A research was conducted to evaluate the quality of white refined sugar produced from palm tree (... more A research was conducted to evaluate the quality of white refined sugar produced from palm tree (Arenga pinnata) using direct and indirect cooking processes. Visual methods were applied to determine color, shape and texture of produced sugar. The sucrose, ash, and other sugar contents as well as dry weight of produced refined sugar were also analyzed. Results showed that the production process using direct cooking resulted in small granulated, dry, compacted and milky white refined sugar, while that using indirect cooking (four hours storage) produced clay granulated, less compacted, dust shape and browning refined sugar. The sucrose, ash, and other sugar contents found in direct cooking process were 10.27%, 0.016%. and 2.68%, respectively, while those found in indirect cooking process were 11.11%, 0.018%, and 2.78%, respectively.
The status of a Special Allotment Forest Area (KHDTK) was obtained by the Forestry Education and ... more The status of a Special Allotment Forest Area (KHDTK) was obtained by the Forestry Education and Training Center of the Makassar Environmental and Forestry Education and Training Center in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 041/Kpts/DJ/I/1980 on February 28, 1980 and the zoning by the Minister of Forestry No. SK.13 / Menhut-II / 2010 on January 14, 2010. The main function is to support the educational activities. Several forms of activities and utilization have been carried out in this area, including Research and Development, Nature Tourism, Environmental Services and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Related to its main function as a means of supporting education, all the training activities, especially aspects of skills, are directed at KHDTK.Since established, KHDTK has numerous conflicts with the community. However, all existing conflicts have been acted on and a number of solutions have been made to resolve the existing problems. Regional stakeholders have managed the risks with a variety of activities, such as community empowerment, fostering the farmer groups, provision of assistance and facilitation as well as pre-emptive, preventive and repressive activities that are carried out routinely in the hope of aware the people, so that the KHDTK will receive recognition from the surrounding community.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
There is a widespread increase in the number of cases of infectious diseases, including those cau... more There is a widespread increase in the number of cases of infectious diseases, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Scylla serrata haemolymph contains active compounds, including antimicrobial peptide proteins as cofactor molecules in the antibody and immune system which resists infection. This research evaluated the antibacterial activity of Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant and virgin coconut oil (VCO) against the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923 strain. The research used an experimental laboratory design with post test control only and 3 replicates of each treatment. Samples of Scylla serrata haemolymph were centrifuged to extract the supernatant, which was divided into 9 treatment groups at different concentrations (100% to 0.39%). There were 2 control groups: positive control (Cefadroxil) and negative control (distilled water). Virgin coconut oil was produced using a traditional method for 9 hours and divided into 5 concentration groups (100% to 6.25%) with a positive control (Erythromycin 0.6%) and negative control (DMSO). The activity test used was inhibition zone diameter on nutrient agar and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of each treatment was determined. The result showed that for Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant the largest inhibition zone diameter was 16.83 mm with strong activity and the smallest was 5.58 mm with medium activity. The MIC of Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant was 12.5%. For 100%, 50%, and 25% VCO the inhibition zone diameters were 2.67 mm, 0.91 mm, and 0.5 mm, respectively, with no inhibition at lower concentrations. We conclude that Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant showed medium to strong inhibitory activity against the growth of S. aureus, while virgin coconut oil had weak activity and did not effectively inhibit the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
Termites (Arthropoda: Isoptera) are social insects and well known as the most lignocellulose dige... more Termites (Arthropoda: Isoptera) are social insects and well known as the most lignocellulose digesting insects with a great diversity of symbiont bacteria in their guts. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria types present in the termite guts of Odontotermes sp. and Coptotermes sp. These bacteria were isolated from the termite guts and characterized by using morphological observation and stain Gram test. Results showed that there were 19 colonies of bacteria isolated from Coptotermes sp. guts and 37 colonies of bacteria isolated from Odontotermes sp. In the lower termite Coptotermes sp., two bacterial isolates with different morphological characteristics were found, namely isolate BcCo-1 with Coccus form and BbCo-2 with Bacillus form. The bacteria present in the lower termite species consisted of 84% Coccus form and 16% Bacillus form. Both of the bacterial isolates were Gram positive. In the higher termite Odontotermes sp., two types of bacteria isolates were als...
