DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 1987
A randomly selected sample of 7445 persons from North- West rural area of Kashmir were studied an... more A randomly selected sample of 7445 persons from North- West rural area of Kashmir were studied and 322 confirmed cases of scabies have been found giving the prevalence rate of 4.33 percent with male preponderance (5.24 percent) and a sex ratio of 1.3: 1. Scabies has been found more prevalent significantly up to 15 years of age (7.42 percent), among joint families (4.71 percent _, in overcrowded environment (5.06 percent) and lower socio- economic group (6.10 percent). Seasonal impact on the disease ‘Scabies’ revealed that the disease is more prevalent in summer (6.79 percent) followed by Autumn (6.53 per cent ). Moreover, the disease is more prevalent among the persons with unsatisfactory personal hygiene (6.03 percent). The commonest type of scabies was simple scabies in either of the sex.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2014
ABSTRACT Many strength training programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate u... more ABSTRACT Many strength training programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate upper body muscles. Past data supports the fact that shoulder girdle muscles [i.e., triceps (T) and anterior deltoid (AD)] exhibit greater electromyography (EMG) activity when a push-up is performed on a stable [i.e., traditional (Td)] vs. unstable [(i.e., suspended (Sp)] surface (Andrade, 2011). While greater muscle activation has been shown for healthy males (Sandhu, 2008), male athletes (Willardson, 2010), sedentary individuals (Syed, 2014), and lower body trained athletes (Syed, 2013) very little research has been conducted on T and AD muscle activation in whole body trained athletes (e.g. gymnasts) PURPOSE: To determine if differences exist in muscle activation between pushups in a Td vs. Sp environment in collegiate sedentary (SD) vs. collegiate female soccer players (SO). METHODS: Twenty-four apparently healthy SD (Ht: 165.1±7.8 cm; Wt: 60.9±8.5 kg) and SO (Ht: 164.8±7.6 cm; Wt: 61.7±8.4 kg) participated voluntarily. In random order participants performed three consecutive Td and three consecutive Sp push-ups. A repeated measures analysis was conducted using SPSS (v20) to analyze the difference between the T and AD muscle activation within and between the two push up positions. RESULTS: Analyses were conducted using the absolute integral, which measured electrical activity from a standardized baseline. Significantly higher muscle activation for Sp compared to Td pushups within the SO (T: 181.1±227.9mV, p<0.001; AD: 219.1±320.5mV, p=0.001) and SD (AD: 39.3±95.4mV, p<0.05) group was observed. The difference between Sp and Td pushups was greater in SO compared to SD (AD: 179.8±311.2mV, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The significant increase in muscle activation can primarily be attributed to the lack of hand stability incorporated into the Sp position. While the SO participants in this study are well trained, their regimen primarily activates lower body muscles compared to SD subjects who are whole body untrained. These findings provide further support that well-trained athletes, compared to untrained subjects, exhibit increased activation in muscles that are not part of their primary sport focus. In contrast, moreover, performing Sp pushups can effectively increase T and AD activation, even for a well-trained female collegiate soccer player.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2015
Body composition (BC) is a frequently assessed component of health-related fitness. Many differen... more Body composition (BC) is a frequently assessed component of health-related fitness. Many different field methods are used to estimate BC including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfolds. Recently, a portable joint diameter-based body composition assessment system (IBC) has become commercially available for estimating BC. PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of the IBC as a way to measure BC. METHODS: Subjects' %fat was estimated using IBC and compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which served as the criterion estimate. Subjects were 42 (22 males, 20 females) physically active college students [age 22 (3) yrs. height 1.72 (0.09) m, body mass 74.28 (13.37) kg. and BMI 25.1 (3.2) kg/m^2]. All subjects were tested in the hydrated state 1.01 (0.007) Urine Specific Gravity. RESULTS: The validity of the IBC %fat estimate was based on a comparison to the criterion value from the DXA by calculating the mean, SD, coefficient of determination (r^2), and standard error of estimate (SEE) from linear regression analysis. To assess the average deviation of individual scores from the line of identity, total error (TE) was calculated for each IBC estimate. Paired t-tests determined paired-wise differences between measurements with significance set at p≤0.05. The mean %fat was significantly lower for the IBC [21.0 (8.9) %] estimate than the DXA [25.6 (10.1) %] estimate (p<0.001). The r^2 value was 0.618; SEE was 5.5 %fat; and total error (TE) was 7.7 %fat. The results were similar when separated by sex. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the IBC did not provide a valid estimate of body composition and underestimated %fat compared to the DXA estimate. Based on this preliminary analysis, this method cannot be recommended for estimating BC.
