Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator varia... more In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.
Many proteins in the cell are modified by phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation can affect cat... more Many proteins in the cell are modified by phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation can affect catalytic activity, localization of a protein in the cell, protein stability, and the ability of a protein to dimerize or form a stable complex with other molecules. There are several techniques available to find out whether or not a protein is modified by phosphorylation. To understand exactly why a particular protein becomes phosphorylated, it may be necessary to identify precisely which amino acid residues are phosphorylated. These residues can then be changed by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant protein can be examined for changes in activity, intracellular localization, and association with other proteins in the cell.
An account is given of the development of the SHELX system of computer programs from SHELX-76 to ... more An account is given of the development of the SHELX system of computer programs from SHELX-76 to the present day. In addition to identifying useful innovations that have come into general use through their implementation in SHELX, a critical analysis is presented of the less-successful features, missed opportunities and desirable improvements for future releases of the software. An attempt is made to understand how a program originally designed for photographic intensity data, punched cards and computers over 10 000 times slower than an average modern personal computer has managed to survive for so long. SHELXL is the most widely used program for small-molecule refinement and SHELXS and SHELXD are often employed for structure solution despite the availability of objectively superior programs. SHELXL also finds a niche for the refinement of macromolecules against high-resolution or twinned data; SHELXPRO acts as an interface for macromolecular applications. SHELXC, SHELXD and SHELXE are proving useful for the experimental phasing of macromolecules, especially because they are fast and robust and so are often employed in pipelines for high-throughput phasing. This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more of the open-source SHELX programs (and the Bruker AXS version SHELXTL) are employed in the course of a crystal-structure determination.
Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. H... more Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, during the last decade, the analytical methods for nucleosides by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with singleparameter detectors like electron-capture detection (ECD) have not been sufficiently rapid or reliable to detect nucleosides in urine and to analyze clinical samples. It has been reported (Dudley et al., Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2000; 14: 1200) that liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) is more specific and sensitive for analysis of nucleosides than HPLC with conventional detectors; however, this method required complex extraction steps. In the present work a direct LC/ESI-MS method for nucleosides without extraction of urine samples has been developed. Analysis of nucleosides using positive-ion mode with selected reaction monitoring effectively eliminated potential interferences from endogenous constituents of the urine. This highly selective and sensitive method made it possible to analyze urinary nucleosides with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.2 nmol/mL. The method has been validated, with both excellent linearity and reproducibility, in the calibration range from 0.2-400 nmol/mL. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were higher than 0.987. The coefficients of variation were in the range 0.03-14.92% (inter-day) and 0.54-14.39% (intra-day), respectively.
Why has the diffusion of NE taken so long? Public awareness has focused on identification not i... more Why has the diffusion of NE taken so long? Public awareness has focused on identification not intervention Program description information doesn't highlight NE model Clinical settings have a vested interest in keeping the doors open Vendor system of service delivery leads to reimbursement issues Physician referrals are generally for "hands on therapy" EI providers are busy learning what they are supposed to do Families lack knowledge on what NE is and what to expect Tired of excuses! Policy makers Organization leaders Scholars Service Providers Who are we missing? The diffusion of family centered EI in Natural Environments has involved… Our most important stakeholders… Families To Diffuse this Innovation begin by: Connecting with families Providing a clear description of the EI program and the rationale for NE Valuing the role of families in intervention Diffusion Action Plan Survey the Situation Identify factors that interfere with the diffusion message; listen to families about their perceptions related to EI services and intervention Construct the Communication Develop relationships with families; establish expectations; motivate families to accept the innovation; promote their participation in EI
his is the first comprehensive treatment of feed-forward neural networks from the perspective of ... more his is the first comprehensive treatment of feed-forward neural networks from the perspective of statistical pattern recognition. After introducing the basic concepts, the book examines techniques for modelling probability density functions and the properties and merits of the multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function network models. Also covered are various forms of error functions, principal algorithms for error function minimalization,
This paper describes a method of transferring fragments of DNA from agarose gels to cellulose nit... more This paper describes a method of transferring fragments of DNA from agarose gels to cellulose nitrate filters. The fragments can then be hybridized to radioactive RNA and hybrids detected by radioautography or fluorography. The method is illustrated by analyses of restriction fragments complementary to ribosomal RNAs from Esoherichia coli and Xenopus lacvis, and from several mammals.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator varia... more In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.
