Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Jan 25, 2020
Background and Aims. Perioperative kidney injury affects 12.7% of patients undergoing lower limb ... more Background and Aims. Perioperative kidney injury affects 12.7% of patients undergoing lower limb revascularisation surgery. Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a potentially protective procedure against organ damage and consists of short nonlethal episodes of ischaemia. The main objective of this substudy was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on kidney function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients undergoing open surgical lower limb revascularisation. Materials and Methods. This is a subgroup analysis of a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre study. A RIPC or a sham procedure was performed noninvasively along with preparation for anaesthesia in patients undergoing open surgical lower limb revascularisation. The RIPC protocol consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of ischaemia, with 5 minutes of reperfusion between every episode. Blood was collected for analysis preoperatively, 2, 8, and 24 hours after surgery, and urine was collected preoperatively and 24 hours after surgery. Results. Data of 56 patients were included in the analysis. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, and beta-2 microglobulin increased, and eGFR decreased across all time points significantly more in the sham group than in the RIPC group (p = 0:021, p = 0:021, p = 0:024, and p = 0:015, respectively). Comparison of two time points, baseline and 24 hours after surgery, revealed that the change in creatinine, eGFR, urea, cystatin C, and beta-2 microglobulin was significantly different between the groups (p < 0:05). Conclusions. Our finding of reduced release of kidney injury biomarkers may indicate the renoprotective effect of RIPC in patients undergoing open surgical lower limb revascularisation. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02689414.
Alzheimeri tõbi (AT) on neurodegeneratiivne haigus, mille süvenedes nõrgenevad progresseeruvalt p... more Alzheimeri tõbi (AT) on neurodegeneratiivne haigus, mille süvenedes nõrgenevad progresseeruvalt patsientide kognitiivsed ja funktsionaalsed võimed ning kasvab hooldus sõltuvus. Eestis on AT raviks registreeritud
An important task for analysts of official statistical data is the determination of social risk g... more An important task for analysts of official statistical data is the determination of social risk groups, especially in poverty risk. As the data used in such analyses (Household Income and Expenditures surveys) have rather high non-response rate and may be affected by different sources of errors, the problem of model stability is important. One possibility to check the stability of a model is to use different generation procedures.
Background: remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon in which short episodes of isc... more Background: remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon in which short episodes of ischemia are applied to distant organs to prepare target organs for more prolonged ischemia and to induce protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aims to evaluate whether preoperatively performed RIPC affects the metabolome and to assess whether metabolomic changes correlate with heart and kidney injury markers after vascular surgery. Methods: a randomized sham-controlled, double-blinded trial was conducted at Tartu University Hospital. Patients undergoing elective open vascular surgery were recruited and RIPC was applied before operation. Blood was collected preoperatively and 24 h postoperatively. The metabolome was analyzed using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit. Results: final analysis included 45 patients from the RIPC group and 47 from the sham group. RIPC did not significantly alter metabolites 24 h postoperatively. There was positive correlation of change in the kynurenin...
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by structural deterioration of the aortic wall, ... more Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by structural deterioration of the aortic wall, leading to aortic dilation and rupture. The aim was to compare 183 low molecular weight metabolites in AAA patients and aorta-healthy controls and to explore if low molecular weight metabolites are linked to AAA growth. Blood samples were collected from male AAA patients with fast (mean 3.3 mm/year; range 1.3–9.4 mm/year; n = 39) and slow growth (0.2 mm/year; range −2.6–1.1 mm/year; n = 40), and from controls with non-aneurysmal aortas (n = 79). Targeted analysis of 183 metabolites in plasma was performed with AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. The samples were measured on a QTRAP 4500 coupled to an Agilent 1260 series HPLC. The levels of only four amino acids (histidine, asparagine, leucine, isoleucine) and four phosphatidylcholines (PC.ae.C34.3, PC.aa.C34.2, PC.ae.C38.0, lysoPC.a.C18.2) were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.05) after adjustment for confounders among the AAA patients compar...