Craving is defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food that is difficult to resist.... more Craving is defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food that is difficult to resist. Many individuals entering weight loss programs may believe that restriction of a certain type of food (e.g., carbohydrate, CHO) may increase their cravings for that food. The goal of the present study was to assess motivation for entry into a weight loss program, acceptability of low-CHO commercially-prepared foods, and changes in food cravings during rapid weight loss associated with high-fat, low-CHO dietary consumption. The foods provided for the first 2 wks included Atkin’s products (frozen dinners, bars and shakes), and some freshly-prepared meals (total fat was 54±4% of energy (%E), protein, 28±2 %E, and CHO 14±1 %E; fiber intake, 26±8 g/d) and resulted in an energy deficit of 1198 ± 655 kcal/d. For the next 2 wks, subjects prepared their own meals with the goal of achieving a similar food intake. Subjects were surveyed regarding reasons for enrolling in the program, and at baseli...
Body fatness has been shown to correlate with lower aerobic performance in athletic populations. ... more Body fatness has been shown to correlate with lower aerobic performance in athletic populations. Few studies have quantified this relationship using the gold standard body composition measure, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), in combination with direct maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) measurement. More valid data is needed for training to target body composition aimed at enhancing aerobic performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), indicated through VO2max, and DEXA percent body fat in an athletic college aged (20-29 yrs) population. METHODS: 12 males (mean ± sd; age, 22.25 ± 2.18 yrs) were assessed for body composition (DEXA) and VO2max (graded treadmill protocol with indirect calorimetry). Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (r; p ≤ 0.05 for significance) were calculated for relative (mL O2/kg/min) and absolute (L O2/min) VO2max vs. total body % fat, android % fat, gynoid % fat, trunk % fat, leg % fat, android to gynoid % fat ratio, and trunk to leg % fat ratios. RESULTS: Subjects were primarily fit with respect to CRF as all subjects (mean ± sd; VO2max, 50.91 ± 7.89), with the exception of 3 individuals who were above average, exhibited agematched excellent VO2max. Significant negative Pearson product moment correlations were found between relative VO2max with total % body fat (r-0.62, p 0.03), android % body fat (r
Low caloric intake or excessive energy expenditure can lead to a negative energy balance, which, ... more Low caloric intake or excessive energy expenditure can lead to a negative energy balance, which, in female athletes, may result in a condition called the female athlete triad. While several guidelines identified proper nutrition as a first line of treatment, little research has been reported to show the effect of a professional nutrition program (PNP) on the female athlete triad. The purpose of this case report was to measure the short- and long-term effects of a PNP on a female athlete presenting triad characteristics. A 20-year-old female track-and-field athlete at a Division I university who was in negative energy balance and amenorrheic underwent a one-month PNP. Short- and long-term effects measured by a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan prior to and after attending a PNP showed increased total energy intake from 2188 kcals to 3187 kcals, which resulted in an increase in body fat percent (BF%) from 4.7% to 6.7%. However, by the end of four months, energy intake and BF% (5.7% and 6...