Kayu dengan kelas awet rendah atau keawetan alami rendah memiliki ketahanan yang rendah terhadap ... more Kayu dengan kelas awet rendah atau keawetan alami rendah memiliki ketahanan yang rendah terhadap serangan organisme perusak kayu sehingga sangat rentan terhadap serangan organisme perusak kayu seperti jamur pelapuk kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketahanan kayu Gmelina arborea dengan perlakuan ekstrak daun cengkeh terhadap serangan jamur pelapuk putih. Metode rendaman dingin digunakan untuk mengaplikasikan ekstrak daun cengkeh terhadap sampel kayu dan diekspose ke jamur Trametes versicolor selama 3 bulan. Analisis data retensi menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah (split plot) dengan empat taraf perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi 15%, 20%, 25%, dan kontrol. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Kelas ketahanan kayu ditentukan oleh tabel kelas ketahanan kayu SNI 01-7207-2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan nilai retensi kayu Gmelina arborea sejalan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi yang diberikan. Kayu gmelina bagian teras yang diberi ekstrak daun cengkeh pada kayu dengan konsentrasi 20% dan konsentrasi 25% dapat meningkatkan ketahanan kayu dari agak tahan menjadi tahan. Demikian pula, pada kayu bagian gubal pemberian konsentrasi 25% dapat meningkatkan ketahanan kayu dari agak tahan menjadi tahan.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Termites as wood biodeterioration agents have an important role in the ecosystem. This study aime... more Termites as wood biodeterioration agents have an important role in the ecosystem. This study aimed to observe termite diversity. A termites survey was conducted on Forest Concession Areas of PT. Inhutani I, South Sulawesi Indonesia. The termite specimens collected used the standardized transect sampling protocols at three different sites (forest with mixed vegetation, Pinus merkusii plantation, and logged-over area; and measurement of nine morphological characters of the soldier was conducted, i.e: head length without mandibles, head width at base of mandible, maximum width of head, left mandible length, pronotum length, maximum width of pronotum, postmentum length, postmentum width of postmentum, and the number of antenna segments. The results showed that there are four species found based on the morphological characteristics and morphometrical data, namely: Odontotermes javanicus., Nasutitermes sp., Schedorhinotermes sp. and Coptotermes curvignathus. The highest termite abundance ...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
This study was conducted to determine the presence of the insecticide permethrin and its retentio... more This study was conducted to determine the presence of the insecticide permethrin and its retention gradients within the structure of laminated bamboo after treatment using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the carrier solvent. the presence of permetrin was based on functional group differences indicated by FT-IR analyses before and after the preservative treatment. Permethrin retentions in the treated bamboo materials ranged from 0.0020 to 0.0022%. This result indicated that the preservative treatment of laminated bamboo using SC-CO2 as a carrier solvent produced evenly distributed chemical an effective level. There was no signicant distribution gradient of the preservative observed over the layers of the treated laminated bamboo arranged with outer-inner surface laminations. The current treatment condition is potential to produce laminated bamboo products completely resistant to biodegradation.
The bait formulation from the mixture of organic wastes for termite (Coptotermes sp) control was ... more The bait formulation from the mixture of organic wastes for termite (Coptotermes sp) control was evaluated in laboratory and field tests. Four formulations were prepared by equally mixing based on dried weights, i.e. the mixture of degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper, degraded pine wood with HVS and newsprint wastepaper, degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper, and the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper. Boiled soybean water was used as an additional substance of the formulation. The termite survival rate and food transfer were evaluated using no-choice test. The food transfer was studied using test samples dyed with 0.1% Nile Blue A. The food formulations were also subjected to field test for six weeks to evaluate the termite attacks. The results showed that the highest food transfer efficiency was found for degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper formulation, however, the survival rate was not significantly different among the formulations. The field test proved that the mixture formulation of degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper as well as that of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper were attacked by termites to the failure level.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
This study aimed to observe and identify of Coptotermes species based on morphological characteri... more This study aimed to observe and identify of Coptotermes species based on morphological characteristics. Termites survey was conducted on Teaching Forest of Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi area Indonesia with the elevation range 406-628 meter asl; specimens collected used the standardized transect sampling protocols at four different landscapes (natural forest, Swietenia mahagony plantation, Acacia mangium plantation, and Pinus merkusii forest Observation, and measurement of nine morphological characters of soldier was conducted, i.e: head length without mandibles, head width at the base of mandibles, maximum width of head, left mandible length, number of antennal segments, pronotum length, maximum width of pronotum, postmentum length, and maximum width of postmentum; also three indices were calculated, i.e., bHW/mHW, MHW/HL, LML/HL. The results showed that there are nine species found based on the morphological characteristics and morphometrical data, namely: Odontotermes sp.1...
