Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Jun 15, 2021
Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power ... more Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power generation is carried out to meet energy demand. Wind data from 2016 to 2018 has been selected for a coastal site of Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, four distribution functions, namely Weibull, Gamma, Rayleigh, and Lognormal are used. These distribution functions are compared using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error tests. Wind potential on a daily, monthly, yearly and seasonal basis is evaluated. In this regard, various turbine models are selected to estimate their power generation capacity. The assessment results for a hub height of 100 m shows the average wind speed for three years is 7.9 m/s with direction dominated between the West and Southwest. The most probable wind speed is 9.5 m/s having a maximum energy density of 455 kWh/m2 in May. The maximum mean wind speed of 8.55 m/s is in the spring. The Weibull distribution function (k = 2.92 & C = 8.86 m/s) performs the best. The maximum capacity factor for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 is 55.49% and for Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is 55.22%. Likewise, the estimated lowest LCOE ($/1kWh) for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 and Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is $0.04016 and $0.04035 respectively. Thus, this site contains suitable technical and economic characteristics of the wind power plant.
Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such a... more Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such as lightning strike, failure of power system components due to aging of equipment and human errors. These phenomena affect the system reliability and results in expensive repairs, lost of productivity and power loss to customers. Since fault is unpredictable, a fast fault location and isolation is required to minimize the impact of fault in distribution systems. Therefore, many methods have been developed since the past to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation. The methods can be divided into two categories, conventional and artificial intelligence techniques. Conventional techniques include travelling wave method and impedance based method while artificial intelligence techniques include Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and matching approach. However, fault location using intelligent methods are challenging since they require training data for processing and are time consuming. In this paper, most of the techniques that have been developed since the past and commonly used to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation are reviewed. Research works in fault location area, the working principles, advantages and disadvantages of past works related to each fault location technique are highlighted in this paper. Hence, from this review, the opportunities in fault location research area in power distribution system can be explored further.
This study shows density functional theory (DFT) investigations that 3d transition metals (TM) do... more This study shows density functional theory (DFT) investigations that 3d transition metals (TM) doping in silicene can greatly alter the geometric, spintronic, and optoelectronic properties of the pristine silicene (p‐Si) layer. Significant Bader charge transfer from 3d TM atoms to surrounding Si atoms ensures the tight bonding between dopant and substrate; hence, all the 3d transition metal‐doped silicene (3d TM‐Si) systems are said geometrically strong and stable. Sc‐ and Ti‐doped systems show the lowest formation energies of −84.72 and −84.21 eV, respectively, while Zn‐Si bears the highest (−70.89 eV). 3d TMs from V to Co doping induces magnetic moment (MM) in the silicene layer which mainly comes from d‐orbitals of 3d TM atoms and partly from p‐orbitals of Si atoms, meanwhile Mn‐Si has MM as high as 3.0 μB. Among 3d TM‐Si systems studied, Cr‐Si and Mn‐Si systems became half metals, Ti‐Si became indirect semiconductor, whereas rest others convert into metals. Sc and V doping is fo...
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power ... more Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power generation is carried out to meet energy demand. Wind data from 2016 to 2018 has been selected for a coastal site of Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, four distribution functions, namely Weibull, Gamma, Rayleigh, and Lognormal are used. These distribution functions are compared using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error tests. Wind potential on a daily, monthly, yearly and seasonal basis is evaluated. In this regard, various turbine models are selected to estimate their power generation capacity. The assessment results for a hub height of 100 m shows the average wind speed for three years is 7.9 m/s with direction dominated between the West and Southwest. The most probable wind speed is 9.5 m/s having a maximum energy density of 455 kWh/m2 in May. The maximum mean wind speed of 8.55 m/s is in the spring. The Weibull distribution function (k = 2.92 & C = 8.86 m/s) performs the best. The maximum capacity factor for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 is 55.49% and for Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is 55.22%. Likewise, the estimated lowest LCOE ($/1kWh) for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 and Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is $0.04016 and $0.04035 respectively. Thus, this site contains suitable technical and economic characteristics of the wind power plant.
Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such a... more Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such as lightning strike, failure of power system components due to aging of equipment and human errors. These phenomena affect the system reliability and results in expensive repairs, lost of productivity and power loss to customers. Since fault is unpredictable, a fast fault location and isolation is required to minimize the impact of fault in distribution systems. Therefore, many methods have been developed since the past to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation. The methods can be divided into two categories, conventional and artificial intelligence techniques. Conventional techniques include travelling wave method and impedance based method while artificial intelligence techniques include Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and matching approach. However, fault location using intelligent methods are challenging since they require training data for processing and are time consuming. In this paper, most of the techniques that have been developed since the past and commonly used to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation are reviewed. Research works in fault location area, the working principles, advantages and disadvantages of past works related to each fault location technique are highlighted in this paper. Hence, from this review, the opportunities in fault location research area in power distribution system can be explored further.