William M. Miller1, Majid M. Abdul1, Jason D. Wagganer1, Thomas J. Pujol1, FACSM, Mark E. Langenf... more William M. Miller1, Majid M. Abdul1, Jason D. Wagganer1, Thomas J. Pujol1, FACSM, Mark E. Langenfeld1, FACSM, Jeremy T. Barnes1, Jeremy P. Loenneke2, and William V. Logan1; 1Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri; 2 The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma The criterion measure for cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., ability to perform aerobic activity for prolonged sessions) is maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), which is associated with muscle mass. Measuring VO2max is time consuming and requires specific facilities; creating an alternative way to predict VO2max using lean leg mass would increase accessibility in estimating VO2max. Graff et al. (2013) developed a formula for prediction of VO2max from leanleg mass specific to obese individuals. PURPOSE: To assess the ability of body mass, total lean body mass and total lean leg mass to predict VO2max in normal body weight cyclists using a previously established VO2max predictive equation. (Graff et al., 2013). METHODS: Twenty-four normal weight subjects (18 men, 6 women, mean ± SD; BMI: 23.5 ± 3.6 kg·m2; age: 38.7 ± 11.9; ht: 177.4 ± 5.7 cm; wt: 74.3 ± 12.9 kg) participated voluntarily. A total body Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry scan was used to assess body composition. The same day, subjects performed a maximal graded exercise test to assess VO2max using indirect calorimetry. A self-selected VO2max cycle ergometer test was performed to volitional exhaustion. A multiple regression equation, using the stepwise method, was executed using SPSS (v19) software. RESULTS: Total body mass was 74.3 ± 12.9 kg, total lean body mass 57.9 ± 8.9 kg, total lean leg mass 19.8 ± 3.0 kg, measured VO2max 3.95 ± 0.8 L·min-1. Using the Graff et al. (2013) equation (VO2max = (0.23 × kg lean leg mass) + 0.078) predicted VO2max was 4.63 ± 0.7 L·min-1, with lean leg mass being the strongest predictor of VO2max (p \u3c 0.001). Graff et al. found a variance of 76.8% in VO2max (r=0.877) explained by lean leg mass, compared to our variance of 55.4% (r = 0.744) with a standard error of the estimate of 0.575 L·min-1. CONCLUSIONS: Predicted VO2max overestimated the measured VO2max by 0.68 L·min-1. Therefore, while lean leg mass was strongly associated with predicted VO2max there was a large difference between measured vs. predicted VO2max, most likely due to applying normal weight cyclist data into the Graff et al. (2013) equation
2017 14th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2017
Polarimetric radar is one of the well known techniques for Concealed Weapon Detection. Usually a ... more Polarimetric radar is one of the well known techniques for Concealed Weapon Detection. Usually a tri-static configuration is used, whereby a transmitter transmits energy with a specified polarization (horizontal or vertical) and two separate receivers receive the reflected energy. One of the receivers is co-polarized (CO) and the other is cross-polarized (X). The ratio of the CO and X signals will be high when the person is not carrying any weapon (no-threat) and that the ratio will be low in case of any concealed weapon (threat). One of the challenging tasks in such a system is to find the threshold for this ratio; a fixed threshold usually generates excessive false negatives and false positives depending on whether it is high or low enough. This paper presents a learning based approach and evaluates different classifiers to determine this decision. Actual data from 27 subjects demonstrate that J48 (decision-tree) based classifier can achieve an accuracy of 88% at standoff distances (∼18m), enabling the system to be used in practical scenarios.
