International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 2005
Against the backdrop of the more recent similar expansion of the anti-discrimination framework at... more Against the backdrop of the more recent similar expansion of the anti-discrimination framework at EU level, this article reviews the operation of the last five years of Ireland's expanded anti-discrimination framework which brought an extension of the discriminatory grounds from two to a total of nine. In particular, it raises questions as to the claimed effectiveness of the ED framework from the perspective of those, particularly women, who identify across multiple grounds. This is evidenced through a review of some of the conceptual and practical problems that inhere in an anti-discrimination structure that is predicated upon a strict categorical-comparator approach to identity and disadvantage. In particular, the way in which women with compound identities experience intersectional discrimination remains unaddressed by dominant conceptions of single category definitions of direct and indirect discrimination. Yet the acknowledged reality of women as victims of multiple discrim...
Open rhinoplasty is a surgical approach to the nose. This article will review the history of the ... more Open rhinoplasty is a surgical approach to the nose. This article will review the history of the open rhinoplasty technique, comment on its advantages and disadvantages, illustrate the surgical technique and review modifications and developments that have arisen. Although of primary concern to nasal surgeons, the open approach will be of interest to all surgeons, regardless of their area of focus.
Effective teamwork and interprofessional collaboration are vital for healthcare quality and safet... more Effective teamwork and interprofessional collaboration are vital for healthcare quality and safety; however, challenges persist in creating interprofessional teamwork and resilient professional teams. A study was undertaken to delineate perceptions of individuals involved with the implementation of an interprofessional patient safety competency-based intervention and intervention participants. The study employed a qualitative study design that triangulated data from interviews with six steering committee members and five members of the project team who developed and monitored the intervention and six focus groups with clinical team members who participated in the intervention and implemented local patient safety projects within a large teaching hospital in Canada. Our study findings reveal that healthcare professionals and support staff acquired patient safety competencies in an interprofessional context that can result in improved patient and work flow processes. However, key chall...
Mixing and combustion processes associated with a lobed fuel injector are examined experimentally... more Mixing and combustion processes associated with a lobed fuel injector are examined experimentally, with support from computational studies. Enhanced mixing occurs in the lobed injector through the generation of secondary flows which can create strong streamwise vorticity. High rates of strain associated with vorticity generation can act to delay ignition during a rapid mixing process, eventually leading to the ignition
Angeles-This experimental study explores the behavior of both unforced and acoustically forced va... more Angeles-This experimental study explores the behavior of both unforced and acoustically forced variable density transverse jets, via acetone PLIF and stereo PIV measurements. Jets composed of mixtures of helium and nitrogen are injected normally from a converging nozzle into an air crossflow, for a range of jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios J and density ratios S. A recent study 2 determined, based on hotwire-based spectral characteristics and excitation response, that transverse jet shear layers transition to global instability in response to sufficient lowering of S (below 0.45-0.40) and/or sufficient lowering of J (below 10). The changes in flow structure during such transitions are documented in the present study, where alterations in the transverse jet's vorticity field, cross-sectional symmetry or asymmetry, and dynamic flow features are affected. Both absolutely unstable transverse jets and forced transverse jets are observed to have more symmetric cross-sections than those for convectively unstable jets at higher J values, the latter of which also can exhibit the presence of tertiary vortex structures first identified by Kuzo. 3
Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 1962
... (See selected bibliography at the end of this article for detailed information.) Until recent... more ... (See selected bibliography at the end of this article for detailed information.) Until recently, thebest recommendations for ... they have adapted the process for application to dehydrated forms such as potato flakes, granules, slices, dices, cubes as well as to potato salad and frozen ...
In this paper the nonlinear equations which describe the switching hypersurface of anNth-order li... more In this paper the nonlinear equations which describe the switching hypersurface of anNth-order linear time-invariant system, with real negative distinct poles, are developed when the input to the system is restricted in amplitude, either intentionally through the use of a relay or due to saturation of the power element. Based on the equations of the switching hypersurfaces, a design procedure
Background: Swine origin influenza A/H1N1 infection (H1N1) emerged in early 2009 and rapidly spre... more Background: Swine origin influenza A/H1N1 infection (H1N1) emerged in early 2009 and rapidly spread to humans. For most infected individuals, symptoms were mild and self-limited; however, a small number developed a more severe clinical syndrome characterized by profound respiratory failure with hospital mortality ranging from 10 to 30%. While supportive care and neuraminidase inhibitors are the main treatment for influenza, data from observational and interventional studies suggest that the course of influenza can be favorably influenced by agents not classically considered as influenza treatments. Multiple observational studies have suggested that HMGCoA reductase inhibitors (statins) can exert a class effect in attenuating inflammation. The Collaborative H1N1 Adjuvant Treatment (CHAT) Pilot Trial sought to investigate the feasibility of conducting a trial during a global pandemic in critically ill patients with H1N1 with the goal of informing the design of a larger trial powered to determine impact of statins on important outcomes.
