In this research, biodiesel fuel is produced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst and me... more In this research, biodiesel fuel is produced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst and methanol as a co-solvent through the transesterification process. The analysis of particulate matter emissions from a compression ignition (CI) engine with pure diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel-mixed (B30), and clove oil (CL3000 ppm) was carried out. The findings obtained revealed 5.27% reduction of particulate matter in biodiesel-blended fuel, and furthermore, when clove was added to the biodiesel-blended fuel, 11.61% reduction of particulate matter was observed as compared to pure diesel. It may be due to the higher oxygen ratio present in clove oil. The engine was run for 100 h on each fuel sample, and the data were taken and tested per 25 h for elemental analysis. The results manifest that the metal concentration found different elements in lubricant oil, i.e., lead (51.84), (24.89%), and (23.255%); copper (47.41%), (28.71%), and (23.86%); nickel (37.88%), (32.32), and (29.78%); and cadmi...
This review is inspired by the increasing shortage of fresh water in areas of the world, and is w... more This review is inspired by the increasing shortage of fresh water in areas of the world, and is written in response to the expanding demand for sustainable technologies due to the prevailing crisis of depleting natural water resources. It focuses on comprehending different solar energy-based technologies. Since the increasing population has resulted in the rising demand for freshwater, desalination installation volume is rapidly increasing globally. Conventional ways of desalination technologies involve the use of fossil fuels to extract thermal energy which imparts adverse impacts on the environment. To lessen the carbon footprint left by energy-intensive desalination processes, the emphasis has shifted to using renewable energy sources to drive desalination systems. The growing interest in combining solar energy with desalination with an emphasis on increasing energy efficiency has been sparked by the rapid advancements in solar energy technology, particularly solar thermal. This ...
The integration of distributed generation (DG) into a power distribution network allows the estab... more The integration of distributed generation (DG) into a power distribution network allows the establishment of a microgrid (MG) system when the main grid experiences a malfunction or is undergoing maintenance. In this case, the power-generating capacity of distributed generators may be less than the load demand. This study presents a strategy for the effective utilization of deployed active and reactive power sources under power mismatch conditions in the islanded distribution networks. Initially, the DGs’ and capacitors’ optimal placement and capacity were identified using the Jaya algorithm (JA) with the aim to reduce power losses in the grid-connected mode. Later, the DG and capacitor combination’s optimal power factor was determined to withstand the islanded distribution network’s highest possible power demand in the event of a power mismatch. To assess the optimal value of the DG–capacitor pair’s operating power factor (pfsource) for the islanded operation, an analytical approach...
Condition monitoring of wind turbines is progressively increasing to maintain the continuity of c... more Condition monitoring of wind turbines is progressively increasing to maintain the continuity of clean energy supply to power grids. This issue is of great importance since it prevents wind turbines from failing and overheating, as most wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) are overheated due to faults in generator bearings. Bearing fault detection has become a main topic targeting the optimum operation, unscheduled downtime, and maintenance cost of turbine generators. Wind turbines are equipped with condition monitoring devices. However, effective and reliable fault detection still faces significant difficulties. As the majority of health monitoring techniques are primarily focused on a single operating condition, they are unable to effectively determine the health condition of turbines, which results in unwanted downtimes. New and reliable strategies for data analysis were incorporated into this research, given the large amount and variety of data. The developme...
There is increased focus to harness renewable energy resources in the 21st century to contain cli... more There is increased focus to harness renewable energy resources in the 21st century to contain climate change and attain energy security. In this context, wind energy is attaining a significant marketplace to meet the ever-increasing electricity demand. This study, as such, undertakes wind energy assessment and forecasts wind power market penetration in Pakistan considering three different scenarios for the period 2020–2050. The modeling approach of this study is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) optimization method, which is used to estimate the parameters of the logistic model to improve forecasting precision. It is revealed that around 55, 64, and 73% of wind potential could be technically exploited under each of the three scenarios, respectively. The Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for each scenario are also estimated. The anticipated annual abatement of GHG emissions and CERs earnings at 30% capacity utilization factor is found to be 158 million CERs by the y...
Geothermal is a renewable energy source, but this is not as often seen as other renewable energy ... more Geothermal is a renewable energy source, but this is not as often seen as other renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, etc. Several applications could be implemented through geothermal energy, and heating & cooling systems are one of them. Because of the limits of technology, it is hard to improve cooling systems as an application. To address long-term sustainable space heating and cooling, it is imperative to develop geothermal technology. It is known as the oldest, most flexible, most adaptable, and most prevalent approach toward using renewable energy. Therefore, this review has reviewed the global development and challenges of geothermal energy for cooling systems. There are large reserves of geothermal energy available around the world, and numerous scholars have emphasized its importance, but due to a lack of knowledge, no operational work has been done in using these systems for cooling up to this point. This review paper examines globally available geothermal ...
