Papers by enrique martinez
IEEE PES ISGT Europe 2013, 2013
In the current energy exchange market it is essential to guarantee continuity and quality of supp... more In the current energy exchange market it is essential to guarantee continuity and quality of supply both in steady state and during contingencies that might occur in any subsystem of interconnected systems. In this work it is shown how the geographical and topological characteristics of the subnetworks directly affect the quality and reliability in the energy exchange, especially when subsystems are interconnected without asynchronous ties that prevent power, frequency or voltage oscillations. This paper describes the problems faced by the interconnection between Mexico and the countries that define the Interconnected Electric System of the Central American Countries (SIEPAC). Different oscillations that have occurred are analyzed. Discrete control schemes to automatically trigger the 400 KV circuit that interconnects the systems of Mexico and Guatemala are proposed.
The Journal of Immunology, 2010
Gastrointestinal mucosa is an early target of HIV and a site of viral replication and severe CD4+... more Gastrointestinal mucosa is an early target of HIV and a site of viral replication and severe CD4+ T cell depletion. However, effects of HIV infection on gut mucosal innate immune defense have not been fully investigated. Intestinal Paneth cell-derived α-defensins constitute an integral part of the gut mucosal innate defense against microbial pathogens. Using the SIV-infected rhesus macaque model of AIDS, we examined the level of expression of rhesus enteric α-defensins (REDs) in the jejunal mucosa of rhesus macaques during all stages of SIV infection using real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. An increased expression of RED mRNAs was found in PC at the base of the crypts in jejunum at all stages of SIV infection as compared with uninfected controls. This increase correlated with active viral replication in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Loss of RED protein accumulation in PC was seen in animals with simian AIDS. This was associated with the loss of secreto...
Journal of Clinical Virology, 2011
Background-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastr... more Background-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with increased disease severity in therapeutically immunosuppressed IBD patients. The role of EBV infection in patients with IBD who are unresponsive to medical therapy is unclear. Anti-viral strategies may be a viable treatment option if severity of EBV infection, reflected in peripheral blood, contributes to IBD progression. Objectives-We investigated the role of EBV in IBD patients unresponsive to medical therapy by examining EBV reactivation and B-cell proliferation in colonic mucosa. Study Design-EBV DNA copy numbers were measured by real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 84 patients with IBD and 115 non-IBD controls in a retrospective cross-sectional study. EBV-infected cells in colonic mucosa were identified by immunohistochemistry. Results-EBV load in PBMC was higher in patients with IBD than in non-IBD controls, especially in patients not responding to medication. Inflamed colonic mucosa of these patients had high levels of expression of lytic and latent EBV genes that localized to proliferating Blymphocytes, which was not seen in patients responding to therapy. Conclusions-EBV replication was associated with severe IBD and mucosal inflammation. Increased proliferation and EBV infection of B-lymphocytes in inflamed colonic mucosa highlight the potential role of EBV in mucosal inflammation. The immunomodulatory effects of EBV could delay the resolution of the IBD associated inflammation, thus contributing to disease progression. These results indicate that anti-viral therapeutic strategies for the resolution of IBD may be useful.
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Papers by enrique martinez