Additional file 1: Table S1. Baseline values of acylcarnitines. Table S2. Non-substantial correla... more Additional file 1: Table S1. Baseline values of acylcarnitines. Table S2. Non-substantial correlations between cardiac biomarkers (i.e. high sensitivity troponin T and NT-proBNP) and acylcarnitines.
Objective. Diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and DSA with percutaneous translumina... more Objective. Diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and DSA with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (DSA-PTA) are common procedures for diagnosing and treating symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD). However, organ damage following DSA and DSA-PTA is often underrecognised and hence undiagnosed. To reduce the risk induced by invasive procedures in symptomatic LEAD patients, the method of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been suggested. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of RIPC intervention on the organ damage markers profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation biomarkers in LEAD patients undergoing DSA and DSA-PTA procedure. Methods. The RIPC intervention was performed by inflating a standard blood pressure cuff on the patient’s upper arm to 200 mmHg for 5 minutes four times with 5-minute perfusion between each cycle. The sham intervention was performed similarly, but the cuff was inflated to 20 mmHg. Changes in the cardiac and re...
Current study aimed to analyse the prevalence of job specific risk factors (JSRF) and musculoskel... more Current study aimed to analyse the prevalence of job specific risk factors (JSRF) and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among military personnel depending on demographic factors and type of service. ...
Background Vascular surgery affects tissues` blood supply and microcirculation and might lead to ... more Background Vascular surgery affects tissues` blood supply and microcirculation and might lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which may result in the accumulation of acylcarnitines (ACs). It has been suggested that remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) has its organ protective effect via promoting mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on the profile of ACs in the vascular surgery patients.Methods. This is a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre study. Patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, surgical lower limb revascularisation surgery or carotid endarterectomy were recruited non-consecutively. The RIPC protocol consisting of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of ischaemia, followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion, was applied. A blood pressure cuff was used for RIPC or a sham procedure. Blood was collected preoperatively and approximately 24 hours postoperatively. The profile of ACs was analysed using the AbsoluteIDQ...
Objective. Whether the inferior ability of atenolol to reduce central (aortic) compared to periph... more Objective. Whether the inferior ability of atenolol to reduce central (aortic) compared to peripheral (brachial) blood pressure (BP) is related to its heart rate (HR)-dependent or -independent effects, or their combination, remains unclear. To provide further mechanistic insight into this topic, we studied the acute effects of atenolol versus nebivolol and ivabradine on systolic blood pressure amplification (SBPA; peripheral systolic BP minus central systolic BP) in a model of sick sinus syndrome patients with a permanent dual-chamber cardiac pacemaker in a nonrandomized single-blind single-group clinical trial. Methods. We determined hemodynamic indices noninvasively (Sphygmocor XCEL) before and at least 3 h after administration of oral atenolol 50 or 100 mg, nebivolol 5 mg, or ivabradine 5 or 7.5 mg during atrial pacing at a low (40 bpm), middle (60 bpm), and high (90 bpm) HR level in 25 participants (mean age 65.5 years, 12 men). Results. At the low HR level, i.e., when the drugs...