Many proteins in the cell are modified by phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation can affect cat... more Many proteins in the cell are modified by phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation can affect catalytic activity, localization of a protein in the cell, protein stability, and the ability of a protein to dimerize or form a stable complex with other molecules. There are several techniques available to find out whether or not a protein is modified by phosphorylation. To understand exactly why a particular protein becomes phosphorylated, it may be necessary to identify precisely which amino acid residues are phosphorylated. These residues can then be changed by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant protein can be examined for changes in activity, intracellular localization, and association with other proteins in the cell.
An account is given of the development of the SHELX system of computer programs from SHELX-76 to ... more An account is given of the development of the SHELX system of computer programs from SHELX-76 to the present day. In addition to identifying useful innovations that have come into general use through their implementation in SHELX, a critical analysis is presented of the less-successful features, missed opportunities and desirable improvements for future releases of the software. An attempt is made to understand how a program originally designed for photographic intensity data, punched cards and computers over 10 000 times slower than an average modern personal computer has managed to survive for so long. SHELXL is the most widely used program for small-molecule refinement and SHELXS and SHELXD are often employed for structure solution despite the availability of objectively superior programs. SHELXL also finds a niche for the refinement of macromolecules against high-resolution or twinned data; SHELXPRO acts as an interface for macromolecular applications. SHELXC, SHELXD and SHELXE are proving useful for the experimental phasing of macromolecules, especially because they are fast and robust and so are often employed in pipelines for high-throughput phasing. This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more of the open-source SHELX programs (and the Bruker AXS version SHELXTL) are employed in the course of a crystal-structure determination.
Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. H... more Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, during the last decade, the analytical methods for nucleosides by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with singleparameter detectors like electron-capture detection (ECD) have not been sufficiently rapid or reliable to detect nucleosides in urine and to analyze clinical samples. It has been reported (Dudley et al., Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2000; 14: 1200) that liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) is more specific and sensitive for analysis of nucleosides than HPLC with conventional detectors; however, this method required complex extraction steps. In the present work a direct LC/ESI-MS method for nucleosides without extraction of urine samples has been developed. Analysis of nucleosides using positive-ion mode with selected reaction monitoring effectively eliminated potential interferences from endogenous constituents of the urine. This highly selective and sensitive method made it possible to analyze urinary nucleosides with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.2 nmol/mL. The method has been validated, with both excellent linearity and reproducibility, in the calibration range from 0.2-400 nmol/mL. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were higher than 0.987. The coefficients of variation were in the range 0.03-14.92% (inter-day) and 0.54-14.39% (intra-day), respectively.
Why has the diffusion of NE taken so long? Public awareness has focused on identification not i... more Why has the diffusion of NE taken so long? Public awareness has focused on identification not intervention Program description information doesn't highlight NE model Clinical settings have a vested interest in keeping the doors open Vendor system of service delivery leads to reimbursement issues Physician referrals are generally for "hands on therapy" EI providers are busy learning what they are supposed to do Families lack knowledge on what NE is and what to expect Tired of excuses! Policy makers Organization leaders Scholars Service Providers Who are we missing? The diffusion of family centered EI in Natural Environments has involved… Our most important stakeholders… Families To Diffuse this Innovation begin by: Connecting with families Providing a clear description of the EI program and the rationale for NE Valuing the role of families in intervention Diffusion Action Plan Survey the Situation Identify factors that interfere with the diffusion message; listen to families about their perceptions related to EI services and intervention Construct the Communication Develop relationships with families; establish expectations; motivate families to accept the innovation; promote their participation in EI
his is the first comprehensive treatment of feed-forward neural networks from the perspective of ... more his is the first comprehensive treatment of feed-forward neural networks from the perspective of statistical pattern recognition. After introducing the basic concepts, the book examines techniques for modelling probability density functions and the properties and merits of the multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function network models. Also covered are various forms of error functions, principal algorithms for error function minimalization,
This paper describes a method of transferring fragments of DNA from agarose gels to cellulose nit... more This paper describes a method of transferring fragments of DNA from agarose gels to cellulose nitrate filters. The fragments can then be hybridized to radioactive RNA and hybrids detected by radioautography or fluorography. The method is illustrated by analyses of restriction fragments complementary to ribosomal RNAs from Esoherichia coli and Xenopus lacvis, and from several mammals.
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