Papers by Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfouli
ALEVİLİK-BEKTAŞİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ
Alevi-Bektashi is one of the significant orders which was formed in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bekt... more Alevi-Bektashi is one of the significant orders which was formed in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bektash Veli, as the founder of the order, migrated to Anatolia from the focal point of Sufism, Khorasan. Probably Haj Bektash Veli was the caliph of Baba Elyas Khorasani, who was the leader of the Baba’i uprising that shook the foundations of the Seljuks in Anatolia in the first half of the 13th century. Eventually, the Seljuks could defeat them by the Frankish forces aid. Loss of his brother in the battle was enough for Haj Bektash to avoid a new military confrontation with the Seljuks, however, followed the intellectual path of the Baba’is in the rest of his life. Many factors such as the religious beliefs of Turks in the pre-Islamic era, the prevailing Sufi thoughts in Anatolia and Christianity affected the Bektashis during their long history. The backbone of the order was the cultural and religious tolerance that found several adherents in Anatolia. In Ottoman era Bektashiya became the ...
Iranian journal for History of Islamic Civilisation, 2021
In the history of Islamic civilization, we encounter a lack of information about women, because o... more In the history of Islamic civilization, we encounter a lack of information about women, because of the patriarchal social and political structure which degraded women. The historical sources of the Safavid era, due to some civil and religious restrictions, don't provide us with adequate information on women, and in our case, women in the family of Shia scholars. As a result, they picture them as illiterate and socially inactive. On the other hand, it is possible to find some evidence, in biographical books, which inform us of a pedagogical tradition for women in the family of Shia scholars. The remaining works of these women are also another significant evidence. Our aim with this paper was to survey women's role in pedagogy and knowledge production based on manuscripts and published historical and biographical sources.
Medical History Journal, 2021
Abstract
Background and Aim: While the prohibition on the dissection of the human body in Christ... more Abstract
Background and Aim: While the prohibition on the dissection of the human body in Christian and Islamic culture prevented physicians from knowing the internal organs of the human body, Greek physicians and later, Muslim doctors tried to get acquainted with the shape and function of the organs through the dissection of animals. Galen dissected the pigs and Yuhanna ibn Masawaih and Rhazes dissected monkeys and so, this trend continued in Islamic civilization. Muslim physicians such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas and Avicenna have devoted a part of their comprehensive medical books to anatomy. Since the fourteenth century, the human dissection was allowed for medical education in the hospitals of some European countries and opened the way for teaching and writing the books on the Anatomy.
Materials and Methods: In this study, bone anatomy in two major medical encyclopedias in the Islamic civilization, Tib al-Maliki and Canon have been compared and also the views of Ali ibn Abbas and Ibn Sina on bones are examined to show their contribution to the development of anatomy.
Conclusion: Contrary to what is thought that the prohibition of dissection in Islam has caused Muslim physicians to have little knowledge of dissection, the study of the works of great Muslim physicians shows their mastery of dissection and even their disagreement in this regard. A comparison of the two valuable works of medicine of the Islamic period, Tib al-Maliki and Canon, shows the efforts of thebphysicians to accurately describe the bones of the body.Comparing the two works shows that the order and coherence of the contents in Tib al-Malilki work is more than Canon and also Tib al-Maliki seems to have been compiled for medical education. Although Ibn Raban Tabari in Ferdows al-Hikma and Razi in al-Mansouri have also paid attention to the arrangement of their works, but in Tib al-Maliki there is a kind of coherence throughout the book which is praiseworthy.
Keywords: Anatomy, Ali ibn Abbas, Avicenna, Tib al-Maliki, Canon
Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization, 2017
The formation of Shiite Navab Awadeh rule in north India in the twelfth century AD has led to the... more The formation of Shiite Navab Awadeh rule in north India in the twelfth century AD has led to the spread of Shi'ism in the area. Spending a lot of money and expenses, Nawab promotee and encouraged Hindus to participate in the rituals of Muharram, and as a result, the Shiite culture and customs, especially the ritual of mourning of Imam Hossein become a general culture and expanded in the vast area of the North India and gradually Sunni Muslims and Hindus also participated in the ceremony. Their participation gradually took it under the effect of local customs and traditions. This article aims to survey the reasons and motives of Hindus participation in Muharram ceremony and its consequences from the formation of Shiite Nawab Awadeh rule up to British domination in this area.
