Introduction Stigma is a mark of disgrace or discredit that sets a person aside from others. It i... more Introduction Stigma is a mark of disgrace or discredit that sets a person aside from others. It is a term of prejudice based on negative stereotyping. It is based on the perception of a difference which is ultimately linked to negative traits. The stigma of severe mental illness exacerbates the patients' burden caused by the illness. It plays a negative role at every stage of the illness from presentation and diagnosis to treatment and outcome. It makes many people reluctant to seek help and less likely to cooperate with treatment and slows recovery. Because of this, The Mental Health act (1989) established The Kenya Board of Mental Health to among other objectives, address mental health related stigma. Objective To obtain information on the current level of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding mental health in the general population in Kenya. This study aims at generating information in this field with special focus on stigma in the general population to fill the current...
A Thesis submitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy at Kenyatta University. S... more A Thesis submitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy at Kenyatta University. September,1987
We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta... more We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta National Hospital who were on ART for at least six months. Patient characteristics were captured in a questionnaire. Viral suppression was presented as a proportion based on viral load less than 1000 copies per milliliter of plasma. Viral suppression rate was associated with categorical independent factors using chi square test and means were compared using independent T-test.
Coffee is a small shrub which is a source of a stimulating beverage. It ranks as one of the world... more Coffee is a small shrub which is a source of a stimulating beverage. It ranks as one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of many countries including Kenya. Economic production of Arabica coffee in Kenya is greatly hindered by the Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae. Since the release of the resistant Ruiru 11 in 1985, efforts have been devoted to the improvement of the genetic base of resistance, but this has faced the problem of possible pathogen variation. A good understanding of CBD pathogen diversity could lead to the development of cultivars with sufficient disease resistance. This study was aimed at determining the genetic and virulence diversity of Colletotrichum kahawae, and their correlation with coffee growing regions and interaction with coffee varieties. Infected berries were obtained from three coffee growing regions in Kenya (Western, Central and Eastern regions). Arabica varieties in these regions include SL...
Introduction 2.1 The nature of visual-spatial skills 2.2 Spatial cognition 2.3 Contributing facto... more Introduction 2.1 The nature of visual-spatial skills 2.2 Spatial cognition 2.3 Contributing factors to the development of visual-spatial skills .14 2.4 The Improvement of spatial ability., 2.5 Diagrams and manipulatives 2.6 Internally guided visualization .19 2.7 Externally guided visualization 20 2.8 Correlating mathematical abilities and mathematical achievement .22 2.9 Summary of the related studies 23 2.10 A history of intelligence testing and spatial abilities 24 2.11 Theories of Perceptual thinking and Three-Dimensional pace 26 2.11.1 Gestalt field theory 26 2.11.2 Piaget's intelligence theory 28 2.12 School geometry 29 2.13 Theories of the development of geometrical thinking 31 2. 13. l Piaget and Inhelder: The child's conception of space 31 V 2.13 .2The Van Hieles: Levels of geometricthinking 2.14 Swnmary ofliterature review :~33 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Research design 3.2 Population. 3.3 Sample and sampling technique 37 3.4 Instrumentation 3.5 Pretesting the research instruments 3.6 Blocking variable (past chievement) Al 3.7 The Treatment-3.8 Data collection and scoring procedure 3.9 Data analysis 3.10 Null hypotheses and analyses A4 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction ,.,. 4.2 Research Questions AS 4.3 Presentation of findings 45 4.3.1 Means and Standard Deviations 4.3.2 Correlation 47 4.3.3 Descriptive Statistics for analysis of variance. 48 4.3 A Analysis of variance 50 4.3A.lPost Hoc comparisons 51 4.3.5 Analysis of variance with spatial ability as a covariate 52
Software testing is one of the vital steps in software development life cycle. Test case generati... more Software testing is one of the vital steps in software development life cycle. Test case generation is the first process in software testing which takes a lot of time, cost and effort to build an effective product from the start. Automatic test case generation is the best way to address this issue and model-based test case generation approach would be suitable for this automation process. One way to generate test cases automatically is by generating test cases from Unified Modeling Language (UML) models. The challenge with the existing test case generation techniques using UML models is that they provide a single view, meaning that the techniques capture a single aspect of the system, such as structural or behavioral but not both. In this paper, we have successfully developed a technique that automatically generates test cases which capture both structural and behavioral views of the system. These test cases can help to discover software faults early in the software development cycl...
