Background: Systemic arterial hypertension, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiov... more Background: Systemic arterial hypertension, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD), is the most significant modifiable risk factor for mortality and morbidity worldwide. WHO has recognized Unanipathy as an alternate system of medicine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the anti-hypertensive activity of some selected unani formulations using L-NAME model. Method: Group I or hypertensive control group: L-NAME administered for 7 days and left for the next 7 days; Group II or KASgroup: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + KAS (1000 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group III or DMM group: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + DMM (2000 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group IV or MSR group: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + MSR (300 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group V or HJ group: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + HJ (113 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group VI or KGS group: L-NAME...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2019
Plasmodium is the malaria parasite that completes the life cycle between two different hosts, suc... more Plasmodium is the malaria parasite that completes the life cycle between two different hosts, such as human and Anopheles mosquito. These parasites go through several developmental stages like exoerythrocytic stage that is absent in Plasmodium falciparum, so relapses do not occur. The drugs which contain three P's like proguanil, primaquine, and pyrimethamine kill schizonts in the liver. Due to prolonged treatment of high dose of chloroquine, there may be serious side effects named as Bull's eye maculopathy. Atovaquone is rapidly acting blood schizonticide that acts by collapsing the parasite's membrane. Artemisinins are the fastest acting drugs against malaria. Mepacrine is an anti malarial drug which concentrates in collagen tissue. Infection by P. falciparum is the most lethal form of malaria, in this case agglutination of the infected RBC occurs and these agglutinised RBCs block the capillary vessels of the internal organs. Tafenoquine is a single dose medication for radical cure of P. vivax malaria. People with an enzyme problem G6PD deficiency can cause severe anaemia. At least two genes affecting red cells which are resistant to P. falciparum are autosomal gene for haemoglobin S (HbS) and the gene linked to sex G6PD variant gene. Anaemia is the main result due to malaria by haemolysis of infected and uninfected erythrocytes, dyserythropoiesis, splenomegaly and depletion of folate stores. Cerebral malaria is the most urgent complication that is manifested by confusion or coma by clusters of parasitized red blood cells to form large size cells of the capillary circulation which adhere to the vascular endothelium and block the circulation causing cerebral hypoxia and resulting to neurological symptoms and diagnosed cerebral malaria. Blackwater fever associated with falciparum malaria is mostly common with individuals that have taken antimalarial treatment irregularly or deficient in G6PD deficiency. Tropical splenomegaly is another symptom in falciparum malaria. HbAS was the genetic variant which associated with protection against malaria incidence and other variants such as alpha thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, polymormhism of genes encoding NOS 2 A and TNF, as well as protection against uncomplicated malaria.
Azelnidipine is a dihydropyridine used as a calcium channel blocker. The main aim of this study w... more Azelnidipine is a dihydropyridine used as a calcium channel blocker. The main aim of this study was to develop a validated bio-analytical method (as per US-FDA and EMA guidelines) for in vivo pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of azelnidipine in human plasma by LC-MS/MS, API-4000. In this method, the drug was ionized in negative mode and gave adequate response because this drug was highly sensitive and had high electron affinity due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing the nitro group in the structure of azelnidipine. The deprotonated precursor ions [M-H]- at mz-1 581.2 and consistent fragment ion selected was mz-1 491.0. For internal standard, the deprotonated precursor ions [M-H]- at mz-1 269.0 (highest peak) was observed in Q1 MS and characteristic product ions or fragment ions found in Q3 MS were at mz-1 169.8. For plasma extraction, the liquid-liquid extraction technique was used. The calibration concentrated points of azelnidipine were 0.15 to 10.00 ng mL-1 includ...
Cilnidipine, a 2, 4-dihydropyridine antihypertensive, is poorly bioavailable and belongs to Bioph... more Cilnidipine, a 2, 4-dihydropyridine antihypertensive, is poorly bioavailable and belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II. The present study was carried out to develop and evaluate a cilnidipine-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using food grade oil for enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters. The SMEDDS was prepared by low-energy method. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was developed using triacetin, Tween 20, and Transcutol HP as oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants, respectively. The statistically optimized formulation was obtained and was evaluated for relevant in vitro characterizations. Globule size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the optimized formulation were found to be 9.045 nm, −2.32 mv and 0.203, respectively, indicating stable and uniformly distributed microemulsion nature of the formulation. Developed SMEDDS of viscosity 31 cps was found to be clear in 500 times dilution in water and phosphate buffer pH 1.2. Selec...
Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 2021
Aim and objectives: Among the various SSRI and 5-HT-1A, partial agonist vilazodone is one of them... more Aim and objectives: Among the various SSRI and 5-HT-1A, partial agonist vilazodone is one of them. It has antidepressant and anti-anxiety activities. This method's main aim and the objective was to develop and validate a bio-analytical method of Vilazodone in human plasma by LC-MS/MS (API-4000) and its application to estimate pharmacokinetics. Method: For reporting this investigation, Analyst software, 1.6.3 used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid as an organic solvent and Milli Q water with 10Mm ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid using the gradation method 7.0min run time. The calibration standard concentrations were 1.0 to 64 ng/ml. Plasma precipitation was by protein precipitation technique. Result: The accuracy of calibration concentrations of Vilazodone was 93.5-104.39% and stability study showed 96.41-106.71%, 94.77-96.36%, 92.22-101.38%, 94.15-98.47%, 93.95-95.75% remaining for freeze-thaw, short term, long term, benchtop and autosampler stability...
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio-Medical Science, 2022
Internal standard is an external compound which is mixed with targeted analytical solution and ma... more Internal standard is an external compound which is mixed with targeted analytical solution and matrix as a constant concentration and use for preparing calibration standard curve by using ratio of analyte area and internal standard area with analyte concentration and internal standard concentration. This calibration curve used for quantification of unknown concentration of anlayte of interest. This article provide necessary information about internal standard like its selection procedure, characterization, types and response factor , to all analyst who are connected with drug analysis. This article is more important and I think first article which focuses a clear idea about internal standard use in drug analysis.
Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, 2018
Antihistamine is drug which antagonises the action of histamine at the H1 receptors. Qualitativel... more Antihistamine is drug which antagonises the action of histamine at the H1 receptors. Qualitatively all H1 antihistaminic have similar actions, but there are quantitative differences, especially in the sedative property. These drugs effectively block the histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and smooth muscle and triple response. It also suppressed the immediate or type-I hypersensitivity reaction but certain drugs are effective in preventing motion sickness. Cinnarizine is one of the drugs of antihistaminic medication. It is used to treat problems associated with the inner ear and the brain. The medicine is used to treat dizziness and sickness associated with motion sickness. This drug used in the treatment of vertigo and vestibular disorder and heart and blood vessel disorder. Cinnarizine inhibits the contractions of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking L-type and T-type voltage gated calcium channel and it also binding to dopamine D2 receptor, histamine H1 receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Cinnarizine contain diphenylmethylpiperazine group which protonated precursor ion was 369.3 and product ion 167.2 by using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid containing milli Q water added with 10.mM ammonium acetate as a binary flow. Internal standard precursor ion was 268.2 and product ion was 116.1 as a positive mode. The run time was very short 3.5 min and in between this run time 90% aqueous phase flow upto 0.9 min and 10% upto 2.50 min then again 90% flow upto 3.5 min. This method showed very low matrix effect which calculated matrix factor was 0.87 to 0.94 and recovery was very high 86.88% to 99.57%. So this method was very specific, selective, sensitive and reproducible which used for quantification of cinnarizine concentration of unknown Indian healthy human volunteers from their plasma.
