The oil of the powdered seed of Butyrospermum parkii was extracted sequentially using petroleum e... more The oil of the powdered seed of Butyrospermum parkii was extracted sequentially using petroleum ether and hexane by soxhlet extractor. The colour of the oil reveals that the petroleum ether extracts to be light brown and hexane to be pale yellow. 80g of the seed sample of Butyrospermum parkii extracted by hexane yielded 38.8% of oil and petroleum ether yielded 40.25% of the crude oil. The moisture content was 8.3%. The iodine values, Saponification values, Peroxide values, free fatty acid values, of oil obtained from Butyrospermum parkii seed are 53.20% and 51.30%, 215.00 and 212.10 Mg KOH/Kg 8.3 and 7.5meq/Kg 9.20% and 10% for hexane and petroleum ether respectively. The thin layer chromatography of oil obtained from Butyrospermum parkii seed contained two components. The antipathogenic activity shows that they cannot be exploited for use in pharmaceutical, while the study shows that Butyrospernum parkii oil are of high yield, consumption value and due to their saponification value...
The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-... more The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol leave extract of Eryngium foetidum. Median lethal dose (LD50) of crude extract of Eryngium foetidum was examined inthraperitoneally. For evaluation of analgesic, acetic acid induced writhing response model was used. In anti-inflammation, xylene-induced ear oedema and egg albumin were used in Swiss albino mice. In both cases, leaves extract were administered and the obtained effects were compared with commercially available analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug acetyl salicylic acid. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and terpenes. The LD50 value for Eryngium foetidum leaves extract was 1649.24 mg/kg. In analgesic bioassay, oral administration of the ethanol leaves extract reduced the writhing response in dose-dependent manner when compared with po...
A new method of designing fractional-order predictive PID controller with similar features to mod... more A new method of designing fractional-order predictive PID controller with similar features to model based predictive controllers (MPC) is considered. A general state space model of plant is assumed to be available and the model is augmented for prediction of future outputs. Thereafter, a structured cost function is defined which retains the design objective of fractional-order predictive PI controller. The resultant controller retains inherent benefits of model-based predictive control but with better performance. Simulations results are presented to show improved benefits of the proposed design method over dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm. One major contribution is that the new controller structure, which is a fractional-order predictive PI controller, retains combined benefits of conventional predictive control algorithm and robust features of fractional-order PID controller.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 2016
Background: Safety concerns over the use of chemical-based pesticides are provoking intense studi... more Background: Safety concerns over the use of chemical-based pesticides are provoking intense studies and application of bio-pesticides in disease control and agriculture. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogoncitratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Method: Cymbopogon oil (75ml) was extracted from 200g of fresh Lemongrass leaves using Soxhlet method with n-Hexane as solvent. Human volunteers were topically treated with 2ml and 6ml of Cymbopogon oil applied on exposed areas of the body at night; and observed for 4hrs 30mins. Direct test on mosquitoes in captivity was conducted using a 2-chambered insect box treated with 4 ml of oil in one chamber. Results: Human subjects were free from mosquito bites for 3 hours. Mosquitoes in captivity exhibited active movement away from oil-treated chamber of the box within the first minute of application; 43% repellency and 100% mortality w...
A new Fractional Order Proportional-Integral (FOPI) controller is proposed in this paper for proc... more A new Fractional Order Proportional-Integral (FOPI) controller is proposed in this paper for process control systems. This is achieved by extending the Biggest Log-modulus Tuning (BLT) method of designing conventional PID controllers to tuning FOPI controllers for multivariable processes. Unlike the conventional PID case, internal model control (IMC) method is first used to design the FOPI controller and obtain preliminary values of controller parameters. This yields simple formulae for setting controller gains. Thereafter, the FOPI controller gains are adjusted using a single detuning factor (F) until a biggest log modulus of 2N dB is obtained where N is the number of loops. Extended simulation studies show that good compromise between performance and robustness can be achieved for multiloop process control applications with the proposed FOPI controller.
