Although 3D stereoscopic movies had been paid attention to a few times since the 1900's, the inte... more Although 3D stereoscopic movies had been paid attention to a few times since the 1900's, the interest had not been last. Most researchers pointed out the reason came from human factors because the early in the 3D technology growth had to develop technological possibility to realize 3D videos and ignore the importance viewers' perspective. In the 2D video research, many studies have explored the factors which make people got immersed or involved and felt visual fatigue, but they have not been the main issues in the 3D research until now. The present research believes human factor issue is one of the most important parts to accelerate 3D industry and thus, we try to make reliable and valid assessments to evaluate 3D video which are perceived characteristics, impression, and presence.
This article provides quantitative analyses of trends in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and... more This article provides quantitative analyses of trends in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) content in digital games released between 1985 and 2005, including 162 games and 283 instances of content. We contextualize these findings within the literature on LGBTQ media representation and emphasize the unique forms this content takes in games. We also demonstrate the importance of looking beyond the game text in isolation in coding sexual and gender identities. We explore the statistical association among variables, including the intersection of race and character role with LGBTQ identities, country of origin, and year of release. Moreover, we demonstrate trends in this representation over time. In addition, we discuss the limitations of quantitative analysis of game content, particularly for this sort of historical analysis. Still, we can point to interesting quantitative trends in LGBTQ representation, which offer important context for understanding what ideologie...
Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for crimin... more Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for criminology, sociology, public policy, and media scholars. Where incidents used to be communicated through word of mouth, physical evidence, and news outlets, recent advances in crime tracking, mapping, and mobile media have dramatically changed how individuals are informed about crime. Many organizations have adopted mobile text alerts, and recent advances in augmented reality (AR) technologies have made it possible to overlay visuals about crime on top of users’ physical surroundings. How people make sense of this visual, individualized, and location-specific crime information, however, is largely unknown and complicated by the fact that mobile technologies are challenging to study in situ, as people move through and experience urban place. Within the AR literature, while existing research has started to look at the ways that AR can affect people’s experience of place, the precise ways that ...
In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the role of mo... more In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the role of motives for social TV viewing in public and private communication platforms. Using an online survey, data were collected from college students in the U.S., who engaged in social TV viewing for March Madness, the NCAA men's basketball tournament. Primary findings indicate that the entertainment and communication motives for social TV viewing are stronger in the public platform than in private. Conversely, the social motive is slightly stronger in the private platform than in the public one. Further, in the public platform, the entertainment motive is found to be the strongest motive for social TV viewing; in the private platform, the communication motive is the strongest. Additionally, social presence has a mediation effect on social TV enjoyment.
Although many studies have pointed out the limitations of applying more advanced technology in ed... more Although many studies have pointed out the limitations of applying more advanced technology in educational settings (Collins & Halverson, 2018; Fedorov & Levitskaya, 2015; Kozma, 1994), some studies have shown media technology enhances essential educational outcomes (Gardner, 1993; Hew & Cheung, 2010; Jensen & Konradsen, 2018; McLellan, 1994; Merchant, Goetz, Cifuentes, Keeney-Kennicutt, & Davis, 2014) and that more immersive media technology can help people to perceive events through media technology better (Bracken & Lombard, 2004; Lombard, Biocca, Freeman, IJsselsteijn, & Schaevitz, 2015; Lombard, Ditton, Grabe, & Reich, 1997; Lombard, Lee, Sun, Xu, & Yang, 2017; Lombard, Reich, Grabe, Bracken, & Ditton, 2000). These current debates lead to a question of whether providing immersive experiences can help to achieve higher goals of education and what is the psychological processes behind it. The main purpose of this dissertation is to help people exploring these debates by providing...
Because social media provide users with the possibility of an easy way to communicate with celebr... more Because social media provide users with the possibility of an easy way to communicate with celebrities in society, it has become a more common practice to follow celebrities through social media. However, there exists few studies that examine how people’s individual characteristics are related to their celebrity-following behavior. In this regard, the current study examines whether celebrity followers’ loneliness is associated with the following behavior of their favorite celebrity. Data were collected through an online survey (N = 210). Primary findings suggest that celebrity followers’ loneliness is positively related to frequent visits of their favorite celebrity’s social media, greater social-interpersonal motive for following the celebrity, and greater enjoyment of learning about personal life stories of the celebrity. Social presence is found to be a significant moderator that can intensify more favorable parasocial relationship perceptions with the celebrity.