Abstract A vast proportion of synthesis based polymers used to develop matrix drug delivery syste... more Abstract A vast proportion of synthesis based polymers used to develop matrix drug delivery systems are too some extent harmful to patients who are taking those formulations for shorter and longer duration of time. Long term toxic effect of synthetic polymers can be countered by replacing those with substituted natural polymers. Under influence of microwave dielectric heating natural gums can be modified as promising biodegradable polymeric materials. The grafting as a tool to manipulate natural polysaccharides with the precise control over the features of the grafted polymer, under microwave irradiation can be a powerful strategy for the development of natural polymers with tailor made properties. The grafting of acrylamide onto cassia tora (CT) was carried out using microwave-assisted graft copolymerization and was characterized. The acute oral toxicity study in rodents was carried out according to OECD guideline. The pharmaceutical application in the tablet formulation of the acrylamide grafted CT (best batch) was studied by using metformin and sitagliptin as model drugs. It can be concluded that microwave assisted acrylamide grafting on cassia tora was successful. The developed formulation with the grafted CT as polymer was also studied in rats for pharmacokinetic profiling. The developed bioanalytical method to determine both the drugs in rat plasma was found simple, reproducible and validated as per the guidelines.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 2021
Various anemic disorders which shows different orofacial manifestations are iron deciency anemia... more Various anemic disorders which shows different orofacial manifestations are iron deciency anemia,plummer Vinson syndrome,megaloblastic anemia,sickle cell anemia,thalassemia and aplastic anemia.These orofacial manifestations are facial pallor,atrophic glossitis,angular stomatitis,magenta tongue,midface growth etc. Spontaneous & post traumatic hemorrhage,prolong bleeding after tooth extraction are sign of different hemostatic disorder such as VonWillebrand disease or Hemophilia. Oral manifestations of most of the hematological diseases are nonspecic. In this article I have reviewed various literatures to identify orofacial manifestations of various hematological disorders.
Among the secondary metabolites which are widely distributed in plants and foods in plant origin ... more Among the secondary metabolites which are widely distributed in plants and foods in plant origin flavonoids is important one. Flavonoids have antioxidant activities as free radical scavenging action. They also have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and anti-carcinogenic activities. Diosmin and hesperidin, the metabolites of which are diosmetin and hesperitin respectively are considered in the present study. Diosmetin has anticancer, antioxidant and blood lipid lowering activities. It also enhances venous tone and microcirculation and by reducing systemic oxidative stress it protects capillaries. Hesperitin also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood lipid and cholesterol lowering, anti-carcinogenic activities. In the present study efforts were given to develop and validate a bioanalytical method for simultaneous estimation of diosmetin and hesperitin in human plasma by liquid chromatography electron spray ionization mass spectrometry with an application to the analysis of plasma sampl...
Background: Systemic arterial hypertension, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiov... more Background: Systemic arterial hypertension, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD), is the most significant modifiable risk factor for mortality and morbidity worldwide. WHO has recognized Unanipathy as an alternate system of medicine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the anti-hypertensive activity of some selected unani formulations using L-NAME model. Method: Group I or hypertensive control group: L-NAME administered for 7 days and left for the next 7 days; Group II or KASgroup: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + KAS (1000 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group III or DMM group: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + DMM (2000 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group IV or MSR group: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + MSR (300 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group V or HJ group: L-NAME administered (i.p) for 7 days and L-NAME + HJ (113 mg/kg b.w) for the next 7 days; Group VI or KGS group: L-NAME...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2019
Plasmodium is the malaria parasite that completes the life cycle between two different hosts, suc... more Plasmodium is the malaria parasite that completes the life cycle between two different hosts, such as human and Anopheles mosquito. These parasites go through several developmental stages like exoerythrocytic stage that is absent in Plasmodium falciparum, so relapses do not occur. The drugs which contain three P's like proguanil, primaquine, and pyrimethamine kill schizonts in the liver. Due to prolonged treatment of high dose of chloroquine, there may be serious side effects named as Bull's eye maculopathy. Atovaquone is rapidly acting blood schizonticide that acts by collapsing the parasite's membrane. Artemisinins are the fastest acting drugs against malaria. Mepacrine is an anti malarial drug which concentrates in collagen tissue. Infection by P. falciparum is the most lethal form of malaria, in this case agglutination of the infected RBC occurs and these agglutinised RBCs block the capillary vessels of the internal organs. Tafenoquine is a single dose medication for radical cure of P. vivax malaria. People with an enzyme problem G6PD deficiency can cause severe anaemia. At least two genes affecting red cells which are resistant to P. falciparum are autosomal gene for haemoglobin S (HbS) and the gene linked to sex G6PD variant gene. Anaemia is the main result due to malaria by haemolysis of infected and uninfected erythrocytes, dyserythropoiesis, splenomegaly and depletion of folate stores. Cerebral malaria is the most urgent complication that is manifested by confusion or coma by clusters of parasitized red blood cells to form large size cells of the capillary circulation which adhere to the vascular endothelium and block the circulation causing cerebral hypoxia and resulting to neurological symptoms and diagnosed cerebral malaria. Blackwater fever associated with falciparum malaria is mostly common with individuals that have taken antimalarial treatment irregularly or deficient in G6PD deficiency. Tropical splenomegaly is another symptom in falciparum malaria. HbAS was the genetic variant which associated with protection against malaria incidence and other variants such as alpha thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, polymormhism of genes encoding NOS 2 A and TNF, as well as protection against uncomplicated malaria.
