In future mobile networks will form an integrated network environment, which will give individual... more In future mobile networks will form an integrated network environment, which will give individual based customized services. But this integration is facing many challenges. Recently Cognitive Networks has opened a new ground to present suitable architecture and mechanism for these challenges. The objective of this paper is to identify and discuss the challenges to the future mobile networks and to discuss some possible solutions to these challenges. Finally on the basis of discussion, simple flexible network architecture is proposed.
2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, 2010
ABSTRACT Vehicle to vehicle communication has strong potential to be a mechanism to improve drive... more ABSTRACT Vehicle to vehicle communication has strong potential to be a mechanism to improve driver's safety and is now emerging as a prominent research area all over the world. At present, vehicular networks are still not considered to be very efficient because of their rapid topology changes and their highly dynamic structure. However, there has been ongoing and progressive research and development in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) to support vehicle to vehicle communication, particularly in the area of routing in VANETs. In VANETs, routing schemes to reduced overhead and resource consumption is required to ensure successful message transfer within the network. The routing protocol proposed in this paper is based on a multi-hop transfer of a single message by discovering the most suitable vehicle within the transmission range instead of using single hop broadcast (flooding) scheme which results in high packet loss and collision rate. The simulation environment used for proposed algorithm is a tool which combines both network simulator and traffic simulator, known as NCTUns-6.0.
ABSTRACT Bone implants are widely used to treat patients due to trauma in different causalities. ... more ABSTRACT Bone implants are widely used to treat patients due to trauma in different causalities. The major types of bone implants are plates known as Dynamic Compression Plates (DCP) and nails, both made of stainless steel (AISI 316L Grade). In Pakistan both local made and foreign made (DCP) are available. The unit price of foreign made DCP is about 8 to 10 times that of the local made, however, no comprehensive study has been done on the comparison of these plates. An in-depth analysis was performed to compare the essential properties of six different brands of DCP including two foreign, two local and two unknown brands. These properties included mechanical properties, such as bending stiffness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity and hardness. Compositional analysis and various dimensions of plate important for bone healing process were also compared. The results show that all plates have similar mechanical properties. The compositional analysis showed some variations from the ASTM standards for most of the plates. The dimensional analysis of plates showed that Slot Width and Land were within range for most of the plates but the Spherical Radius was out of range for all the plates. Generally, all plates have no major differences in their properties, material and shape.
Abstract. Mathematical morphology is a tool for processing shapes in image processing. Adaptively... more Abstract. Mathematical morphology is a tool for processing shapes in image processing. Adaptively finding the specific morphological filter is an important and challenging task in morphological image processing. In order to model the filter and filtering sequence for morphological op- ...
Crossing minimization problem in a bipartite graph is a well-known NP-Complete problem. Drawing t... more Crossing minimization problem in a bipartite graph is a well-known NP-Complete problem. Drawing the directed/undirected graphs such that they are easy to understand and remember requires some drawing aesthetics and crossing minimization is one of them. In this paper, we investigate an intelligent evolutionary technique i.e. Genetic Algorithm (GA) for bipartite drawing problem (BDP). Two techniques GA1 and GA2 are proposed based on Genetic Algorithm. It is shown that these techniques outperform previously known heuristics e.g., MinSort (M-Sort) and BaryCenter (BC) as well as a genetic algorithm based level permutation problem (LPP), especially when applied to low density graphs. The solution is tested over various parameter values of genetic bipartite drawing problem. Experimental results show the promising capability of the proposed solution over previously known heuristics.
2013 ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), 2013
As the primary concern in conventional steganography techniques is to make the algorithm immune t... more As the primary concern in conventional steganography techniques is to make the algorithm immune to steganalysis, their primary focus is on imperceptibility. This paper discusses Zero-steganography, an imperceptible and undetectable data hiding technique that does not require any steganalysis. The proposed algorithm hides the data based on a relationship between characteristic matrix of the cover image, chaotic sequence and payload; however, no change is made to the cover image. The proposed algorithm is analyzed for robustness against three attacks-low-pass filtering, noise and JPEG compression. Our results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against these attacks with Bit Error Rate (BER) below 20% even for the highest attack intensities.