Objectives: Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon that promotes protection of t... more Objectives: Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon that promotes protection of tissues and organs against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. RIPC has been shown to reduce myocardial and renal injury but its effect on arterial stiffness in patients undergoing lower limb digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on arterial stiffness in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) undergoing lower limb DSA. Methods: In RIPC intervention, the blood pressure cuff on the arm was inflated to 200 mmHg or to 20 mmHg above systolic pressure and in sham intervention, to 20 mmHg, for four 5-minute cycles at 5-minute intervals between the cycles. Changes in heart rate corrected augmentation index (AIx@75), augmentation index (AIx), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and haemodynamic parameters were measured before and 24 hours after DSA. Results: 111 (RIPC 54, sham 57) patients with symptomatic lower limb PAD scheduled for DSA were randomised. 102 patients (RIPC 47, sham 55) were included in final analysis. RIPC significantly improved AIx (−5.46% in RIPC and −1.45% in sham group; p = 0.045), but not AIx@75 (−4.88% in RIPC and −1.38% in sham group; p = 0.071) or PWV (−0.41 m/s in RIPC and −0.27 m/s in sham group; p = 0.741). In the RIPC group a significant reduction in AIx (p = 0.002) and AIx@75 (p = 0.003) was noted after stenting when compared to the sham intervention. Conclusion: RIPC improves haemodynamic profile and modulates arterial stiffness following DSA procedure and might be more pronounced in patients after stent placement.
Hypertension, risk factors and treatment 807 wiTh various co-morbidities and treatment environmen... more Hypertension, risk factors and treatment 807 wiTh various co-morbidities and treatment environments in KOREA), 1,871 men (59.6%) and 1,269 women (40.4%) were analyzed. The efficacy and safety of nebivolol were assessed according to the gender and age, i.e., young (<50 years), middle (from 50 to 69 years), and older (≥70 years) age. Result: Mean age of the study was 63.5±12.9 years old, mainly middle-aged men (31.1%), and the prevalence of hypertension was higher in women than men in order age (54.3% vs. 45.7%). The prevalence of hypertension and concomitant medications in women was age-dependent, which was not pronounced in men. Total dosage of nebivolol, which was calculated from total daily dose x treatment period was significantly lower in women and older patients (all p's<0.0001). For over all group, BPs decreased from 141.5/82.8 mmHg to 131.3/76.8 mmHg (-10.2/-6.0 mmHg, p<0.0001) at 12 weeks and decreased from 141.5/82.8 mmHg to 130.5/76.1 mmHg (-11.0/-6.6 mmHg, p<0.0001) at 24 weeks. The reduction of HR was dependent on the basal HR, and the difference was highest in patients with ≥70 of baseline HR (p<0.0001), without gender difference. The incidence of adverse events or adverse drug reactions was lowest in young patients, which doesnot show age-dependent. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension in women was age-dependent and the prescription dosage of nebivolol decreased by age. Nebivolol showed similar efficacy in terms of reducing BP and the incidence of adverse events between gender, and the HR lowering efficacy was dependent on the basal HR without gender difference. More attention should be focused on the middle-aged men and older women in treating hypertension.
1. General theoretical background Popularity of personal computers and various universal software... more 1. General theoretical background Popularity of personal computers and various universal software packages have made the methods of mathematical statistics available for people of different specialities. In order to use mathematical statistics correctly and effectively, it is necessary to have a general picture of the possibilities of statistics and presumptions for using different methods, as well as skills necessary for analysing the results. The researchers of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics have helped scientists of other specialities in setting out empirical problems, arranging data, and helping them with statistical processing of their data and analysing the results. In these contacts with people representing the applied fields of mathematical statistics, the lack of tutorials in Estonian language has been pointed out. The Institute of Mathematical Statistics University of Tartu has extensive experience in working out such methodological materials. During the years th...
ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to give a methodology for construction of multivariate distribut... more ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to give a methodology for construction of multivariate distributions by given multivariate marginals and some dependence characteristics. The problem is connected with practical tasks of analysing different surveys and performed through simulation experiments. A practical example is given to illustrate the methodology.