We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta... more We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta National Hospital who were on ART for at least six months. Patient characteristics were captured in a questionnaire. Viral suppression was presented as a proportion based on viral load less than 1000 copies per milliliter of plasma. Viral suppression rate was associated with categorical independent factors using chi square test and means were compared using independent T-test.
Worldwide, mental disorders affect 450 million people and account for 15% of the overall burden o... more Worldwide, mental disorders affect 450 million people and account for 15% of the overall burden of diseases from all causes (World Health Organization, 2001). Two-thirds of those affected do not receive adequate care owing to stigma, discrimination, neglect and poverty. The World Health Organization (2001) found that only 1% of the total health expenditure went to mental health in most countries.
the gold-standard monoplex ELISA [median (range) Spearman's R of 0.84 (0.65-0.95)]. KILchip v1.0 ... more the gold-standard monoplex ELISA [median (range) Spearman's R of 0.84 (0.65-0.95)]. KILchip v1.0 is a robust, scalable and adaptable protein microarray that has broad applicability to studies of naturally acquired immunity against malaria by providing a standardized tool for the detection of antibody correlates of protection. It will facilitate rapid high-throughput validation and prioritization of potential Plasmodium falciparum merozoite-stage antigens paving the way for urgently needed clinical trials for the next generation of malaria vaccines.
There is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-... more There is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-dose vial formulation of 10-valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10). We set out to measure this risk. Four population-based surveillance sites in Kenya (total annual birth cohort of 11,500 infants) were used to conduct a 2-year post-introduction vaccine safety study of PCV10. Injection-site abscesses occurring within 7 days following vaccine administration were clinically diagnosed in all study sites (passive facility-based surveillance) and, also, detected by caregiver-reported symptoms of swelling plus discharge in two sites (active household-based surveillance). Abscess risk was expressed as the number of abscesses per 100,000 injections and was compared for the second vs first vial dose of PCV10 and for PCV10 vs pentavalent vaccine (comparator). A total of 58,288 PCV10 injections were recorded, including 24,054 and 19,702 identified as first and second vial doses, respectively ...
The French Revolution of 1789 had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. The French Revolut... more The French Revolution of 1789 had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. The French Revolutionary armies during the 1790s invaded and controlled Belgium, the Nether-lands, Italy, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, and Napoleon in the early 1800s extended the French control over these territories and also conquered Spain. Together with invasion came various radical institutional changes. Most notably, the French Revolution removed the legal and economic barriers that had protected the privileged (nobility, clergy, and urban oli-garchies), established the principle of equality before the law, and led to a reorganization of the state. In this paper, we argue that the French Revolution can be considered an exogenously-imposed institutional change on neighboring countries and we study its impact on economic outcomes. We also use this experience to evaluate several central theses about institutions: (1) that they e¢ ciently adapt to a society's characteristics, (2) that evolved institutions are inherently superior to those rationally designed, (3) that institutions must be 'appropriate' and cannot be 'transplanted', and (4) the Civil Code has adverse economic e¤ects. Both at the country and the city level, the evidence suggests that areas that were occupied by the French and that underwent radical institutional reform experienced somewhat more rapid economic growth, urbanization and industrialization, especially after 1850, though in some speci…ca-tions the results are not statistically signi…cant and in some others, we …nd slight pre-existing trends. On the whole, the evidence is more consistent with the view that the institutional reforms brought about by the French Revolution had long-run bene…cial e¤ects and therefore militates against all four of the above theses. Our interpretation is that the Revolution destroyed (the institutional underpinnings of) the power of oligarchies and elites opposed to economic change, and combined with the arrival of new economic and industrial opportunities in the second half of the 19th century, helped pave the way for future economic growth.