2008 4th International IEEE Conference Intelligent Systems, 2008
⎯In order to execute a user's query in a data integration system, the query execution process nee... more ⎯In order to execute a user's query in a data integration system, the query execution process needs to be optimized. Before executing a query at real time, relevant and effective data sources must be identified. In this paper we propose an ontology-driven relevance reasoning architecture for future data integration techniques that will improve the response time for queries during the relevance reasoning process. Ontology has played a vital role to develop various component of the architecture. Source descriptions are plotted over the bitmap index in an intelligent and improved manner. Despite taking a lot of time in traversing local ontologies of source descriptions, bitmap index is exploited in relevance reasoning to identify the relevant and most effective data sources for user's query. These identified data sources are ranked based on their relevance to the user's query and then queried accordingly. A distinguished feature of the system is that it facilitates the user to write the query in terms of their local ontology concepts as well as global ontology concepts. A brief discussion is done on the results of the experimental study of proposed methodology for relevance reasoning and improvements are shown as compared to the previous systems.
2008 4th International Conference on Emerging Technologies, 2008
... Reciprocal Anaphora Resolution in Pashto Discourse Rahman Ali Mohammad Abid Khan Muhammad Bil... more ... Reciprocal Anaphora Resolution in Pashto Discourse Rahman Ali Mohammad Abid Khan Muhammad Bilal Ihsan Rabbi ... [one another][to me-clitic] [say] [boy] [of] [God] [grace] [is] [at] [own] [salary] [your-Clitic] [better] [means oflivelihood] [do]. But no one leave us undisturbed. ...
The standard heat of solvation of [I-cyclodextrin @CD) with one mole of water is determined as-10... more The standard heat of solvation of [I-cyclodextrin @CD) with one mole of water is determined as-10.50 kJ per mol /1CD, after measurement of the heat of dissolution of flCD samples containing various amounts of water. This value is constant in the composition range flCD nH,O, with 0 <n < I I (n is the number of water molecules attached). The thcrmogravimetric study of the kinetics of water absorption by /ICD does not show a definite hydrate. The water content of the hydrate is controlled by the vapour pressure and temperature alone. Under ambient conditions, the number of water molecules bound to one flCD molecule lies between 10 and 12.
This article addresses time-domain ultrawide band (UWB) electromagnetic tomography for reconstruc... more This article addresses time-domain ultrawide band (UWB) electromagnetic tomography for reconstructing the unknown spatial characteristic of an object from observations of the arrivals of short electromagnetic (EM) pulses. Here, the determination of the first peak arrival of the EM traces constitutes the forward problem, and the inverse problem aims to reconstruct the EM property distribution of the media. In this article, the finite-difference time-domain method implementing a perfectly matched layer is used to solve the forward problem from which the system sensitivity maps are determined. Image reconstruction is based on the combination of a linearized update and regularized Landweber minimization algorithm. Experimental data from a laboratory UWB system using targets of different contrasts, sizes, and shapes in an aqueous media are presented. The results show that this technique can accurately detect and locate unknown targets in spite of the presence of significant levels of noi...
and 11 o'clock positions to complete the anastomosis. A third layer of supportive sutures are pla... more and 11 o'clock positions to complete the anastomosis. A third layer of supportive sutures are placed into the adventitia or peri-vasal tissue to enhance security of the anastomosis. Results: Between February 2008 and August 2009, eight men underwent vasectomy reversal using the 4x4 technique. The procedure was performed bilaterally in six men while two patients underwent a two-suture, longitudinal intussusception vasoepididymostomy on the second side due to absence of sperms in the proximal end of the vas deferens. Mean operative time was 90 minutes per patient. All men had sperm in the ejaculate at the first semen analysis, performed six weeks after the surgery. There were no complications. Conclusion: The '4x4' modified two-layer vasovasostomy is a simple technique that can be performed quickly with excellent outcomes. It may allow a common ground between the complex microdot double layer technique and the oversimplified single layer procedure.