ABSTRACT Obesity is one of the major health concerns in the United States. Dietary modifications ... more ABSTRACT Obesity is one of the major health concerns in the United States. Dietary modifications and increasing physical activity levels are two major approaches to preventing obesity (Farah, 2013). The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (walking) (30W) for 5 days a week for weight loss or the prevention of obesity (ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 9th Ed.). This is due to the fact that moderate-intensity exercise utilizes stored glucose/glycogen as a source of energy and also prevents glucose from being stored as fat (Donohue, 2003). Studies have shown the positive effect of 30W, both before (Coan, 1989) and after consuming carbohydrate-rich-meals (i.e., 50 g) (50CHO) (Andersen, 2007), on lowering blood glucose (BG) levels. However, little research to date has assessed the effects of 30W while consuming a 50CHO meal and no research has assessed the effects on Smokers (S) vs. Non-Smokers (NS). PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of 30W on BG levels while consuming 50CHO in S and NS. METHODS: Twenty-two apparently healthy sedentary individuals (NS: n=11, Age: 23.6±4.5 yrs, Ht: 1.727±0.06 m, Wt: 68.6±12.3 Kg; S: n=11, Age: 23.2±3.3 yrs, Ht: 1.72±0.06 m, Wt: 71.2±14.0 Kg) voluntarily participated. In random order, participants consumed 50CHO on two different days, with 24 hours separating the two days, while performing 30W vs. 30 minutes of Sitting (30S). A monitor was used to check BG values 10 minutes prior and 60 minutes post 30W/30S. A repeated measure analysis was performed using SPSS (v.22) to analyze the difference between the BG levels within and between groups. RESULTS: BG levels were significantly higher among NS (28±15.1 mg/dL) compared to S (8±9 mg/dL) during 30S (p&lt;0.005). These values decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) among NS (6.3±11.9 mg/dL) but not in S (7.4±8.9 mg/dL) during 30W. CONCLUSION: The decrease in the BG levels among NS during 30W vs. 30S can be attributed to an increase in the energy demand during 30W. However, an unexplained physiological non-response in BG levels was noticed among S during 30W and 30S. Further research about BG concentrations in smokers is needed.
ABSTRACT The use of High-intensity Interval Training (HIT) has recently gained popularity in card... more ABSTRACT The use of High-intensity Interval Training (HIT) has recently gained popularity in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs (Rognmo et al., 2004). The majority of CR programs require participants to perform moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) most days of the week (Balady et al., 2007). Recent research has shown that HIT may induce greater physiological benefits (e.g., increased VO2max) compared to MICE, and patients prefer HIT due to decreased exercise time (Rognmo et al., 2004). PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a HIT program on VO2max, six-minute walk distance (6MWD), and six-minute walk speed (6MWS) on patients rehabilitating from various cardiac events. METHODS: Six subjects (3 female, 3 male, mean ± SD; age: 63 ± 10 yr) were IRB approved through Southeast Missouri State University and Saint Francis Medical Center, and voluntarily participated. Each 20 minute HIT session was assessed via Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) on a 6-20 Borg Scale, and heart rate. Intervals of low (RPE of 9-11 or Very to Fairly Light) and high intensity (14-17 or Somewhat to Very Hard) exercise were performed continuously every two minutes. HIT sessions were performed three times per week for six weeks, separated by at least 24 hours, for a total of 18 sessions. Paired-sample t-tests were conducted to compare pre- and post-assessments for, VO2max, 6MWD, and 6MWS with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between calculated mean pre- (30.4 ± 5.5) and post-VO2max (33.3 ± 5.4 mL·kg-1·min-1); t(5)= - 5.12, p=0.004, pre- (142.1 ± 22.9 m) and post-6MWD (176.9 ± 14.9 m); t(5)= - 6.33, p=0.001, and pre- (3.0 ± .6 mph) and post-6MWS (3.7 ± .5 mph); t(5)= - 3.16, p=0.025. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate HIT as a viable method for increasing VO2max, as assessed by significant increases in 6MWD and 6MWS. Implementation of HIT may be beneficial for CR programs due to potential acute and long-term cardiac adaptations resulting in potential decreases in cardiovascular disease related death. Future research is necessary to identify the benefits of HIT for specific CR patients (e.g., PTCA, CABG, myocardial infarction etc.), and acute and long-term adaptations in comparison with moderate intensity continuous exercise. Support by Southeast Missouri State University Summer Research Fellowship
Many strength training (ST) programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate upper... more Many strength training (ST) programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate upper body muscles. Past data supports the fact that shoulder girdle muscles [i.e., triceps (T) and anterior deltoids (AD)] exhibit greater electromyography (EMG) activity when a pushup is performed on an unstable [i.e., suspended (SP)] vs. stable [i.e., traditional (TD)] surface (Andrade, 2011). Sixty-nine healthy female volunteers [soccer players (SO), n=24; gymnasts (GY), n=21; sedentary (SE), n=24) performed three TD and three SP pushups. Muscle activation, expressed as absolute integral (AI, mV), was measured using EMG analysis.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 1987