We hypothesized that during prolonged resistance training, time-divided ingestion pattern of case... more We hypothesized that during prolonged resistance training, time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement is of superior efficiency in comparison with the ingestion of the same supplement immediately before each training session. In a crossover study, 13 men aged 18 to 19 years were evaluated during 2 well-controlled, 8-week training and supplementation periods. In the time-focused supplementation regimen (TFR), the subjects consumed the supplement in the morning and in the afternoon, immediately before the training session. Time-divided supplementation regimen (TDR) included 1 morning dose, whereas the second dose was ingested in the evening, 5 hours after training. The daily dose of the supplement contained approximately 70 g of protein (82% casein) and less than 1 g of carbohydrate and fat. Body mass, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanned), and one-repetition maximum (1RM) for bench press and squat were determined at the beginning and at the end of both 8-week training and supplementation periods. Training produced a significant increase in 1RM strength both in the bench press (9.4% and 7.2%) and the squat exercise (10.7% and 17.8%) in the TFR and TDR, respectively, with no differences between the supplementation regimens. Fat-free mass increased from 62.4 ± 1.2 to 63.5 ± 1.3 kg (P = .046) with TDR, whereas no change was evident with TFR. The increase in 1RM strength in the squat exercise was related to the increase in fat-free mass in TDR (r = 0.569; P = .041). These findings may have practical implications for the timing of ingestion of protein supplements to enhance the efficacy of resistance training.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2012
This study assessed the effects of dietary sodium citrate supplementation during a 16 h recovery ... more This study assessed the effects of dietary sodium citrate supplementation during a 16 h recovery from 5% rapid body mass loss (RBML) on physiological functions, affective state, and performance in trained wrestlers. Sixteen wrestlers performed an upper body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test under three conditions: before RBML, after RBML, and after a 16 h recovery from RBML. During recovery, the subjects ate a prescribed diet supplemented with sodium citrate (600 mg·kg–1; CIT group, N = 8) or placebo (PLC group, N = 8) and drank water ad libitum. RBML reduced (p < 0.05) UBISP mean power and increased urine specific gravity (USG). Reduction in mean power was associated with changes in plasma volume (PV) (r = 0.649, p = 0.006) and USG (r = –0.553, p = 0.026). During the 16 h recovery, increases in body mass (BM) and PV were greater (p < 0.05) in the CIT group than in the PLC group. BM gain was associated with water retention in the CIT group (r = 0.899, p = 0.002) but...
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Jan 25, 2020
Background and Aims. Perioperative kidney injury affects 12.7% of patients undergoing lower limb ... more Background and Aims. Perioperative kidney injury affects 12.7% of patients undergoing lower limb revascularisation surgery. Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a potentially protective procedure against organ damage and consists of short nonlethal episodes of ischaemia. The main objective of this substudy was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on kidney function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients undergoing open surgical lower limb revascularisation. Materials and Methods. This is a subgroup analysis of a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre study. A RIPC or a sham procedure was performed noninvasively along with preparation for anaesthesia in patients undergoing open surgical lower limb revascularisation. The RIPC protocol consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of ischaemia, with 5 minutes of reperfusion between every episode. Blood was collected for analysis preoperatively, 2, 8, and 24 hours after surgery, and urine was collected preoperatively and 24 hours after surgery. Results. Data of 56 patients were included in the analysis. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, and beta-2 microglobulin increased, and eGFR decreased across all time points significantly more in the sham group than in the RIPC group (p = 0:021, p = 0:021, p = 0:024, and p = 0:015, respectively). Comparison of two time points, baseline and 24 hours after surgery, revealed that the change in creatinine, eGFR, urea, cystatin C, and beta-2 microglobulin was significantly different between the groups (p < 0:05). Conclusions. Our finding of reduced release of kidney injury biomarkers may indicate the renoprotective effect of RIPC in patients undergoing open surgical lower limb revascularisation. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02689414.
Alzheimeri tõbi (AT) on neurodegeneratiivne haigus, mille süvenedes nõrgenevad progresseeruvalt p... more Alzheimeri tõbi (AT) on neurodegeneratiivne haigus, mille süvenedes nõrgenevad progresseeruvalt patsientide kognitiivsed ja funktsionaalsed võimed ning kasvab hooldus sõltuvus. Eestis on AT raviks registreeritud
An important task for analysts of official statistical data is the determination of social risk g... more An important task for analysts of official statistical data is the determination of social risk groups, especially in poverty risk. As the data used in such analyses (Household Income and Expenditures surveys) have rather high non-response rate and may be affected by different sources of errors, the problem of model stability is important. One possibility to check the stability of a model is to use different generation procedures.
