cost-effective development in the solar desalination techniques. Experiments were done on MBSSSD on typical days at different water depths in the month of April, 2017, at Allahabad (latitude 25°27ʹN and longitude 81°44ʹE), Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. Yield production was 3200 ml/m 2 /day and 2756 ml/m 2 /day at 1 cm and 2 cm depths, respectively. A 14% increase in distillate gained with the decrease in water depth from 2 cm to 1 cm. Keywords Desalination • Equivalent thickness • Passive solar still • Water depth List of symbols A ACRY Area of cross section of acrylic, m 2 A FRP Area of cross section of FRP, m 2 K FRP Thermal conductivity of FRP, W/m K K ACRY Thermal conductivity of acrylic, W/m K L ACRY Thickness of acrylic, m L FRP Thickness of FRP, m I G Global solar radiation, W/m 2 T a Ambient temperature, °C V W Wind velocity, m/s T ig Inner glass surface temperature, °C T og Outer glass surface temperature, °C T b Basin temperature, °C T w Water temperature, °C H d Total hourly yield/distillate, ml t Time, h This paper has been selected from the NFEST-New Delhi conference 2018 by the EMJEI Associate Editor Sudip Chakraborty
This paper presents an outlook to enhance the productivity of a basin type double slope multi-wic... more This paper presents an outlook to enhance the productivity of a basin type double slope multi-wick solar still by introducing the wicks. The experimental data for different months are presented, and analyzed the effect of climatic and operational parameters on the performance of modified basin type double slope multi-wick solar still (MBDSMWSS). The study has been conducted at
Water is essential for life and fresh water is a finite<br> resource that is becoming scarc... more Water is essential for life and fresh water is a finite<br> resource that is becoming scarce day by day even though it is<br> recycled by hydrological cycle. The fresh water reserves are being<br> polluted due to expanding irrigation, industries, urban population and<br> its development. Contaminated water leads to several health<br> problems. With the increasing demand of fresh water, solar<br> distillation is an alternate solution which uses solar energy to<br> evaporate water and then to condense it, thereby collecting distilled<br> water within or outside the same system to use it as potable water.<br> The structure that houses the process is known as a 'solar still'. In this<br> paper, 'Modified double slope solar still (MDSSS)' & 'Modified<br> double slope basin type multiwick solar still (MDSBMSS)' have been<br> designed to convert saline, brackish water into drinking water. In thi...
Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2020
In this paper, the embodied energy, pay-back period and cost analysis of triple slope solar still... more In this paper, the embodied energy, pay-back period and cost analysis of triple slope solar still (TSSS) are studied which is compared with the double slope solar still (DSSS). The embodied energy is an important factor in determining optimum material for solar still whose value depends on local availability of materials and their manufacturing processes. The total embodied energy of TSSS comes out to be 3297.35MJ. Energy pay-back time is 0.251 years and the total cost for constructing TSSS is Rs. 14049. The TSSS embodied energy comes out to be 9.28% less than double slope solar still. EPBT of TSSS comes out to be 153.7 % smaller than of DSSS.