Abstract A mathematical model of the decomposition of soil organic matter is tested against publi... more Abstract A mathematical model of the decomposition of soil organic matter is tested against published experimental results and used to study important soil processes and to offer explanations of well known but incompletely understood experimental observations. The cycles of the three macronutrients N, P, and K through the plant-soil system are treated under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions. The equilibrium equations show that in many ecosystems, the annual-average soil solution concentrations of P and K are independent of the soil biota activity whereas the relative concentrations of the various N-forms in solution remain dependent on related microbe activity. The dynamic equations are compared with and shown to agree closely with a number of experimental observations, including (1) the overall pattern of decomposition and growth of heterotrophs and nitrifiers, (2) the immobilization and mineralization of N as a function of substrate C-N ratio, (3) wastage of substrate by various microbes, (4) the N priming effect, (5) the effect on microbes of oscillating low soil temperatures, and (6) the effect on microbes of soil moist-dry cycles. Among the conclusions drawn from the full model equations are the following: (i) the N priming effect is the consequence of a two-step substrate limitation involving first N and later C because of microbial waste metabolism, (ii) oscillating low soil temperatures result in lower population levels than does the mean temperature at least in part because nonlinearities give a net reduction in growth under oscillating conditions, (iii) moist-dry cycles, lethal to soil organisms, enhance CO 2 evolution in part because of the organisms' self-metabolism, (iv) plant and microbes compete for N to a greater or lesser extent depending on the kind of N available, the C:N ratio, the amount of leaching, and whether or not microbe use of NO 3 − is suppressed, and (v) in fertilizing some crops with NH 4 + , NO 3 − , or organic N, multiple-batch application is preferable with the mineral forms, whereas a single batch is best with the organic form because of differences in microbial immobilization.
A conversation with Ralph Weissleder about his smart phone–operated micro-NMR device that provide... more A conversation with Ralph Weissleder about his smart phone–operated micro-NMR device that provides accurate cancer diagnoses in 60 minutes.
A conversation with Jeffrey Engelman about teasing apart the different molecular mechanisms that ... more A conversation with Jeffrey Engelman about teasing apart the different molecular mechanisms that result in drug resistance in lung cancer patients.
P latelets are tiny disc-shaped cells devoid of a nucleus that are produced by the bone marrow. A... more P latelets are tiny disc-shaped cells devoid of a nucleus that are produced by the bone marrow. At sites of injury, platelets bind to von Willebrand factor (vWF) on the surface of endothelial cells, become activated by thrombin, and interact with plasma fibrin to form clots. For more than 50 years, platelet transfusions have prevented life-threatening blood loss in trauma, surgery, and bone marrow transplant patients. However, unlike red blood cells, which are amenable to cold storage, refrigerated platelets are cleared rapidly from the patient9s circulation after transfusion. Unfortunately, the shelf life of platelets at room temperature is only 5 days, resulting in an acute shortage of platelets for transfusion. In a recent issue of Cell , Hoffmeister and colleagues (1) reveal why chilled, transfused platelets disappear rapidly from the circulation and propose a strategy to block this clearance. The rapid disappearance of chilled, transfused platelets has been attributed to the cold-induced loss of their normal discoid shape, presumably leading to the ensnaring of deformed platelets in capillaries. Not so, say Hoffmeister et al ., who show that even preserving the disc shape of chilled mouse platelets with drugs does not prevent their rapid clearance after transfusion into mice. The researchers next demonstrated that clearance of chilled platelets is due to their ingestion (phagocytosis) by liver macrophages called Kupffer cells. Phagocytosis of platelets depends on their binding to an integrin called CR3 on the Kupffer cell surface. When chilled mouse platelets are transfused into mice lacking CR3, they circulate with the same kinetics as transfused platelets kept at room temperature. Seeking the platelet counter-receptor that interacts with CR3, the researchers first investigated GP1ba, the platelet surface glycoprotein that binds to vWF. They found that enzymatically cleaving the extracellular portion of GP1ba from chilled mouse platelets boosted platelet survival after transfusion. Furthermore, in an in vitro assay, enzyme-treated chilled human platelets were not ingested by macrophages, implying that GP1ba is the