Background: remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon in which short episodes of isc... more Background: remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon in which short episodes of ischemia are applied to distant organs to prepare target organs for more prolonged ischemia and to induce protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aims to evaluate whether preoperatively performed RIPC affects the metabolome and to assess whether metabolomic changes correlate with heart and kidney injury markers after vascular surgery. Methods: a randomized sham-controlled, double-blinded trial was conducted at Tartu University Hospital. Patients undergoing elective open vascular surgery were recruited and RIPC was applied before operation. Blood was collected preoperatively and 24 h postoperatively. The metabolome was analyzed using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit. Results: final analysis included 45 patients from the RIPC group and 47 from the sham group. RIPC did not significantly alter metabolites 24 h postoperatively. There was positive correlation of change in the kynurenin...
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by structural deterioration of the aortic wall, ... more Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by structural deterioration of the aortic wall, leading to aortic dilation and rupture. The aim was to compare 183 low molecular weight metabolites in AAA patients and aorta-healthy controls and to explore if low molecular weight metabolites are linked to AAA growth. Blood samples were collected from male AAA patients with fast (mean 3.3 mm/year; range 1.3–9.4 mm/year; n = 39) and slow growth (0.2 mm/year; range −2.6–1.1 mm/year; n = 40), and from controls with non-aneurysmal aortas (n = 79). Targeted analysis of 183 metabolites in plasma was performed with AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. The samples were measured on a QTRAP 4500 coupled to an Agilent 1260 series HPLC. The levels of only four amino acids (histidine, asparagine, leucine, isoleucine) and four phosphatidylcholines (PC.ae.C34.3, PC.aa.C34.2, PC.ae.C38.0, lysoPC.a.C18.2) were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.05) after adjustment for confounders among the AAA patients compar...
Additional file 1: Table S1. Baseline values of acylcarnitines. Table S2. Non-substantial correla... more Additional file 1: Table S1. Baseline values of acylcarnitines. Table S2. Non-substantial correlations between cardiac biomarkers (i.e. high sensitivity troponin T and NT-proBNP) and acylcarnitines.
Objective. Diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and DSA with percutaneous translumina... more Objective. Diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and DSA with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (DSA-PTA) are common procedures for diagnosing and treating symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD). However, organ damage following DSA and DSA-PTA is often underrecognised and hence undiagnosed. To reduce the risk induced by invasive procedures in symptomatic LEAD patients, the method of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been suggested. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of RIPC intervention on the organ damage markers profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation biomarkers in LEAD patients undergoing DSA and DSA-PTA procedure. Methods. The RIPC intervention was performed by inflating a standard blood pressure cuff on the patient’s upper arm to 200 mmHg for 5 minutes four times with 5-minute perfusion between each cycle. The sham intervention was performed similarly, but the cuff was inflated to 20 mmHg. Changes in the cardiac and re...
Current study aimed to analyse the prevalence of job specific risk factors (JSRF) and musculoskel... more Current study aimed to analyse the prevalence of job specific risk factors (JSRF) and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among military personnel depending on demographic factors and type of service. ...
Background Vascular surgery affects tissues` blood supply and microcirculation and might lead to ... more Background Vascular surgery affects tissues` blood supply and microcirculation and might lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which may result in the accumulation of acylcarnitines (ACs). It has been suggested that remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) has its organ protective effect via promoting mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on the profile of ACs in the vascular surgery patients.Methods. This is a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre study. Patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, surgical lower limb revascularisation surgery or carotid endarterectomy were recruited non-consecutively. The RIPC protocol consisting of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of ischaemia, followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion, was applied. A blood pressure cuff was used for RIPC or a sham procedure. Blood was collected preoperatively and approximately 24 hours postoperatively. The profile of ACs was analysed using the AbsoluteIDQ...