This paper reviews the optimization strategies for the optimal simultaneous allocation of distrib... more This paper reviews the optimization strategies for the optimal simultaneous allocation of distributed generation (DG) and shunts capacitor banks (SCBs) in electrical distribution networks. These optimization strategies aim to determine the optimal size, location, and combination of DGs and SCBs to constitute a techno-economic system while satisfying the constraints and energy demand of the load. The optimization strategies explicitly reviewed include the problem formulations, optimization techniques, restrictions posed for optimization problems, decision variables, and network operating modes typically assumed while allocating the DGs and SCBs. In addition, there is an attempt to highlight the limitations of the existing literature and future research directions. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of the literature that systematically considers the simultaneous application of DGs and SCBs to advance the existing literature, which lacks such a review. Expectedly, this revie...
In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is dis... more In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is discussed, and the viability of the development of electric vehicles is assessed. This study broadens the conventional definition of sustainable development by incorporating and prioritizing crucial areas of technology, environment, and policy performance. The proposed review studies have summarized the elements that can promote the integration of electric vehicle technology. The innovation of the EV has just become a modern innovation. At the same time, some obstacles, such as policy and lower adoption, are resisting its goals. To overcome this situation, electric cars have to adopt some innovative approaches that can be another path to success. The review result shows that the proposal discusses the technological advancements of electric vehicles worldwide and paves the way for further improvements. The results also mentioned technological development to reduce emissions and help us under...
Energy economics is a branch of applied economics, and this chapter introduces the basics of ener... more Energy economics is a branch of applied economics, and this chapter introduces the basics of energy economics and its principles. It provides a general understanding of the different costs and business models being used in the implementation of energy sector projects. Moreover, energy economics deals with the time value of money—i.e., the potential earning capacity of money after adjusting for interest over time. Different methods to calculate the rate of interest are discussed here in detail. This chapter focuses on the general aspects of energy economics, and its intended impact is not country-specific. Rather, it focuses on the specific design, implementation, project management, financing, and monitoring features of business models and investments. Readers also learn about distributed energy resources in detail. This chapter addresses the barriers to implementing renewable energy to meet the energy needs of the vast population in developing nations. A framework and key barriers are defined here for identifying these barriers
This research investigates an analytical solution for the slow squeeze flow of the slightly visco... more This research investigates an analytical solution for the slow squeeze flow of the slightly viscoelastic fluid film between two circular disks in which the upper disk approaches the lower disk with a constant velocity, and the lower disk is kept stationary. The determination of the study is to identify the behavior of the differential type fluid on the steady squeezing flow using Langlois recursive approach. The governing equations for the axisymmetric flow are expressed in cylindrical coordinates and yield the nonlinear system of partial differential equations. The analytical solution of the resulting equations with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is obtained by the Langlois recursive approach. Flow variables such as stream function, velocity profiles, pressure distribution, shear, normal stresses, and normal force acting on the disk are determined. These flow variables are nondimensionalized by using suitable dimensional quantities. The influence of slightly viscoelastic parame...
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. T... more Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. The transportation sector, where vehicles run on oil, contributes a large amount of GHG. The development of electric vehicles to meet the allowed GHG limits has recently been the main focus of research worldwide. Research in electric vehicles (EVs) has observed a tremendous upsurge in recent years. However, reviews that analyze and present the demand and development of EVs comprehensively are still inadequate, and this integrative review is an effort to fill that gap. This study has revealed many thought-provoking understandings related to specific developments, specifically global demand and growth of EVs along with electricity and battery demand, current technological developments in EVs, energy storage technologies, and charging strategies. It also details the next generation of EVs and their technological advancements, such as wireless power transfer. The development of a smart city c...
In Pakistan, around 58% of current electricity is generated from fossil fuels and only 2.4% is ge... more In Pakistan, around 58% of current electricity is generated from fossil fuels and only 2.4% is generated using renewable energy (RE) resources even though country is blessed with enormous RE potential. Among other RE resources, Pakistan's geographical location offers high solar energy potential, which implies that actual potential assessment should be undertaken. This study, as such, undertakes a comprehensive assessment of solar energy potential and prospects of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for both off‐grid and grid‐connected systems. This study also estimates the future available capacity of rooftop and rural off‐grid solar PV capacity. Three different types of solar PV modules of the same size, that is, thin‐film, premium, and standard were modeled to compare energy outputs. NREL's System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to estimate the geographical and technical potential of solar PV considering updated data and geographical information. SAM results suggest that an averag...