This study is based on a comprehensive comparison among different African fruits relative to one ... more This study is based on a comprehensive comparison among different African fruits relative to one another and to identify the ones with high antioxidant capacity as compared to the standard ascorbic acid. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical spectrophotometric assays. The results of the DPPH assay indicated the antioxidant capacity as follows (decreasing order): Soursop (Annona muricata) (81.81% at 400ug/ml), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) (75.62% at 400ug/ml), cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (72.26% at 400ug/ml), watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) (70.50% at 50ug/ml), chivita (70.03% at 400ug/ml), garden egg (Solanummelongena) (65.58% at 100ug/ml), pawpaw (Carica papaya) (65.53% at 100ug/ml), surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora) (65.00% at 400ug/ml), tomatoes (Solanumlycopersicum) (64.99% at 400ug/ml), malay apple (Syzygiummalaccense) (61.67% at 200ug/ml), tangerine (Citrus tangerina) (61.42% at 400ug/ml), monkey cola (Cola millenii K. Sckhum) (60.88% at 100ug/ml), lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (52.87% at 100ug/ml), cucumber (Cucumissativus) (51.71% at 400ug/ml). The antioxidant capacities of the fruit juices were however, less when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay result revealed that only the juices from African star apple (Chrysophyllumafricanum) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the standard ascorbic acid at 400ug/ml. The fruit juices have been demonstrated as good sources of natural antioxidants, hence can be exploited in the production of functional foods.
Fluted pumpkin (Telfeiria occidentalis) is one of the important edible vegetables in most tropica... more Fluted pumpkin (Telfeiria occidentalis) is one of the important edible vegetables in most tropical regions in Africa. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in leafy vegetables is known to be a common occurrence, depending on where they are planted. Heavy metals accumulation in fluted pumpkin (Telfeiria ocidentalis) leaves, harvested from gardens located at 20 meters distance away from traffic-congested highways (TCH), automobile mechanic workshops (AMW), refueling service stations (RSS) and rural forest farmlands (RFF) in two Southern Nigerian States was assessed. Significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Zn accumulated in the vegetable leaves from TCH, AMW and RSS, compared to the leaves from RFF. However, the level of these heavy metals accumulated in the leaves from TCH, AMW and RSS were within the same statistical range, and increased insignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) in the order: AMW > TCH > RSS. This study showed that planting leafy vegetables at a distance within 20 meters from to TCH, AMW and RSS exposes the vegetables to the risk of heavy metals bioaccumulation and contamination; concluding that the vegetables grown within the investigated distance in these areas may be hazardous for human consumption.
This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (VA) s... more This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (VA) supplemented diet. VA leaf powder was fed at 5% and 15% to diet-induced obese rats for 4 weeks and its effect compared with orlistat (5.14 mg/kg p.o.), an anti-obesity drug. Food intake, body and organ weights, total body fat, some lipid components and amino transaminase activities in serum, hepatocytes and brain; as well as serum glucose, were measured during or at end of the study. Result showed respective decrease of 12.78% and 38.51% in body weight gain, of VA fed rats against 17.45% of orlistat at end of study (P < 0.05); but with no effect on food intake. Total body fat was lowered by 28.04% and 30.02% vs. obese control rats (CDC) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum triacylglycerol (TG), serum and brain total cholesterol (TCHOL), were down regulated at 15% VA supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum glucose which increased in obese rats by 46.26% (P < 0.05) vs. NC, indicating intolerance, was restored by VA (38.75% and 34.65%) and orlistat (31.80%) vs. CDC (P < 0.05). VA diet also exerted hepato-protection, via lowering serum alanine
2009 World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC), 2009
This paper proposes the tuning of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller of electromagnetic actu... more This paper proposes the tuning of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller of electromagnetic actuator (EMA) system for aero fin control (AFC) using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The EMA is realized with permanent magnet brush DC motor which is driven by a constant current driver. Using the non-linear model of EMA-AFC system which includes the non-linearities of DC motor, an FOPID
In this paper, fractional-order predictive PID control scheme is applied in composition control o... more In this paper, fractional-order predictive PID control scheme is applied in composition control of boiling fractions of a reactive distillation plant set up for the esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol. The controller shares similar structural features with Model-based Predictive Controller (MPC) as many attractive benefits of Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) are retained such as constraint handling capability. However, it optimizes a different objective function formulated to achieve a more robust control action. These robust properties make it attractive to multivariable process control applications. Process's state space model is assumed to be available and the model is augmented for prediction of future outputs. Thereafter, a structured cost function is defined which retains the design objective of fractional-order predictive PI controller. Optimisation of this cost function results in realising a near-optimal MIMO controller with reduced input control efforts. Simulation studies using Giwa's reactive distillation column demonstrates better control performance over dynamic matrix control of the same system. It also rejects disturbances, both measured and unknown disturbances, better than Dynamic Matrix Control system under similar conditions. A major contribution of this paper is the development of a MIMO fractional order predictive PI controller for multivariable process control applications such as composition control of a reactive distillation column.