Objective. Whether the inferior ability of atenolol to reduce central (aortic) compared to periph... more Objective. Whether the inferior ability of atenolol to reduce central (aortic) compared to peripheral (brachial) blood pressure (BP) is related to its heart rate (HR)-dependent or -independent effects, or their combination, remains unclear. To provide further mechanistic insight into this topic, we studied the acute effects of atenolol versus nebivolol and ivabradine on systolic blood pressure amplification (SBPA; peripheral systolic BP minus central systolic BP) in a model of sick sinus syndrome patients with a permanent dual-chamber cardiac pacemaker in a nonrandomized single-blind single-group clinical trial. Methods. We determined hemodynamic indices noninvasively (Sphygmocor XCEL) before and at least 3 h after administration of oral atenolol 50 or 100 mg, nebivolol 5 mg, or ivabradine 5 or 7.5 mg during atrial pacing at a low (40 bpm), middle (60 bpm), and high (90 bpm) HR level in 25 participants (mean age 65.5 years, 12 men). Results. At the low HR level, i.e., when the drugs...
Objectives: Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon that promotes protection of t... more Objectives: Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon that promotes protection of tissues and organs against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. RIPC has been shown to reduce myocardial and renal injury but its effect on arterial stiffness in patients undergoing lower limb digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on arterial stiffness in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) undergoing lower limb DSA. Methods: In RIPC intervention, the blood pressure cuff on the arm was inflated to 200 mmHg or to 20 mmHg above systolic pressure and in sham intervention, to 20 mmHg, for four 5-minute cycles at 5-minute intervals between the cycles. Changes in heart rate corrected augmentation index (AIx@75), augmentation index (AIx), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and haemodynamic parameters were measured before and 24 hours after DSA. Results: 111 (RIPC 54, sham 57) patients with symptomatic lower limb PAD scheduled for DSA were randomised. 102 patients (RIPC 47, sham 55) were included in final analysis. RIPC significantly improved AIx (−5.46% in RIPC and −1.45% in sham group; p = 0.045), but not AIx@75 (−4.88% in RIPC and −1.38% in sham group; p = 0.071) or PWV (−0.41 m/s in RIPC and −0.27 m/s in sham group; p = 0.741). In the RIPC group a significant reduction in AIx (p = 0.002) and AIx@75 (p = 0.003) was noted after stenting when compared to the sham intervention. Conclusion: RIPC improves haemodynamic profile and modulates arterial stiffness following DSA procedure and might be more pronounced in patients after stent placement.
Hypertension, risk factors and treatment 807 wiTh various co-morbidities and treatment environmen... more Hypertension, risk factors and treatment 807 wiTh various co-morbidities and treatment environments in KOREA), 1,871 men (59.6%) and 1,269 women (40.4%) were analyzed. The efficacy and safety of nebivolol were assessed according to the gender and age, i.e., young (<50 years), middle (from 50 to 69 years), and older (≥70 years) age. Result: Mean age of the study was 63.5±12.9 years old, mainly middle-aged men (31.1%), and the prevalence of hypertension was higher in women than men in order age (54.3% vs. 45.7%). The prevalence of hypertension and concomitant medications in women was age-dependent, which was not pronounced in men. Total dosage of nebivolol, which was calculated from total daily dose x treatment period was significantly lower in women and older patients (all p's<0.0001). For over all group, BPs decreased from 141.5/82.8 mmHg to 131.3/76.8 mmHg (-10.2/-6.0 mmHg, p<0.0001) at 12 weeks and decreased from 141.5/82.8 mmHg to 130.5/76.1 mmHg (-11.0/-6.6 mmHg, p<0.0001) at 24 weeks. The reduction of HR was dependent on the basal HR, and the difference was highest in patients with ≥70 of baseline HR (p<0.0001), without gender difference. The incidence of adverse events or adverse drug reactions was lowest in young patients, which doesnot show age-dependent. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension in women was age-dependent and the prescription dosage of nebivolol decreased by age. Nebivolol showed similar efficacy in terms of reducing BP and the incidence of adverse events between gender, and the HR lowering efficacy was dependent on the basal HR without gender difference. More attention should be focused on the middle-aged men and older women in treating hypertension.