Introduction Stigma is a mark of disgrace or discredit that sets a person aside from others. It i... more Introduction Stigma is a mark of disgrace or discredit that sets a person aside from others. It is a term of prejudice based on negative stereotyping. It is based on the perception of a difference which is ultimately linked to negative traits. The stigma of severe mental illness exacerbates the patients' burden caused by the illness. It plays a negative role at every stage of the illness from presentation and diagnosis to treatment and outcome. It makes many people reluctant to seek help and less likely to cooperate with treatment and slows recovery. Because of this, The Mental Health act (1989) established The Kenya Board of Mental Health to among other objectives, address mental health related stigma. Objective To obtain information on the current level of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding mental health in the general population in Kenya. This study aims at generating information in this field with special focus on stigma in the general population to fill the current...
A Thesis submitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy at Kenyatta University. S... more A Thesis submitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy at Kenyatta University. September,1987
We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta... more We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta National Hospital who were on ART for at least six months. Patient characteristics were captured in a questionnaire. Viral suppression was presented as a proportion based on viral load less than 1000 copies per milliliter of plasma. Viral suppression rate was associated with categorical independent factors using chi square test and means were compared using independent T-test.
Coffee is a small shrub which is a source of a stimulating beverage. It ranks as one of the world... more Coffee is a small shrub which is a source of a stimulating beverage. It ranks as one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of many countries including Kenya. Economic production of Arabica coffee in Kenya is greatly hindered by the Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae. Since the release of the resistant Ruiru 11 in 1985, efforts have been devoted to the improvement of the genetic base of resistance, but this has faced the problem of possible pathogen variation. A good understanding of CBD pathogen diversity could lead to the development of cultivars with sufficient disease resistance. This study was aimed at determining the genetic and virulence diversity of Colletotrichum kahawae, and their correlation with coffee growing regions and interaction with coffee varieties. Infected berries were obtained from three coffee growing regions in Kenya (Western, Central and Eastern regions). Arabica varieties in these regions include SL...
Introduction 2.1 The nature of visual-spatial skills 2.2 Spatial cognition 2.3 Contributing facto... more Introduction 2.1 The nature of visual-spatial skills 2.2 Spatial cognition 2.3 Contributing factors to the development of visual-spatial skills .14 2.4 The Improvement of spatial ability., 2.5 Diagrams and manipulatives 2.6 Internally guided visualization .19 2.7 Externally guided visualization 20 2.8 Correlating mathematical abilities and mathematical achievement .22 2.9 Summary of the related studies 23 2.10 A history of intelligence testing and spatial abilities 24 2.11 Theories of Perceptual thinking and Three-Dimensional pace 26 2.11.1 Gestalt field theory 26 2.11.2 Piaget's intelligence theory 28 2.12 School geometry 29 2.13 Theories of the development of geometrical thinking 31 2. 13. l Piaget and Inhelder: The child's conception of space 31 V 2.13 .2The Van Hieles: Levels of geometricthinking 2.14 Swnmary ofliterature review :~33 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Research design 3.2 Population. 3.3 Sample and sampling technique 37 3.4 Instrumentation 3.5 Pretesting the research instruments 3.6 Blocking variable (past chievement) Al 3.7 The Treatment-3.8 Data collection and scoring procedure 3.9 Data analysis 3.10 Null hypotheses and analyses A4 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction ,.,. 4.2 Research Questions AS 4.3 Presentation of findings 45 4.3.1 Means and Standard Deviations 4.3.2 Correlation 47 4.3.3 Descriptive Statistics for analysis of variance. 48 4.3 A Analysis of variance 50 4.3A.lPost Hoc comparisons 51 4.3.5 Analysis of variance with spatial ability as a covariate 52
Software testing is one of the vital steps in software development life cycle. Test case generati... more Software testing is one of the vital steps in software development life cycle. Test case generation is the first process in software testing which takes a lot of time, cost and effort to build an effective product from the start. Automatic test case generation is the best way to address this issue and model-based test case generation approach would be suitable for this automation process. One way to generate test cases automatically is by generating test cases from Unified Modeling Language (UML) models. The challenge with the existing test case generation techniques using UML models is that they provide a single view, meaning that the techniques capture a single aspect of the system, such as structural or behavioral but not both. In this paper, we have successfully developed a technique that automatically generates test cases which capture both structural and behavioral views of the system. These test cases can help to discover software faults early in the software development cycl...