The ever-increasing water stress and availability of fresh drinking water are becoming a major ch... more The ever-increasing water stress and availability of fresh drinking water are becoming a major challenge in rural and urban communities. The current high-end and large-scale technologies are becoming way more expensive and not friendly to the environment. In this regard, solar still is becoming a prominent and promising future technology due to its environment-friendly nature, less maintenance and operational costs, and simple design. The technological challenge regarding solar still is its low distillate yield. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of tin oxide (SnO2) on the absorption surface of solar still towards improvement in sunlight absorption, which would lead to high distillate production rates. Various concentrations of SnO2, i.e., 0.5wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, 7 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt%, have been mixed in black and applied on the absorber plate to further optimize the suitable concentration. The experiments have been performed in both i...
The solar photovoltaic (PV) power forecast is crucial for steady grid operation, scheduling, and ... more The solar photovoltaic (PV) power forecast is crucial for steady grid operation, scheduling, and grid electricity management. In this work, numerous time series forecast methodologies, including the statistical and artificial intelligence-based methods, are studied and compared fastidiously to forecast PV electricity. Moreover, the impact of different environmental conditions for all of the algorithms is investigated. Hourly solar PV power forecasting is done to confirm the effectiveness of various models. Data used in this paper is of one entire year and is acquired from a 100 MW solar power plant, namely, Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This paper suggests recurrent neural networks (RNNs) as the best-performing forecasting model for PV power output. Furthermore, the bidirectional long-short-term memory RNN framework delivered high accuracy results in all weather conditions, especially under cloudy weather conditions where root mean square error (RMSE) was found lowe...
Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, 2021
Energy is needed for all community activities, the production of all goods,and the provision of a... more Energy is needed for all community activities, the production of all goods,and the provision of all services. It is extremely important to a country’seconomy and wealth. Currently, conventional fossil fuels provide most ofthe world’s energy. In case of oil and gas fields their energy consumption istotally off-grid, their generation depends upon fossil fuels, the cost of energyconsumption of oil and gas fields are too high because operational work ofthe field is totally depending upon fossil fuels. The development of off-gridrenewable energy generation technologies offers the opportunity for tacklingthese challenges. This study provides a techno-economic feasibility analysisof an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system [HRES] for Pasakhi SatelliteOil & Gas Field, Tando Jam, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The proposedhybrid energy system designed for field consists of the different combinationof solar Photovoltaics [PVs], wind turbines, batteries, and generator to meet the required energ...
Solar photovoltaic (PV) converts sunlight into electricity and is an appropriate alternative to o... more Solar photovoltaic (PV) converts sunlight into electricity and is an appropriate alternative to overcome the depletion of conventional fuels and global warming issues. The performance of a PV panel may vary with respect to PV cell technology, fabrication methods, and operating conditions. This research aims at performing an experimental study to investigate the electrical performance of novel tempered glass-based PV panels using two different types of solar cells: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Tempered glass-based panels are modified forms of commercial PV panels, in which ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and Tedlar are not utilized. This new fabrication method was carried out in this research. Real-time data recordings regarding the PV electrical characteristics ( I - V curve) and solar irradiance were conducted under Malaysian weather conditions on clear sunny days. Results indicated that, at solar irradiance of 900 W/m2, the outputs from the fabricated polycrystalline and mono...
The availability of fresh drinkable water and water security is becoming a global challenge for s... more The availability of fresh drinkable water and water security is becoming a global challenge for sustainable development. In this regard, solar stills, due to their ease in operation, installation, and utilization of direct sunlight (as thermal energy), promise a better and sustainable future technology for water security in urban and remote areas. The major issue is its low distillate productivity, which limits its widespread commercialization. In this study, the effect of silicon (Si) particles is examined to improve the absorber surface temperature of the solar still absorber plate, which is the major component for increased distillate yield. Various weight percentages of Si particles were introduced in paint and coated on the aluminum absorber surface. Extensive indoor (using a self-made halogen light-based solar simulator) and outdoor testing were conducted to optimize the concentration. The coatings with 15 wt % Si in the paint exhibited the highest increase in temperature, nam...