platelet counter-receptor for CR3. Electron microscopy revealed that refrigeration induced the rearrangement of both mouse and human platelet GP1ba from neat, linear rows into clusters. This redistribution of GP1ba did not affect normal platelet behavior, because chilled platelets circulating in CR3-deficient mice were still able to bind to vWF, respond to thrombin and other mediators, and promote clot formation. If cold-induced platelet clearance could be blocked, then platelets could be stored in the cold and their shelf life dramatically extended. At a recent meeting, Hoffmeister and co-workers (2) presented a strategy to attain this goal. By using galactose sugar residues to shield the sugar molecules on GP1ba that bind to CR3, they prevented the clearance of chilled, transfused mouse platelets. Chilled platelets with sugar-modified GP1ba circulated with a normal life-span in transfused mice and fulfilled their normal functions. The Hoffmeister et al . work is a big step toward making platelet refrigeration a reality and alleviating the acute shortage of platelets for transfusion. References
Deep inelastic scattering and its diffractive component, ep → e ′ γ * p → e ′ XN, have been studi... more Deep inelastic scattering and its diffractive component, ep → e ′ γ * p → e ′ XN, have been studied at HERA with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 52.4 pb −1. The M X method has been used to extract the diffractive contribution. A wide range in the centre-of-mass energy W (37-245 GeV), photon virtuality Q 2 (20-450 GeV 2) and mass M X (0.28-35 GeV) is covered. The diffractive cross section for 2 < M X < 15 GeV rises strongly with W , the rise becoming steeper as Q 2 increases. The data are also presented in terms of the diffractive structure function, F D(3) 2 , of the proton. For fixed Q 2 and fixed M X , x I P F D(3) 2 shows a strong rise as x I P → 0, where x I P is the fraction of the proton momentum carried by the Pomeron. For Bjorken-x < 1 • 10 −3 , x I P F D(3) 2 shows positive log Q 2 scaling violations, while for x ≥ 5 • 10 −3 negative scaling violations are observed. The diffractive structure function is compatible with being leading twist. The data show that Regge factorisation is broken.
International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 2005
Against the backdrop of the more recent similar expansion of the anti-discrimination framework at... more Against the backdrop of the more recent similar expansion of the anti-discrimination framework at EU level, this article reviews the operation of the last five years of Ireland's expanded anti-discrimination framework which brought an extension of the discriminatory grounds from two to a total of nine. In particular, it raises questions as to the claimed effectiveness of the ED framework from the perspective of those, particularly women, who identify across multiple grounds. This is evidenced through a review of some of the conceptual and practical problems that inhere in an anti-discrimination structure that is predicated upon a strict categorical-comparator approach to identity and disadvantage. In particular, the way in which women with compound identities experience intersectional discrimination remains unaddressed by dominant conceptions of single category definitions of direct and indirect discrimination. Yet the acknowledged reality of women as victims of multiple discrim...
Open rhinoplasty is a surgical approach to the nose. This article will review the history of the ... more Open rhinoplasty is a surgical approach to the nose. This article will review the history of the open rhinoplasty technique, comment on its advantages and disadvantages, illustrate the surgical technique and review modifications and developments that have arisen. Although of primary concern to nasal surgeons, the open approach will be of interest to all surgeons, regardless of their area of focus.
Effective teamwork and interprofessional collaboration are vital for healthcare quality and safet... more Effective teamwork and interprofessional collaboration are vital for healthcare quality and safety; however, challenges persist in creating interprofessional teamwork and resilient professional teams. A study was undertaken to delineate perceptions of individuals involved with the implementation of an interprofessional patient safety competency-based intervention and intervention participants. The study employed a qualitative study design that triangulated data from interviews with six steering committee members and five members of the project team who developed and monitored the intervention and six focus groups with clinical team members who participated in the intervention and implemented local patient safety projects within a large teaching hospital in Canada. Our study findings reveal that healthcare professionals and support staff acquired patient safety competencies in an interprofessional context that can result in improved patient and work flow processes. However, key chall...
