Insect circulating haemocytes are primarily responsible for the immune defense against parasites ... more Insect circulating haemocytes are primarily responsible for the immune defense against parasites and pathogens. In this paper THC and DHC after Aspergillus niger infection were elucidated. Injection of A. niger conidia into P. pictus resulted in changes in the total haemocyte count and differential haemocytes counts. Total haemocyte counts were higher at 2h and 4h post infection and lower at 8h and 24h post infection than control insects. There was a considerable change in the relative percentage of granulocytes and plasmatocytes in the hemolymph after challenge with A. niger. It is observed that plasmatocytes and granulocytes are the principal cell types, which respond the most during the defense.
Nucleic acid amplification and detection methods developed in the past decade are useful for the ... more Nucleic acid amplification and detection methods developed in the past decade are useful for the diagnosis and management of a variety of infectious diseases. The most widely used of these methods is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Commercial PCR assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis are now routinely used in many diagnostic laboratories. 126 sputum samples were collected from 126 subjects who went through tuberculin skin test. The samples were processed for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by ZN staining and PCR. The results showed that the rate of positivity with PCR was 105/126 (83.33%), while it was 75/126 (59.5%) with microscopy, and the TST showed very low percentage of positivity in comparison to other tests performed for detection of tuberculosis i.e. 30/126 (23.8%). The results of the present study provided the similar evidence about the importance of PCR in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This also suggests that the use PCR can be significant in the...
Objective: A comparative analysis on transmission of Helicobacter pylori in people who consumed f... more Objective: A comparative analysis on transmission of Helicobacter pylori in people who consumed food prepared in both hygienic and unhygienic conditions. Method: The study was carried out in 1000 people across India. The Ratio of Male: female was 700: 300 with age group ranging from 20-39. Three gastric biopsies were collected for identification of Helicobacter pylori. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification was done by using 16srRNA primers. Result: The analysis showed the prevalence of H. pylori as 70.8% in individuals frequently consuming food prepared under less hygienic condition (street vendor's food) whereas 60% (less prevalence) in individuals consuming food prepared under hygienic conditions. Conclusion: The results showed that most of the food that we consume daily is not involved much in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori. The study also showed that the street vendor's food is not directly involved in the transmission of this bacterium. The unhygienic preparation of food and poor personal hygiene play a vital role in the transmission of these bacteria.
We investigated the involvement of hippocampal protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), ca... more We investigated the involvement of hippocampal protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK II), and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Mek-1/2) in the phosphorylation of their downstream targets extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk-1/2), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), Elk-1, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p90Rsk-1). The role of these processes in memory consolidation of conditioned fear was determined. C57BL/6N mice were injected into the dorsal hippocampus with inhibitors of PKA, PKC, CaMK II, Mek-1/2, or vehicle before training consisting of a single exposure to a context, tone, and footshock. Freezing behavior of mice reflecting fear memory was scored after their re-exposure to the conditioned stimuli. Inhibition of PKA impaired context-and tone-dependent fear conditioning and significantly reduced the phosphorylation of Elk-1, p90Rsk-1, Erk-1/2, and CREB. PKC inhibition also impaired context-and tone-dependent fear conditioning and prevented the phosphorylation of Erk-1/2, Elk-1, and CREB, without affecting p90Rsk-1. Inhibition of CaMK II did not affect fear conditioning and reduced the phosphorylation of Erk-1/2, Elk-1, CREB, and p90Rsk-1 only transiently, whereas Mek-1/2 inhibition was ineffective in all experiments. It was concluded that hippocampal PKA and PKC play crucial roles in one-trial fear conditioning. Erk-1/2, Elk-1, and CREB were identified as common targets of PKA, PKC, and CaMK II during memory consolidation, however, the time window and sequence of their phosphorylation was specific for the individual kinase.