RATIONALE: To assess the technique of using an inhaler among asthmatic patients reporting in the ... more RATIONALE: To assess the technique of using an inhaler among asthmatic patients reporting in the Out Patient Department of tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study, in which previously diagnosed Asthmatic patients reporting in the out patient department of three major tertiary care hospitals of the city were asked to perform a practical demonstration of using the inhaler which had been prescribed to them before. The inhalation technique was observed and each step was marked on a standardized performa containing 11 steps. All known Asthmatic patients who had been prescribed an inhaler were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 14. RESULTS: Only 1 patient was observed to make no inhalation errors when evaluated (P < 0.05). 37% patients did not perform step 4 (Tilting head back and expiring the air out) correctly. 45% patients did not perform step 9 (Waiting about 1 minute and repeating steps 2-8, if more than one puff required) correctly and 58% patients performed step 11 (Gargling and rinse mouth with steroid-type inhalers) incorrectly. CONCLUSION: The technique of using the inhaler can be substantially improved with good instructions by the treating physician and it should be kept in mind that technique instruction is an essential ingredient of patient's management.
The persistence of potential tracers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) generated from farm waste-... more The persistence of potential tracers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) generated from farm waste-amended soil was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with classification and regression tree (CART) and principal component analysis (PCA) during a short-term (8 days) to midterm (60 days) biodegradation study. Pig manure (PM), cow manure (CM), wheat straw (WS), and soil alone (SA) treatment inputs were used. Waste amendments were potential sources of higher DOM concentrations. PCA revealed the DOM quality differences between farm wastes and soil alone as well as a significant shift observed from the biochemical to the geochemical fluorescent fraction in SA and PM treatments. The tryptophan:Humic-Like ratio and tryptophan zone were the potential discriminators of recent and midterm pollution by farm wastes. Integral intensities of the Fulvic-Like zone and region III discriminated the PM from CM and WS during the 60 days. CART analysis showed 90 and 100% potential for farm wastes discrimination from soil during P1 and P2, respectively. The prediction successes were 72 and 57% for PM from other wastes and 60 and 100% for WS during both periods. Fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with CART analysis can be a nondestructive innovative method for monitoring susceptible farm waste contamination.
ABSTRACT Design and implementation of a new early termination algorithm for efficient calculation... more ABSTRACT Design and implementation of a new early termination algorithm for efficient calculation of correlation coefficient for template matching is presented. The proposed algorithm correlates the candidates against `negative` (bit-inverted) version of reference instead of the original to implement a low cost early termination criterion. Around 10% computational savings have been demonstrated while using the proposed algorithm to compute normalised correlation as error metric for motion estimation in software implementation of H.264 video encoder. The algorithm lends itself to efficient hardware implementation because of its simple cost function. Further hardware savings have been realised by noting that the multiplication products generated by the proposed negative reference correlation algorithm tend to have low magnitudes with significantly less variance than those generated by other schemes. This allows a low-precision summation stage to accumulate majority of the multiplication products without losing the precision of results. Results of the hardware implementation on Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA have been provided. The overall design is shown to consume around 85% less logic resources and operate at 140% higher speed than existing architectures.
Gastroenterology, Volume 134, Issue 4, Pages A-411-A-412, April 2008, Authors:Muhammad A. Asim; S... more Gastroenterology, Volume 134, Issue 4, Pages A-411-A-412, April 2008, Authors:Muhammad A. Asim; Saad M. Khan; Muhammad Bilal; Satheesh Nair; Ian T. Gaillard.
Known upper bounds on the minimum distance of codes over rings are applied to the case of $${\mat... more Known upper bounds on the minimum distance of codes over rings are applied to the case of $${\mathbb Z_{2}\mathbb Z_{4}}$$-additive codes, that is subgroups of $${\mathbb Z_{2}^{\alpha}\mathbb Z_{4}^{\beta}}$$. Two kinds of maximum distance separable codes are studied. We determine all possible parameters of these codes and characterize the codes in certain cases. The main results are also valid when α = 0,
... The condition assessment of Page 2. 180 B. M. AYYUB AND MH M. HASAN construction activities s... more ... The condition assessment of Page 2. 180 B. M. AYYUB AND MH M. HASAN construction activities should be realized in two levels. ... Figure 1 shows these Page 8. BM AYYUB AND MHM HASAN Sra~e 1: Failure ExccHen~ Likelihood: Slate 2 : Good Slate 3: Fair ...