... Di samping itu, juga dapat dilihat bahwa nilai rata-rata gradien retensi antara bagian permuk... more ... Di samping itu, juga dapat dilihat bahwa nilai rata-rata gradien retensi antara bagian permukaan kayu dan bagian tengahnya masih tinggi (3.488~5.336). ... Proceedings of American-Wood Preservers Association 93:367-384. Muin, M.; A. Adachi; K. Tsunoda. 2001. ...
Kendala dari kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya adalah cepatnya produk kerajinan... more Kendala dari kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya adalah cepatnya produk kerajinan yang dibuat terserang organisme perusak kayu. Sehingga, diperlukan suatu pengetahuan mengenai metode pengawetan kayu terhadap bahan baku kerajinan. Metode yang dipilih adalah metode sederhana yang sebenarnya sudah sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat desa. Metode pengawetan dengan menggunakan pengasapan dan perendaman. Metode pengasapan dilakukan dengan menggunakan drum dan oven, sedangkan metode perendaman dengan menggunakan serbuk kayu yang tergolong awet yaitu kayu jati dan kayu bayam. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah peserta memperoleh pengetahuan tambahan mengenai teknologi tepat guna dalam peningkatan ketahanan kayu terhadap serangan organisme perusak dan pengetahuan dalam mengenali dan mengidentifikasi sumberdaya hutan yang potensial digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet dan praktik langsung pengawetan bahan baku untuk produk kerajinan.
The effectiveness of bio-based attractant from different leaves of tropical plants on subterranea... more The effectiveness of bio-based attractant from different leaves of tropical plants on subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus was examined under laboratory conditions. Five kinds of leaves of tropical plant such as cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & Th. Nees) Nees ex Blume, clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry), bay (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) and basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) were serving as termite feeding bio-based attractants for C. curvignathus. Bio-based attractants were obtained by cross cut dry leaves into smaller particles (dry weight 200 g) and dipped in 70% ethanol solution for 3 x 24 hrs. The extracts were then subjected to a rotary evaporator at 60 ºC until the extract changed to gel condition. 50 workers and five soldiers of C. curvignathus were tested in a no-choice test bioassay to determine their preferred bio-based attractant under the concentration of 10% and 50%. No-choice bioassays chambers were assembled by connecting two clear plastic glasses (bottom diameter 5 cm, top diameter 7 cm) with clear plastic hoses (inner diameter 3 mm, outer diameter 5 mm). Clear plastic hoses connectors allowed termites to move freely between glasses. A laboratory bioassay determined that the response of subterranean termite C. curvignathus on clove leaf was greater than other five leaves as indicated by termite moving time, and did not differ significantly between concentrations. No direct relationships were noted between the speed of the first termite moving time and number of termites recruited to the bio-attractant chamber.
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 2019
Densification is a process for improving the strength properties of wood from the felling of youn... more Densification is a process for improving the strength properties of wood from the felling of young trees, which is a common harvest practice in community forests. A series of experiments was conducted to refine the process with particular regard to the determination of suitable pretreatment and treatment conditions. Samples of pine and gmelina measuring 23 cm (L) × 20 cm (W) × 2 cm (T) underwent pretreatment through immersion in a 1:1 CH 3 COOH-H 2 O 2 solution at concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 30%. Samples pretreated with the 20% solution showed the greatest improvement in strength; further experiments were conducted to determine the optimum treatment conditions in terms of temperature and duration following immersion. Test samples with the same dimensions as those in the pretreatment experiment were soaked in a 1:1 20% CH 3 COOH-H 2 O 2 solution and warmed in a water bath. The test samples were then individually hot pressed to the target thickness, which was 30% less than the original thickness and held at 150°C or 170°C for 15 or 30 minutes. The treated samples were cut for an analysis of their density, recovery of set, and bending strength. Pine and gmelina exhibited the best characteristics after treatment at 150°C for 30 and 15 minutes, respectively. The results suggest that the modified densification process had increased the bending strength of the wood, but the temperature and duration of treatment must be carefully considered for different wood species.