Keywords
Muharram ceremony Lucknow Hindus Imambara Taʻziya
Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization, 2018
The situation of women in Safavid court and haram drew the attention of the European travelers wh... more The situation of women in Safavid court and haram drew the attention of the European travelers who had come to Iran for political or religious missions. Some of those travelers described the women in Safavid haram as lazy and useless people that their duty was just for giving pleasure to the king and bringing up his children. So, they did not have any kind of education or learning skills and spent their life in vain. But there are other reports by the Safavid historians and European travelers which indicated that many haram women were educated and had social activities. Moreover, there are a number of Safavid paintings that supported the latter point of view. This paper examines and compares these two views to understand the situation of a significant class of women in Safavid era.
Keywords
Safavid travelers Women haram Safavid Painting
Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergis, 2018
Alevi-Bektashi is one of the significant orders which was formed
in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bekt... more Alevi-Bektashi is one of the significant orders which was formed
in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bektash Veli, as the founder of the order,
migrated to Anatolia from the focal point of Sufism, Khorasan. Probably
Haj Bektash Veli was the caliph of Baba Elyas Khorasani, who was the
leader of the Baba’i uprising that shook the foundations of the Seljuks in
Anatolia in the first half of the 13th century. Eventually, the Seljuks could
defeat them by the Frankish forces aid. Loss of his brother in the battle
was enough for Haj Bektash to avoid a new military confrontation with
the Seljuks, however, followed the intellectual path of the Baba’is in the
rest of his life. Many factors such as the religious beliefs of Turks in the
pre-Islamic era, the prevailing Sufi thoughts in Anatolia and Christianity
affected the Bektashis during their long history. The backbone of the
order was the cultural and religious tolerance that found several adherents
in Anatolia. In Ottoman era Bektashiya became the official order that
spiritually led the Jannissaries. Alevi-Bektashi also was influenced by other
streams of thoughts such as Hurufis and the shi’i propaganda of the
Safavid sheikhs. This article by historical approach examine the formation
of Alevi-Bektashi order and clarifies how they were influenced and then
had their impact on the history of Iran and Turkey.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alevi-Bektashi, Anatolia, Haj Bektash Veli,
Seljuks, Safavid.
SPEKTRUM IRAN , 2018
Die Erschließung neuer Erkenntnisse über den historischen Charakter Ḥāǧ Bektāš Walī basierend auf... more Die Erschließung neuer Erkenntnisse über den historischen Charakter Ḥāǧ Bektāš Walī basierend auf geschichtlichen und mystischen Grundlagen 1 Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfouli 2 Einleitung Die Persönlichkeit von ḤāǧBektāš Walī ist, wie auch die vieler anderer Šiyḫs der Sufīs, in einen außergewöhnlichen Mythos gehüllt. Beachtlich ist, dass der Bektāšī-Orden nach ihm benannt wurde, und dass im Laufe der Geschichte durch viele seiner Anhänger seine Wunder und legendären Taten vervielfacht wurden, so sehr, dass seine eigentlichen wahren Taten nach den bestehenden Quellen fast nicht zu erkennen sind. Außerdem wurde Ḥāǧ Bektāš wegen seiner heimlichen Aktivitäten und denen seiner Anhänger in Anatolien, und darüber hinaus wegen der Feindschaft mit den Salǧūqiyān-i Rūm, von historischen Quellen vernachlässigt. Trotzdem sollten alle Wissenschaftler einen Blick auf die Werke seiner Zeitgenossen werfen, so wie Manāqib ul-ʿārifīn von Aflākī, und zusätzlich dieBektāšī-Quellen untersuchen. Um einen Überblick über die politisch-kulturellen Atmosphäre im 7. Jahrhundert zu bekommen, sollten die geschichtlichen Werke wie Salğūq-nāma und Awāmir ul-ʻalāʼīyya fī umūr il-ʿalāʼīyya vonIbn-i
History and Civilisation of Islamic Nations, 2020
With the recognition of the Twelver Shiite and the presence of Shi’i scholars in the Safavid cour... more With the recognition of the Twelver Shiite and the presence of Shi’i scholars in the Safavid court, the Sufis power was diminished. During the second period of Safavid reign, the attempt of the Safavid kings to break free of Qizilbash sovereignty, which began in the early Safavid period, became more and more and also accompanied by anti-Sufis movement of Shia scholars. The emergence of a kind of vulgarian Sufism provoked the opposition of Shi’i scholars even more and sometimes created a competition between them. Those factors led to the formation of a literature and writing of some books, which in one side were Shia jurists and on the other side Sufis. Some of those books were in the form of treatises criticizing Sufis beliefs and customs, such as Tuhfat-al-akhyar of Mullah Mohammad Tahir Qumi. And other books were generally religious included verses and narrations for Shia which in a chapter or chapters criticized Sufis’ beliefs. Among those books, we can mention ‘Ayn al-Hayat by Allamih Majlisi. The present study will explain the cultural atmosphere of the Safavid period by reviewing the anti-Sufism opinions of the two famous scholars.