Mixing and combustion processes associated with a lobed fuel injector are examined experimentally... more Mixing and combustion processes associated with a lobed fuel injector are examined experimentally, with support from computational studies. Enhanced mixing occurs in the lobed injector through the generation of secondary flows which can create strong streamwise vorticity. High rates of strain associated with vorticity generation can act to delay ignition during a rapid mixing process, eventually leading to the ignition
Angeles-This experimental study explores the behavior of both unforced and acoustically forced va... more Angeles-This experimental study explores the behavior of both unforced and acoustically forced variable density transverse jets, via acetone PLIF and stereo PIV measurements. Jets composed of mixtures of helium and nitrogen are injected normally from a converging nozzle into an air crossflow, for a range of jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios J and density ratios S. A recent study 2 determined, based on hotwire-based spectral characteristics and excitation response, that transverse jet shear layers transition to global instability in response to sufficient lowering of S (below 0.45-0.40) and/or sufficient lowering of J (below 10). The changes in flow structure during such transitions are documented in the present study, where alterations in the transverse jet's vorticity field, cross-sectional symmetry or asymmetry, and dynamic flow features are affected. Both absolutely unstable transverse jets and forced transverse jets are observed to have more symmetric cross-sections than those for convectively unstable jets at higher J values, the latter of which also can exhibit the presence of tertiary vortex structures first identified by Kuzo. 3
Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 1962
... (See selected bibliography at the end of this article for detailed information.) Until recent... more ... (See selected bibliography at the end of this article for detailed information.) Until recently, thebest recommendations for ... they have adapted the process for application to dehydrated forms such as potato flakes, granules, slices, dices, cubes as well as to potato salad and frozen ...
In this paper the nonlinear equations which describe the switching hypersurface of anNth-order li... more In this paper the nonlinear equations which describe the switching hypersurface of anNth-order linear time-invariant system, with real negative distinct poles, are developed when the input to the system is restricted in amplitude, either intentionally through the use of a relay or due to saturation of the power element. Based on the equations of the switching hypersurfaces, a design procedure
Background: Swine origin influenza A/H1N1 infection (H1N1) emerged in early 2009 and rapidly spre... more Background: Swine origin influenza A/H1N1 infection (H1N1) emerged in early 2009 and rapidly spread to humans. For most infected individuals, symptoms were mild and self-limited; however, a small number developed a more severe clinical syndrome characterized by profound respiratory failure with hospital mortality ranging from 10 to 30%. While supportive care and neuraminidase inhibitors are the main treatment for influenza, data from observational and interventional studies suggest that the course of influenza can be favorably influenced by agents not classically considered as influenza treatments. Multiple observational studies have suggested that HMGCoA reductase inhibitors (statins) can exert a class effect in attenuating inflammation. The Collaborative H1N1 Adjuvant Treatment (CHAT) Pilot Trial sought to investigate the feasibility of conducting a trial during a global pandemic in critically ill patients with H1N1 with the goal of informing the design of a larger trial powered to determine impact of statins on important outcomes.
Abstract A mathematical model of the decomposition of soil organic matter is tested against publi... more Abstract A mathematical model of the decomposition of soil organic matter is tested against published experimental results and used to study important soil processes and to offer explanations of well known but incompletely understood experimental observations. The cycles of the three macronutrients N, P, and K through the plant-soil system are treated under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions. The equilibrium equations show that in many ecosystems, the annual-average soil solution concentrations of P and K are independent of the soil biota activity whereas the relative concentrations of the various N-forms in solution remain dependent on related microbe activity. The dynamic equations are compared with and shown to agree closely with a number of experimental observations, including (1) the overall pattern of decomposition and growth of heterotrophs and nitrifiers, (2) the immobilization and mineralization of N as a function of substrate C-N ratio, (3) wastage of substrate by various microbes, (4) the N priming effect, (5) the effect on microbes of oscillating low soil temperatures, and (6) the effect on microbes of soil moist-dry cycles. Among the conclusions drawn from the full model equations are the following: (i) the N priming effect is the consequence of a two-step substrate limitation involving first N and later C because of microbial waste metabolism, (ii) oscillating low soil temperatures result in lower population levels than does the mean temperature at least in part because nonlinearities give a net reduction in growth under oscillating conditions, (iii) moist-dry cycles, lethal to soil organisms, enhance CO 2 evolution in part because of the organisms' self-metabolism, (iv) plant and microbes compete for N to a greater or lesser extent depending on the kind of N available, the C:N ratio, the amount of leaching, and whether or not microbe use of NO 3 − is suppressed, and (v) in fertilizing some crops with NH 4 + , NO 3 − , or organic N, multiple-batch application is preferable with the mineral forms, whereas a single batch is best with the organic form because of differences in microbial immobilization.