Although social TV viewing research has been growing, there still exists limited information in t... more Although social TV viewing research has been growing, there still exists limited information in this area. To further advance our understanding about this relatively new TV viewing practice, the current study explored motives for social TV viewing (e.g. communication, information, enjoyment), social TV platforms (e.g., public, private), social TV engagement (e.g. active, passive), and social presence. In particular, the study examined social TV viewing for the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) March Madness event in the physical co-viewing context by use of an online survey. Primary results found that different motives lead social TV viewers to choose different social TV platforms and to be engaged differently in social TV viewing. Additionally, social presence functioned as a significant mediator between social TV engagement and social TV enjoyment on private platforms. Based on the results, implications for research and practice are discussed to provide a better un...
Communication about real-life crime and space has long been an important question for sociologist... more Communication about real-life crime and space has long been an important question for sociologists, criminologists, and policymakers alike. With federal laws like the Clery Act mandating disclosure of crime information on college campuses, many colleges have been turning to mobile technologies and text messaging to alert populations to crime. This study examines the latest development in display technology, specifically augmented reality technologies, to explore how digital overlays of crime information affect people's sense of place/space. Because augmented reality applications can literally overlay crime information on top of place, it is important to understand how that visual representation can alter people's perceptions and emotions of their physical surroundings. Through an experimental design (N=80) where participants are randomly assigned to an augmented reality condition or a text message condition and asked to fill out qualitative questionnaires about their percept...
This paper is designed to explore how online readers process information when online news article... more This paper is designed to explore how online readers process information when online news articles have majority cues. These majority cues are conceptualized as a specific type of heuristic cue and this study discovered complex interaction effects of this heuristic cue. Heuristic and Systematic Model (HSM) and Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) successfully predict how these interaction effects work when these models work together. MANOVA and ANOVA analyses report significant interaction effects among heuristic cues, involvement, and argument quality on readers attitudes (attitude toward information and author’s credibility) that supporting both Hypothesis 1 and 2. Specifically, in regard a Hypothesis 1, when argument quality is strong the heuristic cue increases the attitude toward information and author’s credibility more positively when the information is about a low-involvement product. On the other hand, the heuristic cue decreases attitude toward information and author’s credi...
ABSTRACT In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the r... more ABSTRACT In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the role of motives for social TV viewing in public and private communication platforms. Using an online survey, data were collected from college students in the U.S., who engaged in social TV viewing for March Madness, the NCAA men’s basketball tournament. Primary findings indicate that the entertainment and communication motives for social TV viewing are stronger in the public platform than in private. Conversely, the social motive is slightly stronger in the private platform than in the public one. Further, in the public platform, the entertainment motive is found to be the strongest motive for social TV viewing; in the private platform, the communication motive is the strongest. Additionally, social presence has a mediation effect on social TV enjoyment.
This study examined how a radio host’s personal experiences (testimonials) influence listeners’ e... more This study examined how a radio host’s personal experiences (testimonials) influence listeners’ experiences, particularly focusing on the role of social presence. A Web-based experiment, using 113 undergrad students at a large public university in the United States, compared effects of a radio host’s sharing vs. not sharing testimonials during the radio program. The investigation found that social presence has significant indirect effects. Specifically, when the radio host shares testimonials, listeners experience a stronger feeling of social presence of the radio host, and it consequently fosters stronger levels of enjoyment, perceived credibility of the radio host, and information seeking intention.