Journal of Religious Studies, 2017
The emergence of Alevi-Bektashi order of dervishes was the result of political, social, economic ... more The emergence of Alevi-Bektashi order of dervishes was the result of political, social, economic and cultural developments that occurred widely in Anatolia under Seljuk dynasty. There are many factors involved in the formation of Alevi-Bektashi order of dervishes such as ancient religions of Turks which were brought from Transoxiana, the presence of the great Mystic Sheikhs in Anatolia, the presence of Christianity and Greek culture throughout the region and the cultural policies of the Seljuks kings. In this paper, the impact of Shiite doctrine on Alevi-Bektashi order in their early history will be considered. Concerning to many Shi‘a slogan in Alevi Bekatashi ritual ceremonies, the assumption is that the Shi‘a was associated with Alevi -Bektashis in 7th C.E. In this paper, firstly, we have a look at the political situation of Anatolia in 7th C.E., then, looking for the effects of shi’a doctorine on their early sources such as Maqalat by Haj Bektash Veli, Al-Fava’id, Manaqib al-qudsiyah fi Manasib al-Ensiyah, the collection of Bektashis Nafas and so on.Finally, the main Shiite beliefs such as Ghadir event, fourteen innocence and etc. will be compared with the beliefs of the Alevi –Bektashis.
The cause and significance of the immigration of ‘Amilis ‘ulama to Iran in Safavid era is a polem... more The cause and significance of the immigration of ‘Amilis ‘ulama to Iran in Safavid era is a polemical topic among the scholars of oriental studies in the last few decades. Some of them agreed with Edward Browne who believed that the paucity of shi’i sources and ‘ulama in Iran was the main reason for the invitation by Safavid kings. Most of the pioneer scholars such as Roger Savory, Albert Hourani and among the youngers, Rula Jurdi Abisaab supported this assumption. On the other hand, some scholars approved Andrew Newman viewpoint that diminished the importance of the immigration and maintained that the main reason for the invitation of ‘Amilis ulama by Shah Isma’il was since the Shi’i‘ulama of Bahrain and Irak denied and underestimated this invitation and accused the Safavid kings to extremism. Meanwhile, Abissab and Newman are both the representatives of those two theories among the scholars. It seems that the differentiate is derived from the distinctive frameworks of their studies. While Newman considered the issue in a ‘Usuli-Akhbari framework, Abissab used the same information and evidence in a Safavid-Ottoman framework. In this article, both viewpoints will be compared and assimilated.
History and Civilisation of Islamic Nations, 2006
The turk‘s emigrants were influenced by the religions and
cultures of other peoples when they lef... more The turk‘s emigrants were influenced by the religions and
cultures of other peoples when they left their mother lands and
passed of many areas. Shamanism was the foremost belief of turks
that remaind among them for hundreds years. However turks
gradually could rule on Islamic world after accepting of Islam, but
one can pursue their past beliefs in Islamic times. In this essay, the
past religious beliefs of turks before Islam and the ways of Islam
spreading was considered.