A randomly selected sample of 7445 persons from North- West rural area of Kashmir were studied an... more A randomly selected sample of 7445 persons from North- West rural area of Kashmir were studied and 322 confirmed cases of scabies have been found giving the prevalence rate of 4.33 percent with male preponderance (5.24 percent) and a sex ratio of 1.3: 1. Scabies has been found more prevalent significantly up to 15 years of age (7.42 percent), among joint families (4.71 percent _, in overcrowded environment (5.06 percent) and lower socio- economic group (6.10 percent). Seasonal impact on the disease ‘Scabies’ revealed that the disease is more prevalent in summer (6.79 percent) followed by Autumn (6.53 per cent ). Moreover, the disease is more prevalent among the persons with unsatisfactory personal hygiene (6.03 percent). The commonest type of scabies was simple scabies in either of the sex.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2014
ABSTRACT Many strength training programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate u... more ABSTRACT Many strength training programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate upper body muscles. Past data supports the fact that shoulder girdle muscles [i.e., triceps (T) and anterior deltoid (AD)] exhibit greater electromyography (EMG) activity when a push-up is performed on a stable [i.e., traditional (Td)] vs. unstable [(i.e., suspended (Sp)] surface (Andrade, 2011). While greater muscle activation has been shown for healthy males (Sandhu, 2008), male athletes (Willardson, 2010), sedentary individuals (Syed, 2014), and lower body trained athletes (Syed, 2013) very little research has been conducted on T and AD muscle activation in whole body trained athletes (e.g. gymnasts) PURPOSE: To determine if differences exist in muscle activation between pushups in a Td vs. Sp environment in collegiate sedentary (SD) vs. collegiate female soccer players (SO). METHODS: Twenty-four apparently healthy SD (Ht: 165.1±7.8 cm; Wt: 60.9±8.5 kg) and SO (Ht: 164.8±7.6 cm; Wt: 61.7±8.4 kg) participated voluntarily. In random order participants performed three consecutive Td and three consecutive Sp push-ups. A repeated measures analysis was conducted using SPSS (v20) to analyze the difference between the T and AD muscle activation within and between the two push up positions. RESULTS: Analyses were conducted using the absolute integral, which measured electrical activity from a standardized baseline. Significantly higher muscle activation for Sp compared to Td pushups within the SO (T: 181.1±227.9mV, p&lt;0.001; AD: 219.1±320.5mV, p=0.001) and SD (AD: 39.3±95.4mV, p&lt;0.05) group was observed. The difference between Sp and Td pushups was greater in SO compared to SD (AD: 179.8±311.2mV, p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The significant increase in muscle activation can primarily be attributed to the lack of hand stability incorporated into the Sp position. While the SO participants in this study are well trained, their regimen primarily activates lower body muscles compared to SD subjects who are whole body untrained. These findings provide further support that well-trained athletes, compared to untrained subjects, exhibit increased activation in muscles that are not part of their primary sport focus. In contrast, moreover, performing Sp pushups can effectively increase T and AD activation, even for a well-trained female collegiate soccer player.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May 1, 2015
Body composition (BC) is a frequently assessed component of health-related fitness. Many differen... more Body composition (BC) is a frequently assessed component of health-related fitness. Many different field methods are used to estimate BC including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfolds. Recently, a portable joint diameter-based body composition assessment system (IBC) has become commercially available for estimating BC. PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of the IBC as a way to measure BC. METHODS: Subjects' %fat was estimated using IBC and compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which served as the criterion estimate. Subjects were 42 (22 males, 20 females) physically active college students [age 22 (3) yrs. height 1.72 (0.09) m, body mass 74.28 (13.37) kg. and BMI 25.1 (3.2) kg/m^2]. All subjects were tested in the hydrated state 1.01 (0.007) Urine Specific Gravity. RESULTS: The validity of the IBC %fat estimate was based on a comparison to the criterion value from the DXA by calculating the mean, SD, coefficient of determination (r^2), and standard error of estimate (SEE) from linear regression analysis. To assess the average deviation of individual scores from the line of identity, total error (TE) was calculated for each IBC estimate. Paired t-tests determined paired-wise differences between measurements with significance set at p≤0.05. The mean %fat was significantly lower for the IBC [21.0 (8.9) %] estimate than the DXA [25.6 (10.1) %] estimate (p<0.001). The r^2 value was 0.618; SEE was 5.5 %fat; and total error (TE) was 7.7 %fat. The results were similar when separated by sex. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the IBC did not provide a valid estimate of body composition and underestimated %fat compared to the DXA estimate. Based on this preliminary analysis, this method cannot be recommended for estimating BC.
