Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer (1997) found that, in Wealthy OECD economies and some Eastern pos... more Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer (1997) found that, in Wealthy OECD economies and some Eastern post-communist economies, the unofficial economy's European economies find themselves in the "good share of GDP is determined by the extent of control equilibrium" of relatively low regulatory and tax burden rights held by bureaucrats and politicians. (not necessarily low statutory tax rates), sizable revenue Exploring in detail the role of taxation and bribery, mobilization, good rule of law and control of corruption, and using data from an expanded data set of 49 Latin and a small unofficial economy. American, OECD, and transition economies, Johnson, Several countries in Latin America and the former Kaufmann, and Zoido-Lobat6n find that the unofficial Soviet Union exhibit characteristics consistent with a economy accounts for a larger share of GDP where "bad equilibrium": the discretionary application of heavy there is great bureaucratic inefficiency and discretion, regulatory and tax burdens, the weak rule of law, heavy and where firms experience a greater tax and regulatory bribery, and an active unofficial economy. burden, as well as more bribery and corruption. The In this large country sample (unlike in the earlier unofficial economy is also much larger where there is less framework for transition economies only), the authors state revenue and where the rule of law is weak. They find that it is the ineffective and discretionary application also find that countries with a larger unofficial economy of regulatory and tax regimes in many countriesnot tend to grow more slowly. Thus, this framework suggests higher tax rates by itselfthat increase the size of the an additional channel whereby corruption and ineffective unofficial economy. The tax burden reported by firms regulatory and tax administration can result in lower appears to be more a function of regulatory and growth: the unofficial economy. bureaucratic inefficiency and discretion rather than of tax rates alone. This papera product of the Governance, Regulation, and Finance Group, World Bank Instituteis part of a larger effort in the institute to improve our understanding of institutional issues and their effects on development and of building a major new database on institutional indicators. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,
This article provides a brief overview of progress in developing a new initiative called PISA for... more This article provides a brief overview of progress in developing a new initiative called PISA for Development. It shows how the OECD and its partners are implementing this initiative in support of the Education 2030 agenda that is set within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and emphasizes the quality, equity, and measurement of learning outcomes for young children through to working adults. The world now faces a challenge to define global learning indicators that can be measured and tracked on a global scale over time. The paper argues that PISA is already helping to measure and improve learning outcomes in over 70 countries and, with the PISA for Development initiative, OECD and its partners are aiming to make it possible for a wider range of countries to participate in the assessment. (DIPF/Orig.)
158 días de clases presenciales se perdieron en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia, e... more 158 días de clases presenciales se perdieron en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia, el cierre de escuelas más largo del mundo. El cierre físico de las escuelas afectó a los países con más bajos ingresos y resultados de aprendizaje. Diseñar estrategias de mitigación, remediación y aceleración de aprendizajes es clave para el proceso de recuperación y transformación educativa que requiere la región en este periodo para salir de la crisis.
This paper derives efficiency scores for around 8,500 schools in 30 countries, using Programme fo... more This paper derives efficiency scores for around 8,500 schools in 30 countries, using Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 data and a nonparametric approach called data envelopment analysis as method. On average, achievement scores of schools can be increased by 27%, holding inputs constant. Efficiency scores vary considerably both between and within countries; the role of managerial efficiency and structural differences due to operating in different contexts (countries) is disentangled. Subsequently, a number of school-level factors are found to be correlated with efficiency scores and indicate potential directions for improving educational results. Heterogeneity of such characteristics across countries and along the distribution of efficiency is explored.
RELIEVE - Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa, 2016
This paper analyses the educational performance of eight PISA 2012 Latin American countries relat... more This paper analyses the educational performance of eight PISA 2012 Latin American countries relative to the OECD focusing on equity in the distribution of outcomes. We consider first the results of those countries in terms of the shares of high and low performing students. Next we study how much those performances depend on the students' family background. We use the data on mathematical competencies in PISA 2012 and compare the results of those students coming from disadvantaged and advantaged families, identified with those in the first and fourth quartiles of the distribution of the index of Economic and Socio-Cultural Status. The main results of this study are: (i) The differences in the educational systems between Latin American countries and the OECD are much larger than suggested by country rankings based on mean performance. (ii) The share of Latin American students exhibiting high performance is extremely thin, particularly among disadvantaged students, whereas low performance is pervasive across all students regardless of family background. (ii) Socioeconomic conditions strongly determine high performance, much more than in the OECD.
Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer (1997) found that, in Wealthy OECD economies and some Eastern pos... more Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer (1997) found that, in Wealthy OECD economies and some Eastern post-communist economies, the unofficial economy's European economies find themselves in the "good share of GDP is determined by the extent of control equilibrium" of relatively low regulatory and tax burden rights held by bureaucrats and politicians. (not necessarily low statutory tax rates), sizable revenue Exploring in detail the role of taxation and bribery, mobilization, good rule of law and control of corruption, and using data from an expanded data set of 49 Latin and a small unofficial economy. American, OECD, and transition economies, Johnson, Several countries in Latin America and the former Kaufmann, and Zoido-Lobat6n find that the unofficial Soviet Union exhibit characteristics consistent with a economy accounts for a larger share of GDP where "bad equilibrium": the discretionary application of heavy there is great bureaucratic inefficiency and discretion, regulatory and tax burdens, the weak rule of law, heavy and where firms experience a greater tax and regulatory bribery, and an active unofficial economy. burden, as well as more bribery and corruption. The In this large country sample (unlike in the earlier unofficial economy is also much larger where there is less framework for transition economies only), the authors state revenue and where the rule of law is weak. They find that it is the ineffective and discretionary application also find that countries with a larger unofficial economy of regulatory and tax regimes in many countriesnot tend to grow more slowly. Thus, this framework suggests higher tax rates by itselfthat increase the size of the an additional channel whereby corruption and ineffective unofficial economy. The tax burden reported by firms regulatory and tax administration can result in lower appears to be more a function of regulatory and growth: the unofficial economy. bureaucratic inefficiency and discretion rather than of tax rates alone. This papera product of the Governance, Regulation, and Finance Group, World Bank Instituteis part of a larger effort in the institute to improve our understanding of institutional issues and their effects on development and of building a major new database on institutional indicators. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,
This article provides a brief overview of progress in developing a new initiative called PISA for... more This article provides a brief overview of progress in developing a new initiative called PISA for Development. It shows how the OECD and its partners are implementing this initiative in support of the Education 2030 agenda that is set within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and emphasizes the quality, equity, and measurement of learning outcomes for young children through to working adults. The world now faces a challenge to define global learning indicators that can be measured and tracked on a global scale over time. The paper argues that PISA is already helping to measure and improve learning outcomes in over 70 countries and, with the PISA for Development initiative, OECD and its partners are aiming to make it possible for a wider range of countries to participate in the assessment. (DIPF/Orig.)
158 días de clases presenciales se perdieron en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia, e... more 158 días de clases presenciales se perdieron en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia, el cierre de escuelas más largo del mundo. El cierre físico de las escuelas afectó a los países con más bajos ingresos y resultados de aprendizaje. Diseñar estrategias de mitigación, remediación y aceleración de aprendizajes es clave para el proceso de recuperación y transformación educativa que requiere la región en este periodo para salir de la crisis.
This paper derives efficiency scores for around 8,500 schools in 30 countries, using Programme fo... more This paper derives efficiency scores for around 8,500 schools in 30 countries, using Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 data and a nonparametric approach called data envelopment analysis as method. On average, achievement scores of schools can be increased by 27%, holding inputs constant. Efficiency scores vary considerably both between and within countries; the role of managerial efficiency and structural differences due to operating in different contexts (countries) is disentangled. Subsequently, a number of school-level factors are found to be correlated with efficiency scores and indicate potential directions for improving educational results. Heterogeneity of such characteristics across countries and along the distribution of efficiency is explored.
RELIEVE - Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa, 2016
This paper analyses the educational performance of eight PISA 2012 Latin American countries relat... more This paper analyses the educational performance of eight PISA 2012 Latin American countries relative to the OECD focusing on equity in the distribution of outcomes. We consider first the results of those countries in terms of the shares of high and low performing students. Next we study how much those performances depend on the students' family background. We use the data on mathematical competencies in PISA 2012 and compare the results of those students coming from disadvantaged and advantaged families, identified with those in the first and fourth quartiles of the distribution of the index of Economic and Socio-Cultural Status. The main results of this study are: (i) The differences in the educational systems between Latin American countries and the OECD are much larger than suggested by country rankings based on mean performance. (ii) The share of Latin American students exhibiting high performance is extremely thin, particularly among disadvantaged students, whereas low performance is pervasive across all students regardless of family background. (ii) Socioeconomic conditions strongly determine high performance, much more than in the OECD.
Uploads
Papers by pablo zoido