Keywords
Turks Central Asia Shamanism Islam
History and Civilisation Of Islamic Nations, 2016
The Renaissance was the start of a new age of science, creativity and critical thinking in the We... more The Renaissance was the start of a new age of science, creativity and critical thinking in the West, however, the research methods and perspectives have been prevailed since the early twentieth century. Nevertheless, the Muslim scholars in the glorious age of Islamic civilization have had their own methods and insights. Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi(Rhazes) was a great Iranian physician who used the particular research methods and approaches in his works which can be compared with his European counterparts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries AD. Rhazes composed his valuable works by his mastermind and critical gift as well as putting emphasis on the clinical observations and experimental techniques to explore the medical science. He used the research methods such as expression of the study, aim of research, question and hypothesis, sources criticism, introduction, discussion and conclusion that are common today. This article examines the major works of Rhazes in medicine, presenting the examples of his research methods and perspectives that are much beyond his age and similar to today.
Keywords: Rhazes, Research methods, Islamic medicine, al-Mansuri fi al-Tib.
Abbasid caliphs tried to strengthen their caliphate foundations supporting the tradition of chiva... more Abbasid caliphs tried to strengthen their caliphate foundations supporting the tradition of chivalry in the sixth and seventh centuries and joining with Fathian. This issue led to the development of chivalry systems in the Islamic lands.
Following the Mongolian assault, taking refuge of a group of scientists, mystics and sophists in the territory of Rome Saljuqids, supporting of Saljuqid kings from followers of chivalry and Sufi sheikhs along with the political and social changes of this area, various tendencies of Sufism in Anatoly got prevalent.
The sophism of Baktashi Alawites was one of them which turned into the most influential schools of Sufism in Anatoly by preserving its aggressive nature with Saljuqids and under the great influence of chivalry tradition.
Following Baktashi Alawite Sheikhs’ gaining power in the age of Ottoman sultans and the spiritual domination of this sophism over the Yanichari army, the followers of chivalry gradually joined with Baktashism in Anatoly.
This article has investigated the effect of chivalry systems on Baktashi Alawites sophism as well as the similarities between them
Keywords
Baktashi Alawites Haj Baktash e-Vali Anatoly Rome’s Saljuqids tradition of chivalry
Books by Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfouli
Amir Kabir Publication, 2014
The book is teaching the skill of critical thinking step by step and also illustrating that how i... more The book is teaching the skill of critical thinking step by step and also illustrating that how it can help the researchers in every level to have great achievements.
Elmi Farhangi Publication, 2010
This book examines the origins of the Alawite Bektashi order in Anatolia and the background of it... more This book examines the origins of the Alawite Bektashi order in Anatolia and the background of its formation, along with related documents and images. The Babayan uprising in the early seventh century A.D. was the first scene of the emergence of the Anatolian Alawites. The leaders of this uprising were two Sufi sheikhs who rose up against the rule of the Roman Seljuks. Hajj "Baktash Vali Khorasani", who was affiliated with Baba Ilias, kept himself away from the uprising and went to Suluja Qarahuyuq where he propagated his Sufi ideas among the Turkmen. The Alawite Bektashi order of dervishes was established and continued by the followers of Haj Baktash Vali. This sect was influenced by two currents in the ninth and tenth centuries, namely the "Harufiyah" movement and the propaganda of Safavid sheikhs, and since then Shiite slogans have spread in the customs of the Alawite Bektashis.
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Papers by Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfouli
Background and Aim: While the prohibition on the dissection of the human body in Christian and Islamic culture prevented physicians from knowing the internal organs of the human body, Greek physicians and later, Muslim doctors tried to get acquainted with the shape and function of the organs through the dissection of animals. Galen dissected the pigs and Yuhanna ibn Masawaih and Rhazes dissected monkeys and so, this trend continued in Islamic civilization. Muslim physicians such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas and Avicenna have devoted a part of their comprehensive medical books to anatomy. Since the fourteenth century, the human dissection was allowed for medical education in the hospitals of some European countries and opened the way for teaching and writing the books on the Anatomy.
Materials and Methods: In this study, bone anatomy in two major medical encyclopedias in the Islamic civilization, Tib al-Maliki and Canon have been compared and also the views of Ali ibn Abbas and Ibn Sina on bones are examined to show their contribution to the development of anatomy.