Craving is defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food that is difficult to resist.... more Craving is defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food that is difficult to resist. Many individuals entering weight loss programs may believe that restriction of a certain type of food (e.g., carbohydrate, CHO) may increase their cravings for that food. The goal of the present study was to assess motivation for entry into a weight loss program, acceptability of low-CHO commercially-prepared foods, and changes in food cravings during rapid weight loss associated with high-fat, low-CHO dietary consumption. The foods provided for the first 2 wks included Atkin’s products (frozen dinners, bars and shakes), and some freshly-prepared meals (total fat was 54±4% of energy (%E), protein, 28±2 %E, and CHO 14±1 %E; fiber intake, 26±8 g/d) and resulted in an energy deficit of 1198 ± 655 kcal/d. For the next 2 wks, subjects prepared their own meals with the goal of achieving a similar food intake. Subjects were surveyed regarding reasons for enrolling in the program, and at baseli...
Body fatness has been shown to correlate with lower aerobic performance in athletic populations. ... more Body fatness has been shown to correlate with lower aerobic performance in athletic populations. Few studies have quantified this relationship using the gold standard body composition measure, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), in combination with direct maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) measurement. More valid data is needed for training to target body composition aimed at enhancing aerobic performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), indicated through VO2max, and DEXA percent body fat in an athletic college aged (20-29 yrs) population. METHODS: 12 males (mean ± sd; age, 22.25 ± 2.18 yrs) were assessed for body composition (DEXA) and VO2max (graded treadmill protocol with indirect calorimetry). Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (r; p ≤ 0.05 for significance) were calculated for relative (mL O2/kg/min) and absolute (L O2/min) VO2max vs. total body % fat, android % fat, gynoid % fat, trunk % fat, leg % fat, android to gynoid % fat ratio, and trunk to leg % fat ratios. RESULTS: Subjects were primarily fit with respect to CRF as all subjects (mean ± sd; VO2max, 50.91 ± 7.89), with the exception of 3 individuals who were above average, exhibited agematched excellent VO2max. Significant negative Pearson product moment correlations were found between relative VO2max with total % body fat (r-0.62, p 0.03), android % body fat (r
Low caloric intake or excessive energy expenditure can lead to a negative energy balance, which, ... more Low caloric intake or excessive energy expenditure can lead to a negative energy balance, which, in female athletes, may result in a condition called the female athlete triad. While several guidelines identified proper nutrition as a first line of treatment, little research has been reported to show the effect of a professional nutrition program (PNP) on the female athlete triad. The purpose of this case report was to measure the short- and long-term effects of a PNP on a female athlete presenting triad characteristics. A 20-year-old female track-and-field athlete at a Division I university who was in negative energy balance and amenorrheic underwent a one-month PNP. Short- and long-term effects measured by a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan prior to and after attending a PNP showed increased total energy intake from 2188 kcals to 3187 kcals, which resulted in an increase in body fat percent (BF%) from 4.7% to 6.7%. However, by the end of four months, energy intake and BF% (5.7% and 6...