Abstract-This work presents an experimental investigation of the cutting forces and the temperatu... more Abstract-This work presents an experimental investigation of the cutting forces and the temperature during the orthogonal cutting of AISI 1045 steel using a tungsten carbide tool. In this study, the design of experiment which is a powerful tool for experimental design is used to optimize the machining parameters for effective machining of the work piece. Interfacial temperatures play an important role in the machining of AISI 1045 steel. It is increasingly important to understand how the machining temperatures are affected by cutting speed, feed rate and tool wear. Also, the tool wear is related to the cutting forces. Experiments conducted involve simultaneous measurement of cutting forces and temperature using a dynamometer and an infrared camera to monitor the temperature at the toolwork piece interface. The results from the experiment are analyzed by design of experiment methods, namely ANOVA, Regression analysis and Response surface methodology.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021
Abstract Passive solar stills globally accepted as a well-known system to desalinate unkempt wate... more Abstract Passive solar stills globally accepted as a well-known system to desalinate unkempt water at a low yield rate without degradation of ecology and environment. Enhancement techniques are available to increase its productivity at higher capital and distillate production costs. Multi-wick solar stills can be a better option to increase productivity and alleviate distillate production cost relatively at lower capital cost. This work is allied to the assessment of the incorporation of hanging wicks in basin-type solar stills on overall performance improvement based on yield, energy, exergy, energy matrices, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic methodologies. Four modified solar stills, namely, modified basin type single slope solar still (MBSSSS); modified basin type double slope solar still (MBDSSS); modified basin type single slope multi–wick solar still (MBSSMWSS); and modified basin type double slope multi–wick solar still (MBDSMWSS) are designed and fabricated. Experimental observations are taken throughout the year at the climatic conditions of Prayagraj, India. Results revealed that the annual yield and exergy output; average annual energy and exergy efficiency of MBSSMWSS and MBDSMWSS (with black cotton wick (BCW)) are found as 1172.03 and 2583.99 kg; 100.70 and 97.36 kWh; 23.93% and 28.78%; 2.579% and 2.233%, respectively, in comparison to 861.55 and 1551.48 kg; 72.96 and 66.32 kWh; 15.08% and 17.48%; 1.765% and 1.160%, obtained for MBSSSS and MBDSSS, respectively. Based on energy and exergy, lower energy payback time; higher energy production factor; and higher life cycle conversion efficiency are found as 0.637 and 8.255 years; 1.568 and 0.121; 0.2807 and 0.0262 (life span of 50 years) for MBDSMWSS and MBSSMWSS, respectively, with BCW at lower water depth. Among the modified solar stills, minimum cost of distilled water, least payback period, higher CO2 reduction benefit and carbon credits (energy basis) are found for MBDSMWSS. The exergoeconomic parameter is found higher for MBSSMWSS.
The aim of this study is to improve the production of potable water through ultra modified double... more The aim of this study is to improve the production of potable water through ultra modified double slope solar still (UMDSSS) by harvesting of direct solar energy as well as diffused radiation through transparent side walls. The setup was fabricated in combination with FRP and transparent acrylic sheets with a total basin area of 2 m 2. Reflectors angles (30 • , 45 • , 60 • , and 75 •) were optimized for climatic conditions of Lucknow (26 • 30 ′ N, 80 • 13 ′ E), U.P., India. On the basis of productivity, optimized reflector angle has been found as 60 •. The experimental and theoretical studies were carried out in the different seasons of year 2018. The basin water depth and glass cover tilt angle have been taken as 1.0 cm and 15 • respectively. Our experimental investigation shows that the cumulative distillate productivity was obtained as 9157 ml/day and 6630 ml/day during summer and winter season, respectively at 60 • reflector angle. The performance evaluation has been carried out in terms of physicochemical environmental parameters, productivity, and economic analysis. On the basis of economic analysis, the payback period was found 111 days and thermal efficiency of ultramodified solar still is higher 10.4% in summer and 10.0% in winter than that modified solar still.
This paper investigates thermal performance of modified double slope basin type solar distiller (... more This paper investigates thermal performance of modified double slope basin type solar distiller (MDSBSD) located at the roof of Mechanical Engineering Department, M.N.N.I.T. Allahabad (25.45°N, 81.85°E), Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, solar still is fabricated with FRP (basin and north wall) and Acrylic (east, west and south walls) material to enhance the heat input and yield rate. Experiments were conducted to predict their performance, exergy and enviroeconomic analysis (carbon credits), distillate quality and economic feasibility. Maximum distillate yield of 2744 ml/day was obtained at 1 cm water depth in the month of November, 2015. Maximum energy efficiency and exergy efficiency noticed were 26.74% and 1.94%, respectively. Energy payback and payback time of the solar still were around 1.33 years and 235 days, respectively and it can prevent 15.16 tons of CO2 emission during 15 years of lifetime.