1. General theoretical background Popularity of personal computers and various universal software... more 1. General theoretical background Popularity of personal computers and various universal software packages have made the methods of mathematical statistics available for people of different specialities. In order to use mathematical statistics correctly and effectively, it is necessary to have a general picture of the possibilities of statistics and presumptions for using different methods, as well as skills necessary for analysing the results. The researchers of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics have helped scientists of other specialities in setting out empirical problems, arranging data, and helping them with statistical processing of their data and analysing the results. In these contacts with people representing the applied fields of mathematical statistics, the lack of tutorials in Estonian language has been pointed out. The Institute of Mathematical Statistics University of Tartu has extensive experience in working out such methodological materials. During the years th...
ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to give a methodology for construction of multivariate distribut... more ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to give a methodology for construction of multivariate distributions by given multivariate marginals and some dependence characteristics. The problem is connected with practical tasks of analysing different surveys and performed through simulation experiments. A practical example is given to illustrate the methodology.
We hypothesized that during prolonged resistance training, time-divided ingestion pattern of case... more We hypothesized that during prolonged resistance training, time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement is of superior efficiency in comparison with the ingestion of the same supplement immediately before each training session. In a crossover study, 13 men aged 18 to 19 years were evaluated during 2 well-controlled, 8-week training and supplementation periods. In the time-focused supplementation regimen (TFR), the subjects consumed the supplement in the morning and in the afternoon, immediately before the training session. Time-divided supplementation regimen (TDR) included 1 morning dose, whereas the second dose was ingested in the evening, 5 hours after training. The daily dose of the supplement contained approximately 70 g of protein (82% casein) and less than 1 g of carbohydrate and fat. Body mass, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanned), and one-repetition maximum (1RM) for bench press and squat were determined at the beginning and at the end of both 8-week training and supplementation periods. Training produced a significant increase in 1RM strength both in the bench press (9.4% and 7.2%) and the squat exercise (10.7% and 17.8%) in the TFR and TDR, respectively, with no differences between the supplementation regimens. Fat-free mass increased from 62.4 ± 1.2 to 63.5 ± 1.3 kg (P = .046) with TDR, whereas no change was evident with TFR. The increase in 1RM strength in the squat exercise was related to the increase in fat-free mass in TDR (r = 0.569; P = .041). These findings may have practical implications for the timing of ingestion of protein supplements to enhance the efficacy of resistance training.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2012
This study assessed the effects of dietary sodium citrate supplementation during a 16 h recovery ... more This study assessed the effects of dietary sodium citrate supplementation during a 16 h recovery from 5% rapid body mass loss (RBML) on physiological functions, affective state, and performance in trained wrestlers. Sixteen wrestlers performed an upper body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test under three conditions: before RBML, after RBML, and after a 16 h recovery from RBML. During recovery, the subjects ate a prescribed diet supplemented with sodium citrate (600 mg·kg–1; CIT group, N = 8) or placebo (PLC group, N = 8) and drank water ad libitum. RBML reduced (p < 0.05) UBISP mean power and increased urine specific gravity (USG). Reduction in mean power was associated with changes in plasma volume (PV) (r = 0.649, p = 0.006) and USG (r = –0.553, p = 0.026). During the 16 h recovery, increases in body mass (BM) and PV were greater (p < 0.05) in the CIT group than in the PLC group. BM gain was associated with water retention in the CIT group (r = 0.899, p = 0.002) but...
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