In this research, biodiesel fuel is produced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst and me... more In this research, biodiesel fuel is produced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst and methanol as a co-solvent through the transesterification process. The analysis of particulate matter emissions from a compression ignition (CI) engine with pure diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel-mixed (B30), and clove oil (CL3000 ppm) was carried out. The findings obtained revealed 5.27% reduction of particulate matter in biodiesel-blended fuel, and furthermore, when clove was added to the biodiesel-blended fuel, 11.61% reduction of particulate matter was observed as compared to pure diesel. It may be due to the higher oxygen ratio present in clove oil. The engine was run for 100 h on each fuel sample, and the data were taken and tested per 25 h for elemental analysis. The results manifest that the metal concentration found different elements in lubricant oil, i.e., lead (51.84), (24.89%), and (23.255%); copper (47.41%), (28.71%), and (23.86%); nickel (37.88%), (32.32), and (29.78%); and cadmi...
This review is inspired by the increasing shortage of fresh water in areas of the world, and is w... more This review is inspired by the increasing shortage of fresh water in areas of the world, and is written in response to the expanding demand for sustainable technologies due to the prevailing crisis of depleting natural water resources. It focuses on comprehending different solar energy-based technologies. Since the increasing population has resulted in the rising demand for freshwater, desalination installation volume is rapidly increasing globally. Conventional ways of desalination technologies involve the use of fossil fuels to extract thermal energy which imparts adverse impacts on the environment. To lessen the carbon footprint left by energy-intensive desalination processes, the emphasis has shifted to using renewable energy sources to drive desalination systems. The growing interest in combining solar energy with desalination with an emphasis on increasing energy efficiency has been sparked by the rapid advancements in solar energy technology, particularly solar thermal. This ...
The integration of distributed generation (DG) into a power distribution network allows the estab... more The integration of distributed generation (DG) into a power distribution network allows the establishment of a microgrid (MG) system when the main grid experiences a malfunction or is undergoing maintenance. In this case, the power-generating capacity of distributed generators may be less than the load demand. This study presents a strategy for the effective utilization of deployed active and reactive power sources under power mismatch conditions in the islanded distribution networks. Initially, the DGs’ and capacitors’ optimal placement and capacity were identified using the Jaya algorithm (JA) with the aim to reduce power losses in the grid-connected mode. Later, the DG and capacitor combination’s optimal power factor was determined to withstand the islanded distribution network’s highest possible power demand in the event of a power mismatch. To assess the optimal value of the DG–capacitor pair’s operating power factor (pfsource) for the islanded operation, an analytical approach...
Condition monitoring of wind turbines is progressively increasing to maintain the continuity of c... more Condition monitoring of wind turbines is progressively increasing to maintain the continuity of clean energy supply to power grids. This issue is of great importance since it prevents wind turbines from failing and overheating, as most wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) are overheated due to faults in generator bearings. Bearing fault detection has become a main topic targeting the optimum operation, unscheduled downtime, and maintenance cost of turbine generators. Wind turbines are equipped with condition monitoring devices. However, effective and reliable fault detection still faces significant difficulties. As the majority of health monitoring techniques are primarily focused on a single operating condition, they are unable to effectively determine the health condition of turbines, which results in unwanted downtimes. New and reliable strategies for data analysis were incorporated into this research, given the large amount and variety of data. The developme...
There is increased focus to harness renewable energy resources in the 21st century to contain cli... more There is increased focus to harness renewable energy resources in the 21st century to contain climate change and attain energy security. In this context, wind energy is attaining a significant marketplace to meet the ever-increasing electricity demand. This study, as such, undertakes wind energy assessment and forecasts wind power market penetration in Pakistan considering three different scenarios for the period 2020–2050. The modeling approach of this study is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) optimization method, which is used to estimate the parameters of the logistic model to improve forecasting precision. It is revealed that around 55, 64, and 73% of wind potential could be technically exploited under each of the three scenarios, respectively. The Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for each scenario are also estimated. The anticipated annual abatement of GHG emissions and CERs earnings at 30% capacity utilization factor is found to be 158 million CERs by the y...
Geothermal is a renewable energy source, but this is not as often seen as other renewable energy ... more Geothermal is a renewable energy source, but this is not as often seen as other renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, etc. Several applications could be implemented through geothermal energy, and heating & cooling systems are one of them. Because of the limits of technology, it is hard to improve cooling systems as an application. To address long-term sustainable space heating and cooling, it is imperative to develop geothermal technology. It is known as the oldest, most flexible, most adaptable, and most prevalent approach toward using renewable energy. Therefore, this review has reviewed the global development and challenges of geothermal energy for cooling systems. There are large reserves of geothermal energy available around the world, and numerous scholars have emphasized its importance, but due to a lack of knowledge, no operational work has been done in using these systems for cooling up to this point. This review paper examines globally available geothermal ...