After the movie "AVATAR" became a good model of cash-cow in 3D movie, the profit of 3D-movie sign... more After the movie "AVATAR" became a good model of cash-cow in 3D movie, the profit of 3D-movie significantly reduced. One of the reasons why it happens comes from rare understanding of human factors for instance how viewers get immersed, but sometimes tired. Although 3D images should be more considered human visual system including eye, unfortunately most communication research ignored human factors. For those reasons this study observed the effect of 3D video on viewers' psychological response, especially for perceived eye movement, perceived characteristics, visual fatigue, and presence. With 90 participants, the results show that viewers' perceived feature effects on their presence. In detail, first, materiality and tangibility are more important factors than clarity in 3D video, and it means that when making 3D content or devices, materiality and tangibility should be considers that any other factor. Second, this study examined whether we perceive our eyes as media, and the result shows that as viewers' presence level became higher we perceive eye movements more, and as viewers' presence level became higher perceived visual fatigue became lower. This result means that when we move eyes, we interact with surrounded environment, so 3D content needs to provide vivid features to be more interactive. On the other hand, since level of presence increase visual fatigue, it must be balanced when producing and playing.
In a series of in-depth interviews, ten older adults described their use and experience with mobi... more In a series of in-depth interviews, ten older adults described their use and experience with mobile technologies (e.g., E-readers and tablets). The results reveal that while older adults may not be leaders in new technology adoption, they do utilize mobile technology when they find it useful. The participants expressed both satisfaction and some frustration with their mobile devices. Participants suggested that the devices allowed them to partake in behaviors they might not be able to otherwise enjoy for a variety of physical and social reasons.
Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for crimin... more Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for criminology, sociology, public policy, and media scholars. Where incidents used to be communicated through word of mouth, physical evidence, and news outlets, recent advances in crime tracking, mapping, and mobile media have dramatically changed how individuals are informed about crime. Many organizations have adopted mobile text alerts, and recent advances in augmented reality (AR) technologies have made it possible to overlay visuals about crime on top of users’ physical surroundings. How people make sense of this visual, individualized, and location-specific crime information, however, is largely unknown and complicated by the fact that mobile technologies are challenging to study in situ, as people move through and experience urban place. Within the AR literature, while existing research has started to look at the ways that AR can affect people’s experience of place, the precise ways that ...
Although 3D stereoscopic movies had been paid attention to a few times since the 1900's, the inte... more Although 3D stereoscopic movies had been paid attention to a few times since the 1900's, the interest had not been last. Most researchers pointed out the reason came from human factors because the early in the 3D technology growth had to develop technological possibility to realize 3D videos and ignore the importance viewers' perspective. In the 2D video research, many studies have explored the factors which make people got immersed or involved and felt visual fatigue, but they have not been the main issues in the 3D research until now. The present research believes human factor issue is one of the most important parts to accelerate 3D industry and thus, we try to make reliable and valid assessments to evaluate 3D video which are perceived characteristics, impression, and presence.
This article provides quantitative analyses of trends in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and... more This article provides quantitative analyses of trends in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) content in digital games released between 1985 and 2005, including 162 games and 283 instances of content. We contextualize these findings within the literature on LGBTQ media representation and emphasize the unique forms this content takes in games. We also demonstrate the importance of looking beyond the game text in isolation in coding sexual and gender identities. We explore the statistical association among variables, including the intersection of race and character role with LGBTQ identities, country of origin, and year of release. Moreover, we demonstrate trends in this representation over time. In addition, we discuss the limitations of quantitative analysis of game content, particularly for this sort of historical analysis. Still, we can point to interesting quantitative trends in LGBTQ representation, which offer important context for understanding what ideologie...
Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for crimin... more Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for criminology, sociology, public policy, and media scholars. Where incidents used to be communicated through word of mouth, physical evidence, and news outlets, recent advances in crime tracking, mapping, and mobile media have dramatically changed how individuals are informed about crime. Many organizations have adopted mobile text alerts, and recent advances in augmented reality (AR) technologies have made it possible to overlay visuals about crime on top of users’ physical surroundings. How people make sense of this visual, individualized, and location-specific crime information, however, is largely unknown and complicated by the fact that mobile technologies are challenging to study in situ, as people move through and experience urban place. Within the AR literature, while existing research has started to look at the ways that AR can affect people’s experience of place, the precise ways that ...