Termites provide the valuable service of recycling wood and other cellulose materials in the natu... more Termites provide the valuable service of recycling wood and other cellulose materials in the natural environment, improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it is important to manipulate their behavior by providing more attractive food sources for the termite control system. Biological activity of termites related to the consumption of different food sources also consistently generates various biogenic products. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the attractiveness of food sources from some mixtures of paper, agricultural and industrial wastes and to determine the structure and chemical properties of the biogenic production. For the purpose of the study, various paper wastes (newsprint, paperboard, HVS) were mixed with agricultural and industrial processing wastes (rice husk, biogas, tofu) at different levels. The effectiveness of attractants was evaluated using test arena in the laboratory, whereas the structure and chemical properties of biogenic product...
Woods with low natural durability are vurnerable to the attack of organisms. Preservation process... more Woods with low natural durability are vurnerable to the attack of organisms. Preservation processes increasing wood service life would encounter this problem. However, preservatives that are usually non-biodegradable will lead to some environmental problems. The development of biodegradable and renewable natural preservatives that are environmental friendly is then necessary. This research was aimed at determining bioactivity of bitti wood (Vitex cofassus Reinw.) extractives to subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Extraction and successive fractionation of the wood extractive resulted in 2.49% of acetone extract consisting of 1.470%, 0.053%, 0.027%, and 0.940% of n-hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and residue fractions, respectively. The termite test indicated that ethyl ether fraction was the highest antitermitic activity. Key word: Vitex cofassus Reinw., extractives, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.
The potential of utilizing organic waste mixtures as food attractants for termite control were ev... more The potential of utilizing organic waste mixtures as food attractants for termite control were evaluated. Mixture formulations of degraded pine wood, various paper wastes, and soybean boiled water were served as food sources for termite Coptotermes sp. and determined their consumption rate and the termite food transfer efficiency. For the purpose of the study, four formulations with equally mixed materials based on their oven-dried weights were prepared. The bait formulations consisted of: (1) the mixture of degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper, (2) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS and newsprint wastepaper, (3) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper, and (4) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper. The mixture formulations were shaped to the size of 2 cm x 2 cm x 1 cm with the target density of 0.5 g/cm. Prior to bioassay tests, the shaped mixture formulations were dipped in the prepared soybean boiled w...
A research was conducted to evaluate the quality of white refined sugar produced from palm tree (... more A research was conducted to evaluate the quality of white refined sugar produced from palm tree (Arenga pinnata) using direct and indirect cooking processes. Visual methods were applied to determine color, shape and texture of produced sugar. The sucrose, ash, and other sugar contents as well as dry weight of produced refined sugar were also analyzed. Results showed that the production process using direct cooking resulted in small granulated, dry, compacted and milky white refined sugar, while that using indirect cooking (four hours storage) produced clay granulated, less compacted, dust shape and browning refined sugar. The sucrose, ash, and other sugar contents found in direct cooking process were 10.27%, 0.016%. and 2.68%, respectively, while those found in indirect cooking process were 11.11%, 0.018%, and 2.78%, respectively.
The status of a Special Allotment Forest Area (KHDTK) was obtained by the Forestry Education and ... more The status of a Special Allotment Forest Area (KHDTK) was obtained by the Forestry Education and Training Center of the Makassar Environmental and Forestry Education and Training Center in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 041/Kpts/DJ/I/1980 on February 28, 1980 and the zoning by the Minister of Forestry No. SK.13 / Menhut-II / 2010 on January 14, 2010. The main function is to support the educational activities. Several forms of activities and utilization have been carried out in this area, including Research and Development, Nature Tourism, Environmental Services and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Related to its main function as a means of supporting education, all the training activities, especially aspects of skills, are directed at KHDTK.Since established, KHDTK has numerous conflicts with the community. However, all existing conflicts have been acted on and a number of solutions have been made to resolve the existing problems. Regional stakeholders have managed the risks with a variety of activities, such as community empowerment, fostering the farmer groups, provision of assistance and facilitation as well as pre-emptive, preventive and repressive activities that are carried out routinely in the hope of aware the people, so that the KHDTK will receive recognition from the surrounding community.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