Azelnidipine is a dihydropyridine used as a calcium channel blocker. The main aim of this study w... more Azelnidipine is a dihydropyridine used as a calcium channel blocker. The main aim of this study was to develop a validated bio-analytical method (as per US-FDA and EMA guidelines) for in vivo pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of azelnidipine in human plasma by LC-MS/MS, API-4000. In this method, the drug was ionized in negative mode and gave adequate response because this drug was highly sensitive and had high electron affinity due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing the nitro group in the structure of azelnidipine. The deprotonated precursor ions [M-H]- at mz-1 581.2 and consistent fragment ion selected was mz-1 491.0. For internal standard, the deprotonated precursor ions [M-H]- at mz-1 269.0 (highest peak) was observed in Q1 MS and characteristic product ions or fragment ions found in Q3 MS were at mz-1 169.8. For plasma extraction, the liquid-liquid extraction technique was used. The calibration concentrated points of azelnidipine were 0.15 to 10.00 ng mL-1 includ...
Cilnidipine, a 2, 4-dihydropyridine antihypertensive, is poorly bioavailable and belongs to Bioph... more Cilnidipine, a 2, 4-dihydropyridine antihypertensive, is poorly bioavailable and belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II. The present study was carried out to develop and evaluate a cilnidipine-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using food grade oil for enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters. The SMEDDS was prepared by low-energy method. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was developed using triacetin, Tween 20, and Transcutol HP as oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants, respectively. The statistically optimized formulation was obtained and was evaluated for relevant in vitro characterizations. Globule size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the optimized formulation were found to be 9.045 nm, −2.32 mv and 0.203, respectively, indicating stable and uniformly distributed microemulsion nature of the formulation. Developed SMEDDS of viscosity 31 cps was found to be clear in 500 times dilution in water and phosphate buffer pH 1.2. Selec...
Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 2021
Aim and objectives: Among the various SSRI and 5-HT-1A, partial agonist vilazodone is one of them... more Aim and objectives: Among the various SSRI and 5-HT-1A, partial agonist vilazodone is one of them. It has antidepressant and anti-anxiety activities. This method's main aim and the objective was to develop and validate a bio-analytical method of Vilazodone in human plasma by LC-MS/MS (API-4000) and its application to estimate pharmacokinetics. Method: For reporting this investigation, Analyst software, 1.6.3 used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid as an organic solvent and Milli Q water with 10Mm ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid using the gradation method 7.0min run time. The calibration standard concentrations were 1.0 to 64 ng/ml. Plasma precipitation was by protein precipitation technique. Result: The accuracy of calibration concentrations of Vilazodone was 93.5-104.39% and stability study showed 96.41-106.71%, 94.77-96.36%, 92.22-101.38%, 94.15-98.47%, 93.95-95.75% remaining for freeze-thaw, short term, long term, benchtop and autosampler stability...
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Bio-Medical Science, 2022
Internal standard is an external compound which is mixed with targeted analytical solution and ma... more Internal standard is an external compound which is mixed with targeted analytical solution and matrix as a constant concentration and use for preparing calibration standard curve by using ratio of analyte area and internal standard area with analyte concentration and internal standard concentration. This calibration curve used for quantification of unknown concentration of anlayte of interest. This article provide necessary information about internal standard like its selection procedure, characterization, types and response factor , to all analyst who are connected with drug analysis. This article is more important and I think first article which focuses a clear idea about internal standard use in drug analysis.
Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, 2018
Antihistamine is drug which antagonises the action of histamine at the H1 receptors. Qualitativel... more Antihistamine is drug which antagonises the action of histamine at the H1 receptors. Qualitatively all H1 antihistaminic have similar actions, but there are quantitative differences, especially in the sedative property. These drugs effectively block the histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and smooth muscle and triple response. It also suppressed the immediate or type-I hypersensitivity reaction but certain drugs are effective in preventing motion sickness. Cinnarizine is one of the drugs of antihistaminic medication. It is used to treat problems associated with the inner ear and the brain. The medicine is used to treat dizziness and sickness associated with motion sickness. This drug used in the treatment of vertigo and vestibular disorder and heart and blood vessel disorder. Cinnarizine inhibits the contractions of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking L-type and T-type voltage gated calcium channel and it also binding to dopamine D2 receptor, histamine H1 receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Cinnarizine contain diphenylmethylpiperazine group which protonated precursor ion was 369.3 and product ion 167.2 by using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid containing milli Q water added with 10.mM ammonium acetate as a binary flow. Internal standard precursor ion was 268.2 and product ion was 116.1 as a positive mode. The run time was very short 3.5 min and in between this run time 90% aqueous phase flow upto 0.9 min and 10% upto 2.50 min then again 90% flow upto 3.5 min. This method showed very low matrix effect which calculated matrix factor was 0.87 to 0.94 and recovery was very high 86.88% to 99.57%. So this method was very specific, selective, sensitive and reproducible which used for quantification of cinnarizine concentration of unknown Indian healthy human volunteers from their plasma.
Abstract A vast proportion of synthesis based polymers used to develop matrix drug delivery syste... more Abstract A vast proportion of synthesis based polymers used to develop matrix drug delivery systems are too some extent harmful to patients who are taking those formulations for shorter and longer duration of time. Long term toxic effect of synthetic polymers can be countered by replacing those with substituted natural polymers. Under influence of microwave dielectric heating natural gums can be modified as promising biodegradable polymeric materials. The grafting as a tool to manipulate natural polysaccharides with the precise control over the features of the grafted polymer, under microwave irradiation can be a powerful strategy for the development of natural polymers with tailor made properties. The grafting of acrylamide onto cassia tora (CT) was carried out using microwave-assisted graft copolymerization and was characterized. The acute oral toxicity study in rodents was carried out according to OECD guideline. The pharmaceutical application in the tablet formulation of the acrylamide grafted CT (best batch) was studied by using metformin and sitagliptin as model drugs. It can be concluded that microwave assisted acrylamide grafting on cassia tora was successful. The developed formulation with the grafted CT as polymer was also studied in rats for pharmacokinetic profiling. The developed bioanalytical method to determine both the drugs in rat plasma was found simple, reproducible and validated as per the guidelines.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 2021
Various anemic disorders which shows different orofacial manifestations are iron deciency anemia... more Various anemic disorders which shows different orofacial manifestations are iron deciency anemia,plummer Vinson syndrome,megaloblastic anemia,sickle cell anemia,thalassemia and aplastic anemia.These orofacial manifestations are facial pallor,atrophic glossitis,angular stomatitis,magenta tongue,midface growth etc. Spontaneous & post traumatic hemorrhage,prolong bleeding after tooth extraction are sign of different hemostatic disorder such as VonWillebrand disease or Hemophilia. Oral manifestations of most of the hematological diseases are nonspecic. In this article I have reviewed various literatures to identify orofacial manifestations of various hematological disorders.
Among the secondary metabolites which are widely distributed in plants and foods in plant origin ... more Among the secondary metabolites which are widely distributed in plants and foods in plant origin flavonoids is important one. Flavonoids have antioxidant activities as free radical scavenging action. They also have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and anti-carcinogenic activities. Diosmin and hesperidin, the metabolites of which are diosmetin and hesperitin respectively are considered in the present study. Diosmetin has anticancer, antioxidant and blood lipid lowering activities. It also enhances venous tone and microcirculation and by reducing systemic oxidative stress it protects capillaries. Hesperitin also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood lipid and cholesterol lowering, anti-carcinogenic activities. In the present study efforts were given to develop and validate a bioanalytical method for simultaneous estimation of diosmetin and hesperitin in human plasma by liquid chromatography electron spray ionization mass spectrometry with an application to the analysis of plasma sampl...
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