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Jun 15, 2021
Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power ... more Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power generation is carried out to meet energy demand. Wind data from 2016 to 2018 has been selected for a coastal site of Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, four distribution functions, namely Weibull, Gamma, Rayleigh, and Lognormal are used. These distribution functions are compared using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error tests. Wind potential on a daily, monthly, yearly and seasonal basis is evaluated. In this regard, various turbine models are selected to estimate their power generation capacity. The assessment results for a hub height of 100 m shows the average wind speed for three years is 7.9 m/s with direction dominated between the West and Southwest. The most probable wind speed is 9.5 m/s having a maximum energy density of 455 kWh/m2 in May. The maximum mean wind speed of 8.55 m/s is in the spring. The Weibull distribution function (k = 2.92 & C = 8.86 m/s) performs the best. The maximum capacity factor for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 is 55.49% and for Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is 55.22%. Likewise, the estimated lowest LCOE ($/1kWh) for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 and Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is $0.04016 and $0.04035 respectively. Thus, this site contains suitable technical and economic characteristics of the wind power plant.
Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such a... more Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such as lightning strike, failure of power system components due to aging of equipment and human errors. These phenomena affect the system reliability and results in expensive repairs, lost of productivity and power loss to customers. Since fault is unpredictable, a fast fault location and isolation is required to minimize the impact of fault in distribution systems. Therefore, many methods have been developed since the past to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation. The methods can be divided into two categories, conventional and artificial intelligence techniques. Conventional techniques include travelling wave method and impedance based method while artificial intelligence techniques include Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and matching approach. However, fault location using intelligent methods are challenging since they require training data for processing and are time consuming. In this paper, most of the techniques that have been developed since the past and commonly used to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation are reviewed. Research works in fault location area, the working principles, advantages and disadvantages of past works related to each fault location technique are highlighted in this paper. Hence, from this review, the opportunities in fault location research area in power distribution system can be explored further.
This study shows density functional theory (DFT) investigations that 3d transition metals (TM) do... more This study shows density functional theory (DFT) investigations that 3d transition metals (TM) doping in silicene can greatly alter the geometric, spintronic, and optoelectronic properties of the pristine silicene (p‐Si) layer. Significant Bader charge transfer from 3d TM atoms to surrounding Si atoms ensures the tight bonding between dopant and substrate; hence, all the 3d transition metal‐doped silicene (3d TM‐Si) systems are said geometrically strong and stable. Sc‐ and Ti‐doped systems show the lowest formation energies of −84.72 and −84.21 eV, respectively, while Zn‐Si bears the highest (−70.89 eV). 3d TMs from V to Co doping induces magnetic moment (MM) in the silicene layer which mainly comes from d‐orbitals of 3d TM atoms and partly from p‐orbitals of Si atoms, meanwhile Mn‐Si has MM as high as 3.0 μB. Among 3d TM‐Si systems studied, Cr‐Si and Mn‐Si systems became half metals, Ti‐Si became indirect semiconductor, whereas rest others convert into metals. Sc and V doping is fo...
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power ... more Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. Techno-economic analysis of wind power generation is carried out to meet energy demand. Wind data from 2016 to 2018 has been selected for a coastal site of Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, four distribution functions, namely Weibull, Gamma, Rayleigh, and Lognormal are used. These distribution functions are compared using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error tests. Wind potential on a daily, monthly, yearly and seasonal basis is evaluated. In this regard, various turbine models are selected to estimate their power generation capacity. The assessment results for a hub height of 100 m shows the average wind speed for three years is 7.9 m/s with direction dominated between the West and Southwest. The most probable wind speed is 9.5 m/s having a maximum energy density of 455 kWh/m2 in May. The maximum mean wind speed of 8.55 m/s is in the spring. The Weibull distribution function (k = 2.92 & C = 8.86 m/s) performs the best. The maximum capacity factor for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 is 55.49% and for Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is 55.22%. Likewise, the estimated lowest LCOE ($/1kWh) for Fuhrlander LLC WTU 3.0–120 and Siemens SWT-3.15–142 is $0.04016 and $0.04035 respectively. Thus, this site contains suitable technical and economic characteristics of the wind power plant.
Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such a... more Distribution systems are continuously exposed to fault occurrences due to various reasons, such as lightning strike, failure of power system components due to aging of equipment and human errors. These phenomena affect the system reliability and results in expensive repairs, lost of productivity and power loss to customers. Since fault is unpredictable, a fast fault location and isolation is required to minimize the impact of fault in distribution systems. Therefore, many methods have been developed since the past to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation. The methods can be divided into two categories, conventional and artificial intelligence techniques. Conventional techniques include travelling wave method and impedance based method while artificial intelligence techniques include Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and matching approach. However, fault location using intelligent methods are challenging since they require training data for processing and are time consuming. In this paper, most of the techniques that have been developed since the past and commonly used to locate and detect faults in distribution systems with distributed generation are reviewed. Research works in fault location area, the working principles, advantages and disadvantages of past works related to each fault location technique are highlighted in this paper. Hence, from this review, the opportunities in fault location research area in power distribution system can be explored further.
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