A comparative study was made of the projection patterns of functionally and morphologically ident... more A comparative study was made of the projection patterns of functionally and morphologically identified auditory receptor cells of the complex tibial organ in the forelegs of three closely related Decticine species. A combined recording and staining technique was used, with subsequent histological examination and morphometric measurements. Adult males and females of the species Psorodonotus illyricus, Decticus albifrons, and Decticus uerruciuorus, were chosen for this investigation. No species-specific differences were found in the projection patterns of receptor cells that belonged to the same or similar functional classes in the three species. The cells also occupied the same target areas within the neuropile. A significant overlapping of the projections of the different receptor cells within the neuropile of the anterior ring tract (aRT) was revealed, in particular of those cells that were tuned to characteristic frequencies within similar frequency bands.
Introduction: H. pylori is a primary pathogen isolated by Warren and Marshall in 1983. They calle... more Introduction: H. pylori is a primary pathogen isolated by Warren and Marshall in 1983. They called it as Campylobacter Pylori and in 1989 Goodwin et al. renamed it as Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylorus is one of the responsible factors for causing gastritis, Peptic ulcer disease and is strongly associated with gastric carcinoma and gastric Malt lymphoma. Materials and Methods: In this study 300 biopsies were collected at Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India. Of these, 101 patients had peptic ulcer, 95 patients had gastritis and 4 had gastric carcinoma. A total of four gastric biopsy specimens were collected. One was used for culturing H. pylori, one for histological lesions and the remaining two one each from the antrum & corpus was collected in phosphate buffered saline for the DNA analysis. Results: Helicobacter pylori were isolated from many of the biopsies and the identification of Helicobacter pylori was confirmed in 200 biopsies with colony characteristics, biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA amplification. The presence of VacA marker was detected by using appropriate primers. From the data obtained in our study, in a total of 169/200 isolates s1 region was found in 84.1% and s2 was found in 36/200 i.e. 18% of the isolates. In the middle region, m1a was found in 60/200 which was 30%, m1b was found in 60/200 i.e. 60% and m2 was found in 114/200 i.e. 57.1% of the isolates. Conclusion: Thus, VacA detection might be helpful for determination of which patients are at highest risk for severe clinical outcomes such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or gastric carcinoma and eventually, to define strategies for the treatment or prevention of H. pylori infection.
Insect circulating haemocytes are primarily responsible for the immune defense against parasites ... more Insect circulating haemocytes are primarily responsible for the immune defense against parasites and pathogens. In this paper THC and DHC after Aspergillus niger infection were elucidated. Injection of A. niger conidia into P. pictus resulted in changes in the total haemocyte count and differential haemocytes counts. Total haemocyte counts were higher at 2h and 4h post infection and lower at 8h and 24h post infection than control insects. There was a considerable change in the relative percentage of granulocytes and plasmatocytes in the hemolymph after challenge with A. niger. It is observed that plasmatocytes and granulocytes are the principal cell types, which respond the most during the defense.
Nucleic acid amplification and detection methods developed in the past decade are useful for the ... more Nucleic acid amplification and detection methods developed in the past decade are useful for the diagnosis and management of a variety of infectious diseases. The most widely used of these methods is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Commercial PCR assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis are now routinely used in many diagnostic laboratories. 126 sputum samples were collected from 126 subjects who went through tuberculin skin test. The samples were processed for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by ZN staining and PCR. The results showed that the rate of positivity with PCR was 105/126 (83.33%), while it was 75/126 (59.5%) with microscopy, and the TST showed very low percentage of positivity in comparison to other tests performed for detection of tuberculosis i.e. 30/126 (23.8%). The results of the present study provided the similar evidence about the importance of PCR in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This also suggests that the use PCR can be significant in the...
Objective: A comparative analysis on transmission of Helicobacter pylori in people who consumed f... more Objective: A comparative analysis on transmission of Helicobacter pylori in people who consumed food prepared in both hygienic and unhygienic conditions. Method: The study was carried out in 1000 people across India. The Ratio of Male: female was 700: 300 with age group ranging from 20-39. Three gastric biopsies were collected for identification of Helicobacter pylori. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification was done by using 16srRNA primers. Result: The analysis showed the prevalence of H. pylori as 70.8% in individuals frequently consuming food prepared under less hygienic condition (street vendor's food) whereas 60% (less prevalence) in individuals consuming food prepared under hygienic conditions. Conclusion: The results showed that most of the food that we consume daily is not involved much in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori. The study also showed that the street vendor's food is not directly involved in the transmission of this bacterium. The unhygienic preparation of food and poor personal hygiene play a vital role in the transmission of these bacteria.