This paper reviews the optimization strategies for the optimal simultaneous allocation of distrib... more This paper reviews the optimization strategies for the optimal simultaneous allocation of distributed generation (DG) and shunts capacitor banks (SCBs) in electrical distribution networks. These optimization strategies aim to determine the optimal size, location, and combination of DGs and SCBs to constitute a techno-economic system while satisfying the constraints and energy demand of the load. The optimization strategies explicitly reviewed include the problem formulations, optimization techniques, restrictions posed for optimization problems, decision variables, and network operating modes typically assumed while allocating the DGs and SCBs. In addition, there is an attempt to highlight the limitations of the existing literature and future research directions. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of the literature that systematically considers the simultaneous application of DGs and SCBs to advance the existing literature, which lacks such a review. Expectedly, this revie...
In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is dis... more In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is discussed, and the viability of the development of electric vehicles is assessed. This study broadens the conventional definition of sustainable development by incorporating and prioritizing crucial areas of technology, environment, and policy performance. The proposed review studies have summarized the elements that can promote the integration of electric vehicle technology. The innovation of the EV has just become a modern innovation. At the same time, some obstacles, such as policy and lower adoption, are resisting its goals. To overcome this situation, electric cars have to adopt some innovative approaches that can be another path to success. The review result shows that the proposal discusses the technological advancements of electric vehicles worldwide and paves the way for further improvements. The results also mentioned technological development to reduce emissions and help us under...
Energy economics is a branch of applied economics, and this chapter introduces the basics of ener... more Energy economics is a branch of applied economics, and this chapter introduces the basics of energy economics and its principles. It provides a general understanding of the different costs and business models being used in the implementation of energy sector projects. Moreover, energy economics deals with the time value of money—i.e., the potential earning capacity of money after adjusting for interest over time. Different methods to calculate the rate of interest are discussed here in detail. This chapter focuses on the general aspects of energy economics, and its intended impact is not country-specific. Rather, it focuses on the specific design, implementation, project management, financing, and monitoring features of business models and investments. Readers also learn about distributed energy resources in detail. This chapter addresses the barriers to implementing renewable energy to meet the energy needs of the vast population in developing nations. A framework and key barriers are defined here for identifying these barriers
This research investigates an analytical solution for the slow squeeze flow of the slightly visco... more This research investigates an analytical solution for the slow squeeze flow of the slightly viscoelastic fluid film between two circular disks in which the upper disk approaches the lower disk with a constant velocity, and the lower disk is kept stationary. The determination of the study is to identify the behavior of the differential type fluid on the steady squeezing flow using Langlois recursive approach. The governing equations for the axisymmetric flow are expressed in cylindrical coordinates and yield the nonlinear system of partial differential equations. The analytical solution of the resulting equations with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is obtained by the Langlois recursive approach. Flow variables such as stream function, velocity profiles, pressure distribution, shear, normal stresses, and normal force acting on the disk are determined. These flow variables are nondimensionalized by using suitable dimensional quantities. The influence of slightly viscoelastic parame...
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. T... more Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. The transportation sector, where vehicles run on oil, contributes a large amount of GHG. The development of electric vehicles to meet the allowed GHG limits has recently been the main focus of research worldwide. Research in electric vehicles (EVs) has observed a tremendous upsurge in recent years. However, reviews that analyze and present the demand and development of EVs comprehensively are still inadequate, and this integrative review is an effort to fill that gap. This study has revealed many thought-provoking understandings related to specific developments, specifically global demand and growth of EVs along with electricity and battery demand, current technological developments in EVs, energy storage technologies, and charging strategies. It also details the next generation of EVs and their technological advancements, such as wireless power transfer. The development of a smart city c...
In Pakistan, around 58% of current electricity is generated from fossil fuels and only 2.4% is ge... more In Pakistan, around 58% of current electricity is generated from fossil fuels and only 2.4% is generated using renewable energy (RE) resources even though country is blessed with enormous RE potential. Among other RE resources, Pakistan's geographical location offers high solar energy potential, which implies that actual potential assessment should be undertaken. This study, as such, undertakes a comprehensive assessment of solar energy potential and prospects of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for both off‐grid and grid‐connected systems. This study also estimates the future available capacity of rooftop and rural off‐grid solar PV capacity. Three different types of solar PV modules of the same size, that is, thin‐film, premium, and standard were modeled to compare energy outputs. NREL's System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to estimate the geographical and technical potential of solar PV considering updated data and geographical information. SAM results suggest that an averag...