In the present work, an effort is carried out to enhance the distillate yield of a single-slope b... more In the present work, an effort is carried out to enhance the distillate yield of a single-slope basin-type solar still by increasing the heat input through its transparent walls and providing hanging wicks to increase the evaporation–condensation rates. A modified basin-type single-slope multi-wick solar still (MBSSMWSS) was proposed and fabricated to increase the productivity and improve the low efficiency of the recently designed modified basin-type single-slope solar still (MBSSSS). Experiments were conducted on both the solar stills to assess their performance, productivity, and efficiency (thermal and exergy) for the same basin area and water depth for the climatic condition of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India. Results showed that the productivity, overall energy (thermal) efficiency, and maximum values of measured instantaneous exergy efficiency of the MBSSSS and MBSSMWSS systems were found to be 3.2 l/m2 day and 4.22 l/m2 day, 18.16% and 26.89%, and 4.28% and 5.31%, res...
This paper presents an analysis of energy matrices, production cost of water and electricity, exe... more This paper presents an analysis of energy matrices, production cost of water and electricity, exergo-economic and enviro-economic analyses of an active single slope solar still integrated with a heat exchanger under optimized conditions on the bases of energy and exergy. Analyses have been done considering four climatic conditions (a, b, c and d) for each month of year for three cases: (i) Npartially covered Photovoltaic Thermal Flat Plate Collectors Single Slope Solar Still (Partially-PVT-FPC-SS-SS), (ii) Nfully covered Photovoltaic Thermal Flat Plate Collectors Single Slope Solar Still (Fully-PVT-FPC-SS-SS) and (iii) N-Flat Plate Collector Single Slope Solar Still (FPC-SS-SS). We report that the cost of potable water is lowest for case (i) followed by case (iii) and then case (ii) at the interest rate of 2% and 5%. However, case (ii) performs better for electricity generation followed by case (i) and the computed kWh per unit cost (exergo-economic parameter) based on energy is highest for case (ii) i.e. 1.73 kWh/₹.
Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 2018
In this communication, performance of modified basin-type single-slope solar distiller (MBSSSD) i... more In this communication, performance of modified basin-type single-slope solar distiller (MBSSSD) is present. The effect of design and operational parameters like solar radiation, water, basin, inner and outer glass temperatures, wind velocity, water depth, and total hourly yield per day were assessed. A modified solar still has been introduced with less capital investment to enhance the productivity. The modification includes fabrication of a solar still with locally available material in the market, i.e., fiber-reinforced plastic sheet and acrylic. The east, west, and south walls of the MBSSSD are made transparent. With this modification, a significant increase in the heat input, distillate output have been obtained. No metal was used to design the MBSSSD during fabrication, which leads to a cost-effective development in the solar desalination techniques. Experiments were done on MBSSSD on typical days at different water depths in the month of April, 2017, at Allahabad (latitude 25°27ʹN and longitude 81°44ʹE), Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. Yield production was 3200 ml/m 2 /day and 2756 ml/m 2 /day at 1 cm and 2 cm depths, respectively. A 14% increase in distillate gained with the decrease in water depth from 2 cm to 1 cm. Keywords Desalination • Equivalent thickness • Passive solar still • Water depth List of symbols A ACRY Area of cross section of acrylic, m 2 A FRP Area of cross section of FRP, m 2 K FRP Thermal conductivity of FRP, W/m K K ACRY Thermal conductivity of acrylic, W/m K L ACRY Thickness of acrylic, m L FRP Thickness of FRP, m I G Global solar radiation, W/m 2 T a Ambient temperature, °C V W Wind velocity, m/s T ig Inner glass surface temperature, °C T og Outer glass surface temperature, °C T b Basin temperature, °C T w Water temperature, °C H d Total hourly yield/distillate, ml t Time, h This paper has been selected from the NFEST-New Delhi conference 2018 by the EMJEI Associate Editor Sudip Chakraborty
This paper presents an outlook to enhance the productivity of a basin type double slope multi-wic... more This paper presents an outlook to enhance the productivity of a basin type double slope multi-wick solar still by introducing the wicks. The experimental data for different months are presented, and analyzed the effect of climatic and operational parameters on the performance of modified basin type double slope multi-wick solar still (MBDSMWSS). The study has been conducted at
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