The oil of the powdered seed of Butyrospermum parkii was extracted sequentially using petroleum e... more The oil of the powdered seed of Butyrospermum parkii was extracted sequentially using petroleum ether and hexane by soxhlet extractor. The colour of the oil reveals that the petroleum ether extracts to be light brown and hexane to be pale yellow. 80g of the seed sample of Butyrospermum parkii extracted by hexane yielded 38.8% of oil and petroleum ether yielded 40.25% of the crude oil. The moisture content was 8.3%. The iodine values, Saponification values, Peroxide values, free fatty acid values, of oil obtained from Butyrospermum parkii seed are 53.20% and 51.30%, 215.00 and 212.10 Mg KOH/Kg 8.3 and 7.5meq/Kg 9.20% and 10% for hexane and petroleum ether respectively. The thin layer chromatography of oil obtained from Butyrospermum parkii seed contained two components. The antipathogenic activity shows that they cannot be exploited for use in pharmaceutical, while the study shows that Butyrospernum parkii oil are of high yield, consumption value and due to their saponification value...
The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-... more The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol leave extract of Eryngium foetidum. Median lethal dose (LD50) of crude extract of Eryngium foetidum was examined inthraperitoneally. For evaluation of analgesic, acetic acid induced writhing response model was used. In anti-inflammation, xylene-induced ear oedema and egg albumin were used in Swiss albino mice. In both cases, leaves extract were administered and the obtained effects were compared with commercially available analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug acetyl salicylic acid. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and terpenes. The LD50 value for Eryngium foetidum leaves extract was 1649.24 mg/kg. In analgesic bioassay, oral administration of the ethanol leaves extract reduced the writhing response in dose-dependent manner when compared with po...
A new method of designing fractional-order predictive PID controller with similar features to mod... more A new method of designing fractional-order predictive PID controller with similar features to model based predictive controllers (MPC) is considered. A general state space model of plant is assumed to be available and the model is augmented for prediction of future outputs. Thereafter, a structured cost function is defined which retains the design objective of fractional-order predictive PI controller. The resultant controller retains inherent benefits of model-based predictive control but with better performance. Simulations results are presented to show improved benefits of the proposed design method over dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm. One major contribution is that the new controller structure, which is a fractional-order predictive PI controller, retains combined benefits of conventional predictive control algorithm and robust features of fractional-order PID controller.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 2016
Background: Safety concerns over the use of chemical-based pesticides are provoking intense studi... more Background: Safety concerns over the use of chemical-based pesticides are provoking intense studies and application of bio-pesticides in disease control and agriculture. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogoncitratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Method: Cymbopogon oil (75ml) was extracted from 200g of fresh Lemongrass leaves using Soxhlet method with n-Hexane as solvent. Human volunteers were topically treated with 2ml and 6ml of Cymbopogon oil applied on exposed areas of the body at night; and observed for 4hrs 30mins. Direct test on mosquitoes in captivity was conducted using a 2-chambered insect box treated with 4 ml of oil in one chamber. Results: Human subjects were free from mosquito bites for 3 hours. Mosquitoes in captivity exhibited active movement away from oil-treated chamber of the box within the first minute of application; 43% repellency and 100% mortality w...
A new Fractional Order Proportional-Integral (FOPI) controller is proposed in this paper for proc... more A new Fractional Order Proportional-Integral (FOPI) controller is proposed in this paper for process control systems. This is achieved by extending the Biggest Log-modulus Tuning (BLT) method of designing conventional PID controllers to tuning FOPI controllers for multivariable processes. Unlike the conventional PID case, internal model control (IMC) method is first used to design the FOPI controller and obtain preliminary values of controller parameters. This yields simple formulae for setting controller gains. Thereafter, the FOPI controller gains are adjusted using a single detuning factor (F) until a biggest log modulus of 2N dB is obtained where N is the number of loops. Extended simulation studies show that good compromise between performance and robustness can be achieved for multiloop process control applications with the proposed FOPI controller.