The ever-increasing water stress and availability of fresh drinking water are becoming a major ch... more The ever-increasing water stress and availability of fresh drinking water are becoming a major challenge in rural and urban communities. The current high-end and large-scale technologies are becoming way more expensive and not friendly to the environment. In this regard, solar still is becoming a prominent and promising future technology due to its environment-friendly nature, less maintenance and operational costs, and simple design. The technological challenge regarding solar still is its low distillate yield. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of tin oxide (SnO2) on the absorption surface of solar still towards improvement in sunlight absorption, which would lead to high distillate production rates. Various concentrations of SnO2, i.e., 0.5wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, 7 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt%, have been mixed in black and applied on the absorber plate to further optimize the suitable concentration. The experiments have been performed in both i...
The solar photovoltaic (PV) power forecast is crucial for steady grid operation, scheduling, and ... more The solar photovoltaic (PV) power forecast is crucial for steady grid operation, scheduling, and grid electricity management. In this work, numerous time series forecast methodologies, including the statistical and artificial intelligence-based methods, are studied and compared fastidiously to forecast PV electricity. Moreover, the impact of different environmental conditions for all of the algorithms is investigated. Hourly solar PV power forecasting is done to confirm the effectiveness of various models. Data used in this paper is of one entire year and is acquired from a 100 MW solar power plant, namely, Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This paper suggests recurrent neural networks (RNNs) as the best-performing forecasting model for PV power output. Furthermore, the bidirectional long-short-term memory RNN framework delivered high accuracy results in all weather conditions, especially under cloudy weather conditions where root mean square error (RMSE) was found lowe...
Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, 2021
Energy is needed for all community activities, the production of all goods,and the provision of a... more Energy is needed for all community activities, the production of all goods,and the provision of all services. It is extremely important to a country’seconomy and wealth. Currently, conventional fossil fuels provide most ofthe world’s energy. In case of oil and gas fields their energy consumption istotally off-grid, their generation depends upon fossil fuels, the cost of energyconsumption of oil and gas fields are too high because operational work ofthe field is totally depending upon fossil fuels. The development of off-gridrenewable energy generation technologies offers the opportunity for tacklingthese challenges. This study provides a techno-economic feasibility analysisof an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system [HRES] for Pasakhi SatelliteOil & Gas Field, Tando Jam, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The proposedhybrid energy system designed for field consists of the different combinationof solar Photovoltaics [PVs], wind turbines, batteries, and generator to meet the required energ...
Solar photovoltaic (PV) converts sunlight into electricity and is an appropriate alternative to o... more Solar photovoltaic (PV) converts sunlight into electricity and is an appropriate alternative to overcome the depletion of conventional fuels and global warming issues. The performance of a PV panel may vary with respect to PV cell technology, fabrication methods, and operating conditions. This research aims at performing an experimental study to investigate the electrical performance of novel tempered glass-based PV panels using two different types of solar cells: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Tempered glass-based panels are modified forms of commercial PV panels, in which ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and Tedlar are not utilized. This new fabrication method was carried out in this research. Real-time data recordings regarding the PV electrical characteristics ( I - V curve) and solar irradiance were conducted under Malaysian weather conditions on clear sunny days. Results indicated that, at solar irradiance of 900 W/m2, the outputs from the fabricated polycrystalline and mono...
The availability of fresh drinkable water and water security is becoming a global challenge for s... more The availability of fresh drinkable water and water security is becoming a global challenge for sustainable development. In this regard, solar stills, due to their ease in operation, installation, and utilization of direct sunlight (as thermal energy), promise a better and sustainable future technology for water security in urban and remote areas. The major issue is its low distillate productivity, which limits its widespread commercialization. In this study, the effect of silicon (Si) particles is examined to improve the absorber surface temperature of the solar still absorber plate, which is the major component for increased distillate yield. Various weight percentages of Si particles were introduced in paint and coated on the aluminum absorber surface. Extensive indoor (using a self-made halogen light-based solar simulator) and outdoor testing were conducted to optimize the concentration. The coatings with 15 wt % Si in the paint exhibited the highest increase in temperature, nam...
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