We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta... more We conducted a cross-sectional study among adolescents and youths aged 10 to 24-years in Kenyatta National Hospital who were on ART for at least six months. Patient characteristics were captured in a questionnaire. Viral suppression was presented as a proportion based on viral load less than 1000 copies per milliliter of plasma. Viral suppression rate was associated with categorical independent factors using chi square test and means were compared using independent T-test.
Worldwide, mental disorders affect 450 million people and account for 15% of the overall burden o... more Worldwide, mental disorders affect 450 million people and account for 15% of the overall burden of diseases from all causes (World Health Organization, 2001). Two-thirds of those affected do not receive adequate care owing to stigma, discrimination, neglect and poverty. The World Health Organization (2001) found that only 1% of the total health expenditure went to mental health in most countries.
the gold-standard monoplex ELISA [median (range) Spearman's R of 0.84 (0.65-0.95)]. KILchip v1.0 ... more the gold-standard monoplex ELISA [median (range) Spearman's R of 0.84 (0.65-0.95)]. KILchip v1.0 is a robust, scalable and adaptable protein microarray that has broad applicability to studies of naturally acquired immunity against malaria by providing a standardized tool for the detection of antibody correlates of protection. It will facilitate rapid high-throughput validation and prioritization of potential Plasmodium falciparum merozoite-stage antigens paving the way for urgently needed clinical trials for the next generation of malaria vaccines.
There is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-... more There is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-dose vial formulation of 10-valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10). We set out to measure this risk. Four population-based surveillance sites in Kenya (total annual birth cohort of 11,500 infants) were used to conduct a 2-year post-introduction vaccine safety study of PCV10. Injection-site abscesses occurring within 7 days following vaccine administration were clinically diagnosed in all study sites (passive facility-based surveillance) and, also, detected by caregiver-reported symptoms of swelling plus discharge in two sites (active household-based surveillance). Abscess risk was expressed as the number of abscesses per 100,000 injections and was compared for the second vs first vial dose of PCV10 and for PCV10 vs pentavalent vaccine (comparator). A total of 58,288 PCV10 injections were recorded, including 24,054 and 19,702 identified as first and second vial doses, respectively ...
The French Revolution of 1789 had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. The French Revolut... more The French Revolution of 1789 had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. The French Revolutionary armies during the 1790s invaded and controlled Belgium, the Nether-lands, Italy, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, and Napoleon in the early 1800s extended the French control over these territories and also conquered Spain. Together with invasion came various radical institutional changes. Most notably, the French Revolution removed the legal and economic barriers that had protected the privileged (nobility, clergy, and urban oli-garchies), established the principle of equality before the law, and led to a reorganization of the state. In this paper, we argue that the French Revolution can be considered an exogenously-imposed institutional change on neighboring countries and we study its impact on economic outcomes. We also use this experience to evaluate several central theses about institutions: (1) that they e¢ ciently adapt to a society's characteristics, (2) that evolved institutions are inherently superior to those rationally designed, (3) that institutions must be 'appropriate' and cannot be 'transplanted', and (4) the Civil Code has adverse economic e¤ects. Both at the country and the city level, the evidence suggests that areas that were occupied by the French and that underwent radical institutional reform experienced somewhat more rapid economic growth, urbanization and industrialization, especially after 1850, though in some speci…ca-tions the results are not statistically signi…cant and in some others, we …nd slight pre-existing trends. On the whole, the evidence is more consistent with the view that the institutional reforms brought about by the French Revolution had long-run bene…cial e¤ects and therefore militates against all four of the above theses. Our interpretation is that the Revolution destroyed (the institutional underpinnings of) the power of oligarchies and elites opposed to economic change, and combined with the arrival of new economic and industrial opportunities in the second half of the 19th century, helped pave the way for future economic growth.
Uploads
Papers by james mburu