In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the role of mo... more In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the role of motives for social TV viewing in public and private communication platforms. Using an online survey, data were collected from college students in the U.S., who engaged in social TV viewing for March Madness, the NCAA men's basketball tournament. Primary findings indicate that the entertainment and communication motives for social TV viewing are stronger in the public platform than in private. Conversely, the social motive is slightly stronger in the private platform than in the public one. Further, in the public platform, the entertainment motive is found to be the strongest motive for social TV viewing; in the private platform, the communication motive is the strongest. Additionally, social presence has a mediation effect on social TV enjoyment.
Although many studies have pointed out the limitations of applying more advanced technology in ed... more Although many studies have pointed out the limitations of applying more advanced technology in educational settings (Collins & Halverson, 2018; Fedorov & Levitskaya, 2015; Kozma, 1994), some studies have shown media technology enhances essential educational outcomes (Gardner, 1993; Hew & Cheung, 2010; Jensen & Konradsen, 2018; McLellan, 1994; Merchant, Goetz, Cifuentes, Keeney-Kennicutt, & Davis, 2014) and that more immersive media technology can help people to perceive events through media technology better (Bracken & Lombard, 2004; Lombard, Biocca, Freeman, IJsselsteijn, & Schaevitz, 2015; Lombard, Ditton, Grabe, & Reich, 1997; Lombard, Lee, Sun, Xu, & Yang, 2017; Lombard, Reich, Grabe, Bracken, & Ditton, 2000). These current debates lead to a question of whether providing immersive experiences can help to achieve higher goals of education and what is the psychological processes behind it. The main purpose of this dissertation is to help people exploring these debates by providing...
Because social media provide users with the possibility of an easy way to communicate with celebr... more Because social media provide users with the possibility of an easy way to communicate with celebrities in society, it has become a more common practice to follow celebrities through social media. However, there exists few studies that examine how people’s individual characteristics are related to their celebrity-following behavior. In this regard, the current study examines whether celebrity followers’ loneliness is associated with the following behavior of their favorite celebrity. Data were collected through an online survey (N = 210). Primary findings suggest that celebrity followers’ loneliness is positively related to frequent visits of their favorite celebrity’s social media, greater social-interpersonal motive for following the celebrity, and greater enjoyment of learning about personal life stories of the celebrity. Social presence is found to be a significant moderator that can intensify more favorable parasocial relationship perceptions with the celebrity.
Although social TV viewing research has been growing, there still exists limited information in t... more Although social TV viewing research has been growing, there still exists limited information in this area. To further advance our understanding about this relatively new TV viewing practice, the current study explored motives for social TV viewing (e.g. communication, information, enjoyment), social TV platforms (e.g., public, private), social TV engagement (e.g. active, passive), and social presence. In particular, the study examined social TV viewing for the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) March Madness event in the physical co-viewing context by use of an online survey. Primary results found that different motives lead social TV viewers to choose different social TV platforms and to be engaged differently in social TV viewing. Additionally, social presence functioned as a significant mediator between social TV engagement and social TV enjoyment on private platforms. Based on the results, implications for research and practice are discussed to provide a better un...
Communication about real-life crime and space has long been an important question for sociologist... more Communication about real-life crime and space has long been an important question for sociologists, criminologists, and policymakers alike. With federal laws like the Clery Act mandating disclosure of crime information on college campuses, many colleges have been turning to mobile technologies and text messaging to alert populations to crime. This study examines the latest development in display technology, specifically augmented reality technologies, to explore how digital overlays of crime information affect people's sense of place/space. Because augmented reality applications can literally overlay crime information on top of place, it is important to understand how that visual representation can alter people's perceptions and emotions of their physical surroundings. Through an experimental design (N=80) where participants are randomly assigned to an augmented reality condition or a text message condition and asked to fill out qualitative questionnaires about their percept...