Conclusion: Contrary to what is thought that the prohibition of dissection in Islam has caused Muslim physicians to have little knowledge of dissection, the study of the works of great Muslim physicians shows their mastery of dissection and even their disagreement in this regard. A comparison of the two valuable works of medicine of the Islamic period, Tib al-Maliki and Canon, shows the efforts of thebphysicians to accurately describe the bones of the body.Comparing the two works shows that the order and coherence of the contents in Tib al-Malilki work is more than Canon and also Tib al-Maliki seems to have been compiled for medical education. Although Ibn Raban Tabari in Ferdows al-Hikma and Razi in al-Mansouri have also paid attention to the arrangement of their works, but in Tib al-Maliki there is a kind of coherence throughout the book which is praiseworthy.
Keywords: Anatomy, Ali ibn Abbas, Avicenna, Tib al-Maliki, Canon
Keywords
Muharram ceremony Lucknow Hindus Imambara Taʻziya
Keywords
Safavid travelers Women haram Safavid Painting
in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bektash Veli, as the founder of the order,
migrated to Anatolia from the focal point of Sufism, Khorasan. Probably
Haj Bektash Veli was the caliph of Baba Elyas Khorasani, who was the
leader of the Baba’i uprising that shook the foundations of the Seljuks in
Anatolia in the first half of the 13th century. Eventually, the Seljuks could
defeat them by the Frankish forces aid. Loss of his brother in the battle
was enough for Haj Bektash to avoid a new military confrontation with
the Seljuks, however, followed the intellectual path of the Baba’is in the
rest of his life. Many factors such as the religious beliefs of Turks in the
pre-Islamic era, the prevailing Sufi thoughts in Anatolia and Christianity
affected the Bektashis during their long history. The backbone of the
order was the cultural and religious tolerance that found several adherents
in Anatolia. In Ottoman era Bektashiya became the official order that
spiritually led the Jannissaries. Alevi-Bektashi also was influenced by other
streams of thoughts such as Hurufis and the shi’i propaganda of the
Safavid sheikhs. This article by historical approach examine the formation
of Alevi-Bektashi order and clarifies how they were influenced and then
had their impact on the history of Iran and Turkey.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alevi-Bektashi, Anatolia, Haj Bektash Veli,
Seljuks, Safavid.
cultures of other peoples when they left their mother lands and
passed of many areas. Shamanism was the foremost belief of turks
that remaind among them for hundreds years. However turks
gradually could rule on Islamic world after accepting of Islam, but
one can pursue their past beliefs in Islamic times. In this essay, the
past religious beliefs of turks before Islam and the ways of Islam
spreading was considered.
Keywords
Turks Central Asia Shamanism Islam
Keywords: Rhazes, Research methods, Islamic medicine, al-Mansuri fi al-Tib.
Following the Mongolian assault, taking refuge of a group of scientists, mystics and sophists in the territory of Rome Saljuqids, supporting of Saljuqid kings from followers of chivalry and Sufi sheikhs along with the political and social changes of this area, various tendencies of Sufism in Anatoly got prevalent.
The sophism of Baktashi Alawites was one of them which turned into the most influential schools of Sufism in Anatoly by preserving its aggressive nature with Saljuqids and under the great influence of chivalry tradition.
Following Baktashi Alawite Sheikhs’ gaining power in the age of Ottoman sultans and the spiritual domination of this sophism over the Yanichari army, the followers of chivalry gradually joined with Baktashism in Anatoly.
This article has investigated the effect of chivalry systems on Baktashi Alawites sophism as well as the similarities between them
Keywords
Baktashi Alawites Haj Baktash e-Vali Anatoly Rome’s Saljuqids tradition of chivalry
Books by Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfouli
Background and Aim: While the prohibition on the dissection of the human body in Christian and Islamic culture prevented physicians from knowing the internal organs of the human body, Greek physicians and later, Muslim doctors tried to get acquainted with the shape and function of the organs through the dissection of animals. Galen dissected the pigs and Yuhanna ibn Masawaih and Rhazes dissected monkeys and so, this trend continued in Islamic civilization. Muslim physicians such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas and Avicenna have devoted a part of their comprehensive medical books to anatomy. Since the fourteenth century, the human dissection was allowed for medical education in the hospitals of some European countries and opened the way for teaching and writing the books on the Anatomy.