There is a widespread increase in the number of cases of infectious diseases, including those cau... more There is a widespread increase in the number of cases of infectious diseases, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Scylla serrata haemolymph contains active compounds, including antimicrobial peptide proteins as cofactor molecules in the antibody and immune system which resists infection. This research evaluated the antibacterial activity of Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant and virgin coconut oil (VCO) against the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923 strain. The research used an experimental laboratory design with post test control only and 3 replicates of each treatment. Samples of Scylla serrata haemolymph were centrifuged to extract the supernatant, which was divided into 9 treatment groups at different concentrations (100% to 0.39%). There were 2 control groups: positive control (Cefadroxil) and negative control (distilled water). Virgin coconut oil was produced using a traditional method for 9 hours and divided into 5 concentration groups (100% to 6.25%) with a positive control (Erythromycin 0.6%) and negative control (DMSO). The activity test used was inhibition zone diameter on nutrient agar and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of each treatment was determined. The result showed that for Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant the largest inhibition zone diameter was 16.83 mm with strong activity and the smallest was 5.58 mm with medium activity. The MIC of Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant was 12.5%. For 100%, 50%, and 25% VCO the inhibition zone diameters were 2.67 mm, 0.91 mm, and 0.5 mm, respectively, with no inhibition at lower concentrations. We conclude that Scylla serrata haemolymph supernatant showed medium to strong inhibitory activity against the growth of S. aureus, while virgin coconut oil had weak activity and did not effectively inhibit the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
Termites (Arthropoda: Isoptera) are social insects and well known as the most lignocellulose dige... more Termites (Arthropoda: Isoptera) are social insects and well known as the most lignocellulose digesting insects with a great diversity of symbiont bacteria in their guts. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria types present in the termite guts of Odontotermes sp. and Coptotermes sp. These bacteria were isolated from the termite guts and characterized by using morphological observation and stain Gram test. Results showed that there were 19 colonies of bacteria isolated from Coptotermes sp. guts and 37 colonies of bacteria isolated from Odontotermes sp. In the lower termite Coptotermes sp., two bacterial isolates with different morphological characteristics were found, namely isolate BcCo-1 with Coccus form and BbCo-2 with Bacillus form. The bacteria present in the lower termite species consisted of 84% Coccus form and 16% Bacillus form. Both of the bacterial isolates were Gram positive. In the higher termite Odontotermes sp., two types of bacteria isolates were als...
Kayu dengan kelas awet rendah atau keawetan alami rendah memiliki ketahanan yang rendah terhadap ... more Kayu dengan kelas awet rendah atau keawetan alami rendah memiliki ketahanan yang rendah terhadap serangan organisme perusak kayu sehingga sangat rentan terhadap serangan organisme perusak kayu seperti jamur pelapuk kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketahanan kayu Gmelina arborea dengan perlakuan ekstrak daun cengkeh terhadap serangan jamur pelapuk putih. Metode rendaman dingin digunakan untuk mengaplikasikan ekstrak daun cengkeh terhadap sampel kayu dan diekspose ke jamur Trametes versicolor selama 3 bulan. Analisis data retensi menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah (split plot) dengan empat taraf perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi 15%, 20%, 25%, dan kontrol. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Kelas ketahanan kayu ditentukan oleh tabel kelas ketahanan kayu SNI 01-7207-2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan nilai retensi kayu Gmelina arborea sejalan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi yang diberikan. Kayu gmelina bagian teras yang diberi ekstrak daun cengkeh pada kayu dengan konsentrasi 20% dan konsentrasi 25% dapat meningkatkan ketahanan kayu dari agak tahan menjadi tahan. Demikian pula, pada kayu bagian gubal pemberian konsentrasi 25% dapat meningkatkan ketahanan kayu dari agak tahan menjadi tahan.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Termites as wood biodeterioration agents have an important role in the ecosystem. This study aime... more Termites as wood biodeterioration agents have an important role in the ecosystem. This study aimed to observe termite diversity. A termites survey was conducted on Forest Concession Areas of PT. Inhutani I, South Sulawesi Indonesia. The termite specimens collected used the standardized transect sampling protocols at three different sites (forest with mixed vegetation, Pinus merkusii plantation, and logged-over area; and measurement of nine morphological characters of the soldier was conducted, i.e: head length without mandibles, head width at base of mandible, maximum width of head, left mandible length, pronotum length, maximum width of pronotum, postmentum length, postmentum width of postmentum, and the number of antenna segments. The results showed that there are four species found based on the morphological characteristics and morphometrical data, namely: Odontotermes javanicus., Nasutitermes sp., Schedorhinotermes sp. and Coptotermes curvignathus. The highest termite abundance ...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
This study was conducted to determine the presence of the insecticide permethrin and its retentio... more This study was conducted to determine the presence of the insecticide permethrin and its retention gradients within the structure of laminated bamboo after treatment using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the carrier solvent. the presence of permetrin was based on functional group differences indicated by FT-IR analyses before and after the preservative treatment. Permethrin retentions in the treated bamboo materials ranged from 0.0020 to 0.0022%. This result indicated that the preservative treatment of laminated bamboo using SC-CO2 as a carrier solvent produced evenly distributed chemical an effective level. There was no signicant distribution gradient of the preservative observed over the layers of the treated laminated bamboo arranged with outer-inner surface laminations. The current treatment condition is potential to produce laminated bamboo products completely resistant to biodegradation.