In future mobile networks will form an integrated network environment, which will give individual... more In future mobile networks will form an integrated network environment, which will give individual based customized services. But this integration is facing many challenges. Recently Cognitive Networks has opened a new ground to present suitable architecture and mechanism for these challenges. The objective of this paper is to identify and discuss the challenges to the future mobile networks and to discuss some possible solutions to these challenges. Finally on the basis of discussion, simple flexible network architecture is proposed.
2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, 2010
ABSTRACT Vehicle to vehicle communication has strong potential to be a mechanism to improve drive... more ABSTRACT Vehicle to vehicle communication has strong potential to be a mechanism to improve driver&#39;s safety and is now emerging as a prominent research area all over the world. At present, vehicular networks are still not considered to be very efficient because of their rapid topology changes and their highly dynamic structure. However, there has been ongoing and progressive research and development in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) to support vehicle to vehicle communication, particularly in the area of routing in VANETs. In VANETs, routing schemes to reduced overhead and resource consumption is required to ensure successful message transfer within the network. The routing protocol proposed in this paper is based on a multi-hop transfer of a single message by discovering the most suitable vehicle within the transmission range instead of using single hop broadcast (flooding) scheme which results in high packet loss and collision rate. The simulation environment used for proposed algorithm is a tool which combines both network simulator and traffic simulator, known as NCTUns-6.0.
ABSTRACT Bone implants are widely used to treat patients due to trauma in different causalities. ... more ABSTRACT Bone implants are widely used to treat patients due to trauma in different causalities. The major types of bone implants are plates known as Dynamic Compression Plates (DCP) and nails, both made of stainless steel (AISI 316L Grade). In Pakistan both local made and foreign made (DCP) are available. The unit price of foreign made DCP is about 8 to 10 times that of the local made, however, no comprehensive study has been done on the comparison of these plates. An in-depth analysis was performed to compare the essential properties of six different brands of DCP including two foreign, two local and two unknown brands. These properties included mechanical properties, such as bending stiffness, yield strength, modulus of elasticity and hardness. Compositional analysis and various dimensions of plate important for bone healing process were also compared. The results show that all plates have similar mechanical properties. The compositional analysis showed some variations from the ASTM standards for most of the plates. The dimensional analysis of plates showed that Slot Width and Land were within range for most of the plates but the Spherical Radius was out of range for all the plates. Generally, all plates have no major differences in their properties, material and shape.
Abstract. Mathematical morphology is a tool for processing shapes in image processing. Adaptively... more Abstract. Mathematical morphology is a tool for processing shapes in image processing. Adaptively finding the specific morphological filter is an important and challenging task in morphological image processing. In order to model the filter and filtering sequence for morphological op- ...
Crossing minimization problem in a bipartite graph is a well-known NP-Complete problem. Drawing t... more Crossing minimization problem in a bipartite graph is a well-known NP-Complete problem. Drawing the directed/undirected graphs such that they are easy to understand and remember requires some drawing aesthetics and crossing minimization is one of them. In this paper, we investigate an intelligent evolutionary technique i.e. Genetic Algorithm (GA) for bipartite drawing problem (BDP). Two techniques GA1 and GA2 are proposed based on Genetic Algorithm. It is shown that these techniques outperform previously known heuristics e.g., MinSort (M-Sort) and BaryCenter (BC) as well as a genetic algorithm based level permutation problem (LPP), especially when applied to low density graphs. The solution is tested over various parameter values of genetic bipartite drawing problem. Experimental results show the promising capability of the proposed solution over previously known heuristics.
2013 ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), 2013
As the primary concern in conventional steganography techniques is to make the algorithm immune t... more As the primary concern in conventional steganography techniques is to make the algorithm immune to steganalysis, their primary focus is on imperceptibility. This paper discusses Zero-steganography, an imperceptible and undetectable data hiding technique that does not require any steganalysis. The proposed algorithm hides the data based on a relationship between characteristic matrix of the cover image, chaotic sequence and payload; however, no change is made to the cover image. The proposed algorithm is analyzed for robustness against three attacks-low-pass filtering, noise and JPEG compression. Our results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against these attacks with Bit Error Rate (BER) below 20% even for the highest attack intensities.