William M. Miller1, Majid M. Abdul1, Jason D. Wagganer1, Thomas J. Pujol1, FACSM, Mark E. Langenf... more William M. Miller1, Majid M. Abdul1, Jason D. Wagganer1, Thomas J. Pujol1, FACSM, Mark E. Langenfeld1, FACSM, Jeremy T. Barnes1, Jeremy P. Loenneke2, and William V. Logan1; 1Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri; 2 The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma The criterion measure for cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., ability to perform aerobic activity for prolonged sessions) is maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), which is associated with muscle mass. Measuring VO2max is time consuming and requires specific facilities; creating an alternative way to predict VO2max using lean leg mass would increase accessibility in estimating VO2max. Graff et al. (2013) developed a formula for prediction of VO2max from leanleg mass specific to obese individuals. PURPOSE: To assess the ability of body mass, total lean body mass and total lean leg mass to predict VO2max in normal body weight cyclists using a previously established VO2max predictive equation. (Graff et al., 2013). METHODS: Twenty-four normal weight subjects (18 men, 6 women, mean ± SD; BMI: 23.5 ± 3.6 kg·m2; age: 38.7 ± 11.9; ht: 177.4 ± 5.7 cm; wt: 74.3 ± 12.9 kg) participated voluntarily. A total body Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry scan was used to assess body composition. The same day, subjects performed a maximal graded exercise test to assess VO2max using indirect calorimetry. A self-selected VO2max cycle ergometer test was performed to volitional exhaustion. A multiple regression equation, using the stepwise method, was executed using SPSS (v19) software. RESULTS: Total body mass was 74.3 ± 12.9 kg, total lean body mass 57.9 ± 8.9 kg, total lean leg mass 19.8 ± 3.0 kg, measured VO2max 3.95 ± 0.8 L·min-1. Using the Graff et al. (2013) equation (VO2max = (0.23 × kg lean leg mass) + 0.078) predicted VO2max was 4.63 ± 0.7 L·min-1, with lean leg mass being the strongest predictor of VO2max (p \u3c 0.001). Graff et al. found a variance of 76.8% in VO2max (r=0.877) explained by lean leg mass, compared to our variance of 55.4% (r = 0.744) with a standard error of the estimate of 0.575 L·min-1. CONCLUSIONS: Predicted VO2max overestimated the measured VO2max by 0.68 L·min-1. Therefore, while lean leg mass was strongly associated with predicted VO2max there was a large difference between measured vs. predicted VO2max, most likely due to applying normal weight cyclist data into the Graff et al. (2013) equation
2017 14th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2017
Polarimetric radar is one of the well known techniques for Concealed Weapon Detection. Usually a ... more Polarimetric radar is one of the well known techniques for Concealed Weapon Detection. Usually a tri-static configuration is used, whereby a transmitter transmits energy with a specified polarization (horizontal or vertical) and two separate receivers receive the reflected energy. One of the receivers is co-polarized (CO) and the other is cross-polarized (X). The ratio of the CO and X signals will be high when the person is not carrying any weapon (no-threat) and that the ratio will be low in case of any concealed weapon (threat). One of the challenging tasks in such a system is to find the threshold for this ratio; a fixed threshold usually generates excessive false negatives and false positives depending on whether it is high or low enough. This paper presents a learning based approach and evaluates different classifiers to determine this decision. Actual data from 27 subjects demonstrate that J48 (decision-tree) based classifier can achieve an accuracy of 88% at standoff distances (∼18m), enabling the system to be used in practical scenarios.