The bait formulation from the mixture of organic wastes for termite (Coptotermes sp) control was ... more The bait formulation from the mixture of organic wastes for termite (Coptotermes sp) control was evaluated in laboratory and field tests. Four formulations were prepared by equally mixing based on dried weights, i.e. the mixture of degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper, degraded pine wood with HVS and newsprint wastepaper, degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper, and the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper. Boiled soybean water was used as an additional substance of the formulation. The termite survival rate and food transfer were evaluated using no-choice test. The food transfer was studied using test samples dyed with 0.1% Nile Blue A. The food formulations were also subjected to field test for six weeks to evaluate the termite attacks. The results showed that the highest food transfer efficiency was found for degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper formulation, however, the survival rate was not significantly different among the formulations. The field test proved that the mixture formulation of degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper as well as that of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper were attacked by termites to the failure level.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019
This study aimed to observe and identify of Coptotermes species based on morphological characteri... more This study aimed to observe and identify of Coptotermes species based on morphological characteristics. Termites survey was conducted on Teaching Forest of Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi area Indonesia with the elevation range 406-628 meter asl; specimens collected used the standardized transect sampling protocols at four different landscapes (natural forest, Swietenia mahagony plantation, Acacia mangium plantation, and Pinus merkusii forest Observation, and measurement of nine morphological characters of soldier was conducted, i.e: head length without mandibles, head width at the base of mandibles, maximum width of head, left mandible length, number of antennal segments, pronotum length, maximum width of pronotum, postmentum length, and maximum width of postmentum; also three indices were calculated, i.e., bHW/mHW, MHW/HL, LML/HL. The results showed that there are nine species found based on the morphological characteristics and morphometrical data, namely: Odontotermes sp.1...
... Di samping itu, juga dapat dilihat bahwa nilai rata-rata gradien retensi antara bagian permuk... more ... Di samping itu, juga dapat dilihat bahwa nilai rata-rata gradien retensi antara bagian permukaan kayu dan bagian tengahnya masih tinggi (3.488~5.336). ... Proceedings of American-Wood Preservers Association 93:367-384. Muin, M.; A. Adachi; K. Tsunoda. 2001. ...
Kendala dari kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya adalah cepatnya produk kerajinan... more Kendala dari kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya adalah cepatnya produk kerajinan yang dibuat terserang organisme perusak kayu. Sehingga, diperlukan suatu pengetahuan mengenai metode pengawetan kayu terhadap bahan baku kerajinan. Metode yang dipilih adalah metode sederhana yang sebenarnya sudah sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat desa. Metode pengawetan dengan menggunakan pengasapan dan perendaman. Metode pengasapan dilakukan dengan menggunakan drum dan oven, sedangkan metode perendaman dengan menggunakan serbuk kayu yang tergolong awet yaitu kayu jati dan kayu bayam. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah peserta memperoleh pengetahuan tambahan mengenai teknologi tepat guna dalam peningkatan ketahanan kayu terhadap serangan organisme perusak dan pengetahuan dalam mengenali dan mengidentifikasi sumberdaya hutan yang potensial digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet dan praktik langsung pengawetan bahan baku untuk produk kerajinan.