2008 4th International IEEE Conference Intelligent Systems, 2008
⎯In order to execute a user's query in a data integration system, the query execution process nee... more ⎯In order to execute a user's query in a data integration system, the query execution process needs to be optimized. Before executing a query at real time, relevant and effective data sources must be identified. In this paper we propose an ontology-driven relevance reasoning architecture for future data integration techniques that will improve the response time for queries during the relevance reasoning process. Ontology has played a vital role to develop various component of the architecture. Source descriptions are plotted over the bitmap index in an intelligent and improved manner. Despite taking a lot of time in traversing local ontologies of source descriptions, bitmap index is exploited in relevance reasoning to identify the relevant and most effective data sources for user's query. These identified data sources are ranked based on their relevance to the user's query and then queried accordingly. A distinguished feature of the system is that it facilitates the user to write the query in terms of their local ontology concepts as well as global ontology concepts. A brief discussion is done on the results of the experimental study of proposed methodology for relevance reasoning and improvements are shown as compared to the previous systems.
2008 4th International Conference on Emerging Technologies, 2008
... Reciprocal Anaphora Resolution in Pashto Discourse Rahman Ali Mohammad Abid Khan Muhammad Bil... more ... Reciprocal Anaphora Resolution in Pashto Discourse Rahman Ali Mohammad Abid Khan Muhammad Bilal Ihsan Rabbi ... [one another][to me-clitic] [say] [boy] [of] [God] [grace] [is] [at] [own] [salary] [your-Clitic] [better] [means oflivelihood] [do]. But no one leave us undisturbed. ...
The standard heat of solvation of [I-cyclodextrin @CD) with one mole of water is determined as-10... more The standard heat of solvation of [I-cyclodextrin @CD) with one mole of water is determined as-10.50 kJ per mol /1CD, after measurement of the heat of dissolution of flCD samples containing various amounts of water. This value is constant in the composition range flCD nH,O, with 0 <n < I I (n is the number of water molecules attached). The thcrmogravimetric study of the kinetics of water absorption by /ICD does not show a definite hydrate. The water content of the hydrate is controlled by the vapour pressure and temperature alone. Under ambient conditions, the number of water molecules bound to one flCD molecule lies between 10 and 12.
This article addresses time-domain ultrawide band (UWB) electromagnetic tomography for reconstruc... more This article addresses time-domain ultrawide band (UWB) electromagnetic tomography for reconstructing the unknown spatial characteristic of an object from observations of the arrivals of short electromagnetic (EM) pulses. Here, the determination of the first peak arrival of the EM traces constitutes the forward problem, and the inverse problem aims to reconstruct the EM property distribution of the media. In this article, the finite-difference time-domain method implementing a perfectly matched layer is used to solve the forward problem from which the system sensitivity maps are determined. Image reconstruction is based on the combination of a linearized update and regularized Landweber minimization algorithm. Experimental data from a laboratory UWB system using targets of different contrasts, sizes, and shapes in an aqueous media are presented. The results show that this technique can accurately detect and locate unknown targets in spite of the presence of significant levels of noi...
and 11 o'clock positions to complete the anastomosis. A third layer of supportive sutures are pla... more and 11 o'clock positions to complete the anastomosis. A third layer of supportive sutures are placed into the adventitia or peri-vasal tissue to enhance security of the anastomosis. Results: Between February 2008 and August 2009, eight men underwent vasectomy reversal using the 4x4 technique. The procedure was performed bilaterally in six men while two patients underwent a two-suture, longitudinal intussusception vasoepididymostomy on the second side due to absence of sperms in the proximal end of the vas deferens. Mean operative time was 90 minutes per patient. All men had sperm in the ejaculate at the first semen analysis, performed six weeks after the surgery. There were no complications. Conclusion: The '4x4' modified two-layer vasovasostomy is a simple technique that can be performed quickly with excellent outcomes. It may allow a common ground between the complex microdot double layer technique and the oversimplified single layer procedure.