This paper is designed to explore how online readers process information when online news article... more This paper is designed to explore how online readers process information when online news articles have majority cues. These majority cues are conceptualized as a specific type of heuristic cue and this study discovered complex interaction effects of this heuristic cue. Heuristic and Systematic Model (HSM) and Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) successfully predict how these interaction effects work when these models work together. MANOVA and ANOVA analyses report significant interaction effects among heuristic cues, involvement, and argument quality on readers attitudes (attitude toward information and author’s credibility) that supporting both Hypothesis 1 and 2. Specifically, in regard a Hypothesis 1, when argument quality is strong the heuristic cue increases the attitude toward information and author’s credibility more positively when the information is about a low-involvement product. On the other hand, the heuristic cue decreases attitude toward information and author’s credi...
ABSTRACT In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the r... more ABSTRACT In response to a recent trend in a TV viewing behavior, the current study examined the role of motives for social TV viewing in public and private communication platforms. Using an online survey, data were collected from college students in the U.S., who engaged in social TV viewing for March Madness, the NCAA men’s basketball tournament. Primary findings indicate that the entertainment and communication motives for social TV viewing are stronger in the public platform than in private. Conversely, the social motive is slightly stronger in the private platform than in the public one. Further, in the public platform, the entertainment motive is found to be the strongest motive for social TV viewing; in the private platform, the communication motive is the strongest. Additionally, social presence has a mediation effect on social TV enjoyment.
This study examined how a radio host’s personal experiences (testimonials) influence listeners’ e... more This study examined how a radio host’s personal experiences (testimonials) influence listeners’ experiences, particularly focusing on the role of social presence. A Web-based experiment, using 113 undergrad students at a large public university in the United States, compared effects of a radio host’s sharing vs. not sharing testimonials during the radio program. The investigation found that social presence has significant indirect effects. Specifically, when the radio host shares testimonials, listeners experience a stronger feeling of social presence of the radio host, and it consequently fosters stronger levels of enjoyment, perceived credibility of the radio host, and information seeking intention.
After the movie "AVATAR" became a good model of cash-cow in 3D movie, the profit of 3D-movie sign... more After the movie "AVATAR" became a good model of cash-cow in 3D movie, the profit of 3D-movie significantly reduced. One of the reasons why it happens comes from rare understanding of human factors for instance how viewers get immersed, but sometimes tired. Although 3D images should be more considered human visual system including eye, unfortunately most communication research ignored human factors. For those reasons this study observed the effect of 3D video on viewers' psychological response, especially for perceived eye movement, perceived characteristics, visual fatigue, and presence. With 90 participants, the results show that viewers' perceived feature effects on their presence. In detail, first, materiality and tangibility are more important factors than clarity in 3D video, and it means that when making 3D content or devices, materiality and tangibility should be considers that any other factor. Second, this study examined whether we perceive our eyes as media, and the result shows that as viewers' presence level became higher we perceive eye movements more, and as viewers' presence level became higher perceived visual fatigue became lower. This result means that when we move eyes, we interact with surrounded environment, so 3D content needs to provide vivid features to be more interactive. On the other hand, since level of presence increase visual fatigue, it must be balanced when producing and playing.
In a series of in-depth interviews, ten older adults described their use and experience with mobi... more In a series of in-depth interviews, ten older adults described their use and experience with mobile technologies (e.g., E-readers and tablets). The results reveal that while older adults may not be leaders in new technology adoption, they do utilize mobile technology when they find it useful. The participants expressed both satisfaction and some frustration with their mobile devices. Participants suggested that the devices allowed them to partake in behaviors they might not be able to otherwise enjoy for a variety of physical and social reasons.
Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for crimin... more Communication about crime and the places it occurs has been an important area of study for criminology, sociology, public policy, and media scholars. Where incidents used to be communicated through word of mouth, physical evidence, and news outlets, recent advances in crime tracking, mapping, and mobile media have dramatically changed how individuals are informed about crime. Many organizations have adopted mobile text alerts, and recent advances in augmented reality (AR) technologies have made it possible to overlay visuals about crime on top of users’ physical surroundings. How people make sense of this visual, individualized, and location-specific crime information, however, is largely unknown and complicated by the fact that mobile technologies are challenging to study in situ, as people move through and experience urban place. Within the AR literature, while existing research has started to look at the ways that AR can affect people’s experience of place, the precise ways that ...
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