The effectiveness of bio-based attractant from different leaves of tropical plants on subterranea... more The effectiveness of bio-based attractant from different leaves of tropical plants on subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus was examined under laboratory conditions. Five kinds of leaves of tropical plant such as cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & Th. Nees) Nees ex Blume, clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry), bay (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) and basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) were serving as termite feeding bio-based attractants for C. curvignathus. Bio-based attractants were obtained by cross cut dry leaves into smaller particles (dry weight 200 g) and dipped in 70% ethanol solution for 3 x 24 hrs. The extracts were then subjected to a rotary evaporator at 60 ºC until the extract changed to gel condition. 50 workers and five soldiers of C. curvignathus were tested in a no-choice test bioassay to determine their preferred bio-based attractant under the concentration of 10% and 50%. No-choice bioassays chambers were assembled by connecting two clear plastic glasses (bottom diameter 5 cm, top diameter 7 cm) with clear plastic hoses (inner diameter 3 mm, outer diameter 5 mm). Clear plastic hoses connectors allowed termites to move freely between glasses. A laboratory bioassay determined that the response of subterranean termite C. curvignathus on clove leaf was greater than other five leaves as indicated by termite moving time, and did not differ significantly between concentrations. No direct relationships were noted between the speed of the first termite moving time and number of termites recruited to the bio-attractant chamber.
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 2019
Densification is a process for improving the strength properties of wood from the felling of youn... more Densification is a process for improving the strength properties of wood from the felling of young trees, which is a common harvest practice in community forests. A series of experiments was conducted to refine the process with particular regard to the determination of suitable pretreatment and treatment conditions. Samples of pine and gmelina measuring 23 cm (L) × 20 cm (W) × 2 cm (T) underwent pretreatment through immersion in a 1:1 CH 3 COOH-H 2 O 2 solution at concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 30%. Samples pretreated with the 20% solution showed the greatest improvement in strength; further experiments were conducted to determine the optimum treatment conditions in terms of temperature and duration following immersion. Test samples with the same dimensions as those in the pretreatment experiment were soaked in a 1:1 20% CH 3 COOH-H 2 O 2 solution and warmed in a water bath. The test samples were then individually hot pressed to the target thickness, which was 30% less than the original thickness and held at 150°C or 170°C for 15 or 30 minutes. The treated samples were cut for an analysis of their density, recovery of set, and bending strength. Pine and gmelina exhibited the best characteristics after treatment at 150°C for 30 and 15 minutes, respectively. The results suggest that the modified densification process had increased the bending strength of the wood, but the temperature and duration of treatment must be carefully considered for different wood species.
Termites provide the valuable service of recycling wood and other cellulose materials in the natu... more Termites provide the valuable service of recycling wood and other cellulose materials in the natural environment, improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it is important to manipulate their behavior by providing more attractive food sources for the termite control system. Biological activity of termites related to the consumption of different food sources also consistently generates various biogenic products. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the attractiveness of food sources from some mixtures of paper, agricultural and industrial wastes and to determine the structure and chemical properties of the biogenic production. For the purpose of the study, various paper wastes (newsprint, paperboard, HVS) were mixed with agricultural and industrial processing wastes (rice husk, biogas, tofu) at different levels. The effectiveness of attractants was evaluated using test arena in the laboratory, whereas the structure and chemical properties of biogenic product...
Woods with low natural durability are vurnerable to the attack of organisms. Preservation process... more Woods with low natural durability are vurnerable to the attack of organisms. Preservation processes increasing wood service life would encounter this problem. However, preservatives that are usually non-biodegradable will lead to some environmental problems. The development of biodegradable and renewable natural preservatives that are environmental friendly is then necessary. This research was aimed at determining bioactivity of bitti wood (Vitex cofassus Reinw.) extractives to subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Extraction and successive fractionation of the wood extractive resulted in 2.49% of acetone extract consisting of 1.470%, 0.053%, 0.027%, and 0.940% of n-hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and residue fractions, respectively. The termite test indicated that ethyl ether fraction was the highest antitermitic activity. Key word: Vitex cofassus Reinw., extractives, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.
The potential of utilizing organic waste mixtures as food attractants for termite control were ev... more The potential of utilizing organic waste mixtures as food attractants for termite control were evaluated. Mixture formulations of degraded pine wood, various paper wastes, and soybean boiled water were served as food sources for termite Coptotermes sp. and determined their consumption rate and the termite food transfer efficiency. For the purpose of the study, four formulations with equally mixed materials based on their oven-dried weights were prepared. The bait formulations consisted of: (1) the mixture of degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper, (2) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS and newsprint wastepaper, (3) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper, and (4) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper. The mixture formulations were shaped to the size of 2 cm x 2 cm x 1 cm with the target density of 0.5 g/cm. Prior to bioassay tests, the shaped mixture formulations were dipped in the prepared soybean boiled w...
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