We investigated the involvement of hippocampal protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), ca... more We investigated the involvement of hippocampal protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK II), and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Mek-1/2) in the phosphorylation of their downstream targets extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk-1/2), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), Elk-1, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p90Rsk-1). The role of these processes in memory consolidation of conditioned fear was determined. C57BL/6N mice were injected into the dorsal hippocampus with inhibitors of PKA, PKC, CaMK II, Mek-1/2, or vehicle before training consisting of a single exposure to a context, tone, and footshock. Freezing behavior of mice reflecting fear memory was scored after their re-exposure to the conditioned stimuli. Inhibition of PKA impaired context-and tone-dependent fear conditioning and significantly reduced the phosphorylation of Elk-1, p90Rsk-1, Erk-1/2, and CREB. PKC inhibition also impaired context-and tone-dependent fear conditioning and prevented the phosphorylation of Erk-1/2, Elk-1, and CREB, without affecting p90Rsk-1. Inhibition of CaMK II did not affect fear conditioning and reduced the phosphorylation of Erk-1/2, Elk-1, CREB, and p90Rsk-1 only transiently, whereas Mek-1/2 inhibition was ineffective in all experiments. It was concluded that hippocampal PKA and PKC play crucial roles in one-trial fear conditioning. Erk-1/2, Elk-1, and CREB were identified as common targets of PKA, PKC, and CaMK II during memory consolidation, however, the time window and sequence of their phosphorylation was specific for the individual kinase.
A comparative study was made of the projection patterns of functionally and morphologically ident... more A comparative study was made of the projection patterns of functionally and morphologically identified auditory receptor cells of the complex tibial organ in the forelegs of three closely related Decticine species. A combined recording and staining technique was used, with subsequent histological examination and morphometric measurements. Adult males and females of the species Psorodonotus illyricus, Decticus albifrons, and Decticus uerruciuorus, were chosen for this investigation. No species-specific differences were found in the projection patterns of receptor cells that belonged to the same or similar functional classes in the three species. The cells also occupied the same target areas within the neuropile. A significant overlapping of the projections of the different receptor cells within the neuropile of the anterior ring tract (aRT) was revealed, in particular of those cells that were tuned to characteristic frequencies within similar frequency bands.
Introduction: H. pylori is a primary pathogen isolated by Warren and Marshall in 1983. They calle... more Introduction: H. pylori is a primary pathogen isolated by Warren and Marshall in 1983. They called it as Campylobacter Pylori and in 1989 Goodwin et al. renamed it as Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylorus is one of the responsible factors for causing gastritis, Peptic ulcer disease and is strongly associated with gastric carcinoma and gastric Malt lymphoma. Materials and Methods: In this study 300 biopsies were collected at Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India. Of these, 101 patients had peptic ulcer, 95 patients had gastritis and 4 had gastric carcinoma. A total of four gastric biopsy specimens were collected. One was used for culturing H. pylori, one for histological lesions and the remaining two one each from the antrum & corpus was collected in phosphate buffered saline for the DNA analysis. Results: Helicobacter pylori were isolated from many of the biopsies and the identification of Helicobacter pylori was confirmed in 200 biopsies with colony characteristics, biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA amplification. The presence of VacA marker was detected by using appropriate primers. From the data obtained in our study, in a total of 169/200 isolates s1 region was found in 84.1% and s2 was found in 36/200 i.e. 18% of the isolates. In the middle region, m1a was found in 60/200 which was 30%, m1b was found in 60/200 i.e. 60% and m2 was found in 114/200 i.e. 57.1% of the isolates. Conclusion: Thus, VacA detection might be helpful for determination of which patients are at highest risk for severe clinical outcomes such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or gastric carcinoma and eventually, to define strategies for the treatment or prevention of H. pylori infection.
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