RATIONALE: To assess the technique of using an inhaler among asthmatic patients reporting in the ... more RATIONALE: To assess the technique of using an inhaler among asthmatic patients reporting in the Out Patient Department of tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study, in which previously diagnosed Asthmatic patients reporting in the out patient department of three major tertiary care hospitals of the city were asked to perform a practical demonstration of using the inhaler which had been prescribed to them before. The inhalation technique was observed and each step was marked on a standardized performa containing 11 steps. All known Asthmatic patients who had been prescribed an inhaler were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 14. RESULTS: Only 1 patient was observed to make no inhalation errors when evaluated (P < 0.05). 37% patients did not perform step 4 (Tilting head back and expiring the air out) correctly. 45% patients did not perform step 9 (Waiting about 1 minute and repeating steps 2-8, if more than one puff required) correctly and 58% patients performed step 11 (Gargling and rinse mouth with steroid-type inhalers) incorrectly. CONCLUSION: The technique of using the inhaler can be substantially improved with good instructions by the treating physician and it should be kept in mind that technique instruction is an essential ingredient of patient's management.
The persistence of potential tracers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) generated from farm waste-... more The persistence of potential tracers of dissolved organic matter (DOM) generated from farm waste-amended soil was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with classification and regression tree (CART) and principal component analysis (PCA) during a short-term (8 days) to midterm (60 days) biodegradation study. Pig manure (PM), cow manure (CM), wheat straw (WS), and soil alone (SA) treatment inputs were used. Waste amendments were potential sources of higher DOM concentrations. PCA revealed the DOM quality differences between farm wastes and soil alone as well as a significant shift observed from the biochemical to the geochemical fluorescent fraction in SA and PM treatments. The tryptophan:Humic-Like ratio and tryptophan zone were the potential discriminators of recent and midterm pollution by farm wastes. Integral intensities of the Fulvic-Like zone and region III discriminated the PM from CM and WS during the 60 days. CART analysis showed 90 and 100% potential for farm wastes discrimination from soil during P1 and P2, respectively. The prediction successes were 72 and 57% for PM from other wastes and 60 and 100% for WS during both periods. Fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with CART analysis can be a nondestructive innovative method for monitoring susceptible farm waste contamination.
ABSTRACT Design and implementation of a new early termination algorithm for efficient calculation... more ABSTRACT Design and implementation of a new early termination algorithm for efficient calculation of correlation coefficient for template matching is presented. The proposed algorithm correlates the candidates against `negative` (bit-inverted) version of reference instead of the original to implement a low cost early termination criterion. Around 10% computational savings have been demonstrated while using the proposed algorithm to compute normalised correlation as error metric for motion estimation in software implementation of H.264 video encoder. The algorithm lends itself to efficient hardware implementation because of its simple cost function. Further hardware savings have been realised by noting that the multiplication products generated by the proposed negative reference correlation algorithm tend to have low magnitudes with significantly less variance than those generated by other schemes. This allows a low-precision summation stage to accumulate majority of the multiplication products without losing the precision of results. Results of the hardware implementation on Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA have been provided. The overall design is shown to consume around 85% less logic resources and operate at 140% higher speed than existing architectures.
Gastroenterology, Volume 134, Issue 4, Pages A-411-A-412, April 2008, Authors:Muhammad A. Asim; S... more Gastroenterology, Volume 134, Issue 4, Pages A-411-A-412, April 2008, Authors:Muhammad A. Asim; Saad M. Khan; Muhammad Bilal; Satheesh Nair; Ian T. Gaillard.
Known upper bounds on the minimum distance of codes over rings are applied to the case of $${\mat... more Known upper bounds on the minimum distance of codes over rings are applied to the case of $${\mathbb Z_{2}\mathbb Z_{4}}$$-additive codes, that is subgroups of $${\mathbb Z_{2}^{\alpha}\mathbb Z_{4}^{\beta}}$$. Two kinds of maximum distance separable codes are studied. We determine all possible parameters of these codes and characterize the codes in certain cases. The main results are also valid when α = 0,
... The condition assessment of Page 2. 180 B. M. AYYUB AND MH M. HASAN construction activities s... more ... The condition assessment of Page 2. 180 B. M. AYYUB AND MH M. HASAN construction activities should be realized in two levels. ... Figure 1 shows these Page 8. BM AYYUB AND MHM HASAN Sra~e 1: Failure ExccHen~ Likelihood: Slate 2 : Good Slate 3: Fair ...
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