A conversation with Ralph Weissleder about his smart phone–operated micro-NMR device that provide... more A conversation with Ralph Weissleder about his smart phone–operated micro-NMR device that provides accurate cancer diagnoses in 60 minutes.
A conversation with Jeffrey Engelman about teasing apart the different molecular mechanisms that ... more A conversation with Jeffrey Engelman about teasing apart the different molecular mechanisms that result in drug resistance in lung cancer patients.
P latelets are tiny disc-shaped cells devoid of a nucleus that are produced by the bone marrow. A... more P latelets are tiny disc-shaped cells devoid of a nucleus that are produced by the bone marrow. At sites of injury, platelets bind to von Willebrand factor (vWF) on the surface of endothelial cells, become activated by thrombin, and interact with plasma fibrin to form clots. For more than 50 years, platelet transfusions have prevented life-threatening blood loss in trauma, surgery, and bone marrow transplant patients. However, unlike red blood cells, which are amenable to cold storage, refrigerated platelets are cleared rapidly from the patient9s circulation after transfusion. Unfortunately, the shelf life of platelets at room temperature is only 5 days, resulting in an acute shortage of platelets for transfusion. In a recent issue of Cell , Hoffmeister and colleagues (1) reveal why chilled, transfused platelets disappear rapidly from the circulation and propose a strategy to block this clearance. The rapid disappearance of chilled, transfused platelets has been attributed to the cold-induced loss of their normal discoid shape, presumably leading to the ensnaring of deformed platelets in capillaries. Not so, say Hoffmeister et al ., who show that even preserving the disc shape of chilled mouse platelets with drugs does not prevent their rapid clearance after transfusion into mice. The researchers next demonstrated that clearance of chilled platelets is due to their ingestion (phagocytosis) by liver macrophages called Kupffer cells. Phagocytosis of platelets depends on their binding to an integrin called CR3 on the Kupffer cell surface. When chilled mouse platelets are transfused into mice lacking CR3, they circulate with the same kinetics as transfused platelets kept at room temperature. Seeking the platelet counter-receptor that interacts with CR3, the researchers first investigated GP1ba, the platelet surface glycoprotein that binds to vWF. They found that enzymatically cleaving the extracellular portion of GP1ba from chilled mouse platelets boosted platelet survival after transfusion. Furthermore, in an in vitro assay, enzyme-treated chilled human platelets were not ingested by macrophages, implying that GP1ba is the platelet counter-receptor for CR3. Electron microscopy revealed that refrigeration induced the rearrangement of both mouse and human platelet GP1ba from neat, linear rows into clusters. This redistribution of GP1ba did not affect normal platelet behavior, because chilled platelets circulating in CR3-deficient mice were still able to bind to vWF, respond to thrombin and other mediators, and promote clot formation. If cold-induced platelet clearance could be blocked, then platelets could be stored in the cold and their shelf life dramatically extended. At a recent meeting, Hoffmeister and co-workers (2) presented a strategy to attain this goal. By using galactose sugar residues to shield the sugar molecules on GP1ba that bind to CR3, they prevented the clearance of chilled, transfused mouse platelets. Chilled platelets with sugar-modified GP1ba circulated with a normal life-span in transfused mice and fulfilled their normal functions. The Hoffmeister et al . work is a big step toward making platelet refrigeration a reality and alleviating the acute shortage of platelets for transfusion. References
Deep inelastic scattering and its diffractive component, ep → e ′ γ * p → e ′ XN, have been studi... more Deep inelastic scattering and its diffractive component, ep → e ′ γ * p → e ′ XN, have been studied at HERA with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 52.4 pb −1. The M X method has been used to extract the diffractive contribution. A wide range in the centre-of-mass energy W (37-245 GeV), photon virtuality Q 2 (20-450 GeV 2) and mass M X (0.28-35 GeV) is covered. The diffractive cross section for 2 < M X < 15 GeV rises strongly with W , the rise becoming steeper as Q 2 increases. The data are also presented in terms of the diffractive structure function, F D(3) 2 , of the proton. For fixed Q 2 and fixed M X , x I P F D(3) 2 shows a strong rise as x I P → 0, where x I P is the fraction of the proton momentum carried by the Pomeron. For Bjorken-x < 1 • 10 −3 , x I P F D(3) 2 shows positive log Q 2 scaling violations, while for x ≥ 5 • 10 −3 negative scaling violations are observed. The diffractive structure function is compatible with being leading twist. The data show that Regge factorisation is broken.
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