This study is based on a comprehensive comparison among different African fruits relative to one ... more This study is based on a comprehensive comparison among different African fruits relative to one another and to identify the ones with high antioxidant capacity as compared to the standard ascorbic acid. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical spectrophotometric assays. The results of the DPPH assay indicated the antioxidant capacity as follows (decreasing order): Soursop (Annona muricata) (81.81% at 400ug/ml), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) (75.62% at 400ug/ml), cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (72.26% at 400ug/ml), watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) (70.50% at 50ug/ml), chivita (70.03% at 400ug/ml), garden egg (Solanummelongena) (65.58% at 100ug/ml), pawpaw (Carica papaya) (65.53% at 100ug/ml), surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora) (65.00% at 400ug/ml), tomatoes (Solanumlycopersicum) (64.99% at 400ug/ml), malay apple (Syzygiummalaccense) (61.67% at 200ug/ml), tangerine (Citrus tangerina) (61.42% at 400ug/ml), monkey cola (Cola millenii K. Sckhum) (60.88% at 100ug/ml), lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (52.87% at 100ug/ml), cucumber (Cucumissativus) (51.71% at 400ug/ml). The antioxidant capacities of the fruit juices were however, less when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay result revealed that only the juices from African star apple (Chrysophyllumafricanum) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the standard ascorbic acid at 400ug/ml. The fruit juices have been demonstrated as good sources of natural antioxidants, hence can be exploited in the production of functional foods.
Fluted pumpkin (Telfeiria occidentalis) is one of the important edible vegetables in most tropica... more Fluted pumpkin (Telfeiria occidentalis) is one of the important edible vegetables in most tropical regions in Africa. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in leafy vegetables is known to be a common occurrence, depending on where they are planted. Heavy metals accumulation in fluted pumpkin (Telfeiria ocidentalis) leaves, harvested from gardens located at 20 meters distance away from traffic-congested highways (TCH), automobile mechanic workshops (AMW), refueling service stations (RSS) and rural forest farmlands (RFF) in two Southern Nigerian States was assessed. Significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Zn accumulated in the vegetable leaves from TCH, AMW and RSS, compared to the leaves from RFF. However, the level of these heavy metals accumulated in the leaves from TCH, AMW and RSS were within the same statistical range, and increased insignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) in the order: AMW > TCH > RSS. This study showed that planting leafy vegetables at a distance within 20 meters from to TCH, AMW and RSS exposes the vegetables to the risk of heavy metals bioaccumulation and contamination; concluding that the vegetables grown within the investigated distance in these areas may be hazardous for human consumption.
This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (VA) s... more This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (VA) supplemented diet. VA leaf powder was fed at 5% and 15% to diet-induced obese rats for 4 weeks and its effect compared with orlistat (5.14 mg/kg p.o.), an anti-obesity drug. Food intake, body and organ weights, total body fat, some lipid components and amino transaminase activities in serum, hepatocytes and brain; as well as serum glucose, were measured during or at end of the study. Result showed respective decrease of 12.78% and 38.51% in body weight gain, of VA fed rats against 17.45% of orlistat at end of study (P < 0.05); but with no effect on food intake. Total body fat was lowered by 28.04% and 30.02% vs. obese control rats (CDC) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum triacylglycerol (TG), serum and brain total cholesterol (TCHOL), were down regulated at 15% VA supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum glucose which increased in obese rats by 46.26% (P < 0.05) vs. NC, indicating intolerance, was restored by VA (38.75% and 34.65%) and orlistat (31.80%) vs. CDC (P < 0.05). VA diet also exerted hepato-protection, via lowering serum alanine
2009 World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC), 2009
This paper proposes the tuning of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller of electromagnetic actu... more This paper proposes the tuning of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller of electromagnetic actuator (EMA) system for aero fin control (AFC) using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The EMA is realized with permanent magnet brush DC motor which is driven by a constant current driver. Using the non-linear model of EMA-AFC system which includes the non-linearities of DC motor, an FOPID
In this paper, fractional-order predictive PID control scheme is applied in composition control o... more In this paper, fractional-order predictive PID control scheme is applied in composition control of boiling fractions of a reactive distillation plant set up for the esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol. The controller shares similar structural features with Model-based Predictive Controller (MPC) as many attractive benefits of Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) are retained such as constraint handling capability. However, it optimizes a different objective function formulated to achieve a more robust control action. These robust properties make it attractive to multivariable process control applications. Process's state space model is assumed to be available and the model is augmented for prediction of future outputs. Thereafter, a structured cost function is defined which retains the design objective of fractional-order predictive PI controller. Optimisation of this cost function results in realising a near-optimal MIMO controller with reduced input control efforts. Simulation studies using Giwa's reactive distillation column demonstrates better control performance over dynamic matrix control of the same system. It also rejects disturbances, both measured and unknown disturbances, better than Dynamic Matrix Control system under similar conditions. A major contribution of this paper is the development of a MIMO fractional order predictive PI controller for multivariable process control applications such as composition control of a reactive distillation column.
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