ABSTRACT Obesity is one of the major health concerns in the United States. Dietary modifications ... more ABSTRACT Obesity is one of the major health concerns in the United States. Dietary modifications and increasing physical activity levels are two major approaches to preventing obesity (Farah, 2013). The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (walking) (30W) for 5 days a week for weight loss or the prevention of obesity (ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 9th Ed.). This is due to the fact that moderate-intensity exercise utilizes stored glucose/glycogen as a source of energy and also prevents glucose from being stored as fat (Donohue, 2003). Studies have shown the positive effect of 30W, both before (Coan, 1989) and after consuming carbohydrate-rich-meals (i.e., 50 g) (50CHO) (Andersen, 2007), on lowering blood glucose (BG) levels. However, little research to date has assessed the effects of 30W while consuming a 50CHO meal and no research has assessed the effects on Smokers (S) vs. Non-Smokers (NS). PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of 30W on BG levels while consuming 50CHO in S and NS. METHODS: Twenty-two apparently healthy sedentary individuals (NS: n=11, Age: 23.6±4.5 yrs, Ht: 1.727±0.06 m, Wt: 68.6±12.3 Kg; S: n=11, Age: 23.2±3.3 yrs, Ht: 1.72±0.06 m, Wt: 71.2±14.0 Kg) voluntarily participated. In random order, participants consumed 50CHO on two different days, with 24 hours separating the two days, while performing 30W vs. 30 minutes of Sitting (30S). A monitor was used to check BG values 10 minutes prior and 60 minutes post 30W/30S. A repeated measure analysis was performed using SPSS (v.22) to analyze the difference between the BG levels within and between groups. RESULTS: BG levels were significantly higher among NS (28±15.1 mg/dL) compared to S (8±9 mg/dL) during 30S (p&lt;0.005). These values decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) among NS (6.3±11.9 mg/dL) but not in S (7.4±8.9 mg/dL) during 30W. CONCLUSION: The decrease in the BG levels among NS during 30W vs. 30S can be attributed to an increase in the energy demand during 30W. However, an unexplained physiological non-response in BG levels was noticed among S during 30W and 30S. Further research about BG concentrations in smokers is needed.
ABSTRACT The use of High-intensity Interval Training (HIT) has recently gained popularity in card... more ABSTRACT The use of High-intensity Interval Training (HIT) has recently gained popularity in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs (Rognmo et al., 2004). The majority of CR programs require participants to perform moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) most days of the week (Balady et al., 2007). Recent research has shown that HIT may induce greater physiological benefits (e.g., increased VO2max) compared to MICE, and patients prefer HIT due to decreased exercise time (Rognmo et al., 2004). PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a HIT program on VO2max, six-minute walk distance (6MWD), and six-minute walk speed (6MWS) on patients rehabilitating from various cardiac events. METHODS: Six subjects (3 female, 3 male, mean ± SD; age: 63 ± 10 yr) were IRB approved through Southeast Missouri State University and Saint Francis Medical Center, and voluntarily participated. Each 20 minute HIT session was assessed via Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) on a 6-20 Borg Scale, and heart rate. Intervals of low (RPE of 9-11 or Very to Fairly Light) and high intensity (14-17 or Somewhat to Very Hard) exercise were performed continuously every two minutes. HIT sessions were performed three times per week for six weeks, separated by at least 24 hours, for a total of 18 sessions. Paired-sample t-tests were conducted to compare pre- and post-assessments for, VO2max, 6MWD, and 6MWS with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between calculated mean pre- (30.4 ± 5.5) and post-VO2max (33.3 ± 5.4 mL·kg-1·min-1); t(5)= - 5.12, p=0.004, pre- (142.1 ± 22.9 m) and post-6MWD (176.9 ± 14.9 m); t(5)= - 6.33, p=0.001, and pre- (3.0 ± .6 mph) and post-6MWS (3.7 ± .5 mph); t(5)= - 3.16, p=0.025. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate HIT as a viable method for increasing VO2max, as assessed by significant increases in 6MWD and 6MWS. Implementation of HIT may be beneficial for CR programs due to potential acute and long-term cardiac adaptations resulting in potential decreases in cardiovascular disease related death. Future research is necessary to identify the benefits of HIT for specific CR patients (e.g., PTCA, CABG, myocardial infarction etc.), and acute and long-term adaptations in comparison with moderate intensity continuous exercise. Support by Southeast Missouri State University Summer Research Fellowship
Many strength training (ST) programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate upper... more Many strength training (ST) programs incorporate pushup exercises, which primarily activate upper body muscles. Past data supports the fact that shoulder girdle muscles [i.e., triceps (T) and anterior deltoids (AD)] exhibit greater electromyography (EMG) activity when a pushup is performed on an unstable [i.e., suspended (SP)] vs. stable [i.e., traditional (TD)] surface (Andrade, 2011). Sixty-nine healthy female volunteers [soccer players (SO), n=24; gymnasts (GY), n=21; sedentary (SE), n=24) performed three TD and three SP pushups. Muscle activation, expressed as absolute integral (AI, mV), was measured using EMG analysis.
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