Materials and Methods: In this study, bone anatomy in two major medical encyclopedias in the Islamic civilization, Tib al-Maliki and Canon have been compared and also the views of Ali ibn Abbas and Ibn Sina on bones are examined to show their contribution to the development of anatomy.
Conclusion: Contrary to what is thought that the prohibition of dissection in Islam has caused Muslim physicians to have little knowledge of dissection, the study of the works of great Muslim physicians shows their mastery of dissection and even their disagreement in this regard. A comparison of the two valuable works of medicine of the Islamic period, Tib al-Maliki and Canon, shows the efforts of thebphysicians to accurately describe the bones of the body.Comparing the two works shows that the order and coherence of the contents in Tib al-Malilki work is more than Canon and also Tib al-Maliki seems to have been compiled for medical education. Although Ibn Raban Tabari in Ferdows al-Hikma and Razi in al-Mansouri have also paid attention to the arrangement of their works, but in Tib al-Maliki there is a kind of coherence throughout the book which is praiseworthy.
Keywords: Anatomy, Ali ibn Abbas, Avicenna, Tib al-Maliki, Canon
Keywords
Muharram ceremony Lucknow Hindus Imambara Taʻziya
Keywords
Safavid travelers Women haram Safavid Painting
in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bektash Veli, as the founder of the order,
migrated to Anatolia from the focal point of Sufism, Khorasan. Probably
Haj Bektash Veli was the caliph of Baba Elyas Khorasani, who was the
leader of the Baba’i uprising that shook the foundations of the Seljuks in
Anatolia in the first half of the 13th century. Eventually, the Seljuks could
defeat them by the Frankish forces aid. Loss of his brother in the battle
was enough for Haj Bektash to avoid a new military confrontation with
the Seljuks, however, followed the intellectual path of the Baba’is in the
rest of his life. Many factors such as the religious beliefs of Turks in the
pre-Islamic era, the prevailing Sufi thoughts in Anatolia and Christianity
affected the Bektashis during their long history. The backbone of the
order was the cultural and religious tolerance that found several adherents
in Anatolia. In Ottoman era Bektashiya became the official order that
spiritually led the Jannissaries. Alevi-Bektashi also was influenced by other
streams of thoughts such as Hurufis and the shi’i propaganda of the
Safavid sheikhs. This article by historical approach examine the formation
of Alevi-Bektashi order and clarifies how they were influenced and then
had their impact on the history of Iran and Turkey.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alevi-Bektashi, Anatolia, Haj Bektash Veli,
Seljuks, Safavid.
cultures of other peoples when they left their mother lands and
passed of many areas. Shamanism was the foremost belief of turks
that remaind among them for hundreds years. However turks
gradually could rule on Islamic world after accepting of Islam, but
one can pursue their past beliefs in Islamic times. In this essay, the
past religious beliefs of turks before Islam and the ways of Islam
spreading was considered.
Keywords
Turks Central Asia Shamanism Islam
Keywords: Rhazes, Research methods, Islamic medicine, al-Mansuri fi al-Tib.
Following the Mongolian assault, taking refuge of a group of scientists, mystics and sophists in the territory of Rome Saljuqids, supporting of Saljuqid kings from followers of chivalry and Sufi sheikhs along with the political and social changes of this area, various tendencies of Sufism in Anatoly got prevalent.
The sophism of Baktashi Alawites was one of them which turned into the most influential schools of Sufism in Anatoly by preserving its aggressive nature with Saljuqids and under the great influence of chivalry tradition.
Following Baktashi Alawite Sheikhs’ gaining power in the age of Ottoman sultans and the spiritual domination of this sophism over the Yanichari army, the followers of chivalry gradually joined with Baktashism in Anatoly.
This article has investigated the effect of chivalry systems on Baktashi Alawites sophism as well as the similarities between them
Keywords
Baktashi Alawites Haj Baktash e-Vali Anatoly Rome’s Saljuqids tradition of chivalry