Multifunctional flexible electronics is the ongoing demand for fabricating wearable data storage ... more Multifunctional flexible electronics is the ongoing demand for fabricating wearable data storage and communication devices. The magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructure consisting of piezoelectric (AlN) and ferromagnetic magnetic shape memory alloy [FSMA (Ni–Mn–In)] was fabricated over stainless steel (SS) substrate for resistive random access memory application. The Cu/AlN/FSMA/SS metal–insulator–metal based memory cell displays bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior. The formation of Cu metallic filament at a particular SET voltage leads the memory cell in a low resistance state (LRS) from its pristine high resistance state (HRS). The LRS and HRS are explained well by Ohmic and space charge limited conduction mechanisms, respectively. The fabricated memory cell displays excellent endurance and data retention capability with a high OFF/ON ratio of ∼1.2 × 103. Furthermore, the multifunctionality of the ME heterostructure-based RAM was investigated by tuning the SET voltage with ambia...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
The field of algorithmic decision-making particularly artificial intelligence has been drasticall... more The field of algorithmic decision-making particularly artificial intelligence has been drastically changing. With the availability of huge amount of data and increase in the processing power, AI systems have been used in vast number of high-stake applications. So, it becomes important to make these systems reliable and trustworthy. Different approaches have been proposed to make theses systems trustworthy. In this paper we have reviewed these approaches and summarized them based on the principles proposed by European Union for trustworthy AI. This review provides an overview of different principles that are important to make AI trustworthy.
Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 2020
We propose a hybrid Human-Machine decision making to manage Food-Energy-Water resources. In our s... more We propose a hybrid Human-Machine decision making to manage Food-Energy-Water resources. In our system trust among human actors during decision making is measured and managed. Furthermore, such trust is used to pressure human actors to chose among the solutions generated by algorithms that satisfy the community's preferred trade-offs among various objectives. We model the trust-based loops in decision making by using control theory. In this system, the feedback information is the trust pressure that actors receive from peers. Using control theory, we studied the dynamics of the trust of an actor. Then, we presented the modeling of the change of solution distances. In both scenarios, we also calculated the settling times and the stability using the transfer functions and their Z-transforms as the number of rounds to show whether and when the decision making is finalized.
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2021
We propose, for the first time, a trustworthy acceptance metric and its measurement methodology t... more We propose, for the first time, a trustworthy acceptance metric and its measurement methodology to evaluate the trustworthiness of AI-based systems used in decision making in Food Energy Water (FEW) management. The proposed metric is a significant step forward in the standardization process of AI systems. It is essential to standardize the AI systems' trustworthiness, but until now, the standardization efforts remain at the level of high-level principles. The measurement methodology of the proposed includes human experts in the loop, and it is based on our trust management system. Our metric captures and quantifies the system's transparent evaluation by field experts on as many control points as desirable by the users. We illustrate the trustworthy acceptance metric and its measurement methodology using AI in decision-making scenarios of Food-Energy-Water sectors. However, the proposed metric and its methodology can be easily adapted to other fields of AI applications. We show that our metric successfully captures the aggregated acceptance of any number of experts, can be used to do multiple measurements on various points of the system, and provides confidence values for the measured acceptance.
Decision making has been an essential aspect of the life of both individuals or organizations. We... more Decision making has been an essential aspect of the life of both individuals or organizations. We all have to face situations where we need to decide whether a daily one such as having coffee or tea in the breakfast or selecting a graduate school for Ph.D. The importance of a decision increases as the duration of the impact of its results and the number of people that are affected increases. Food-Energy-Water (FEW) is one of the fields where the impacts can stay for a long time and affect many people and areas. In this paper, we proposed a game theory-based approach for decision making among FEW actors sharing a finite amount of continuous resource where actors have different weights on their trust and the amount of share that they receive in their payoff functions. Then, we run simulations on scenarios utilizing a more realistic discrete solution set for actors. Results have shown that when actors place more weight on trust in their payoff function, they tend to propose fairer solutions that are closer to the consensus point. Also, they move towards that point faster compared to actors with low trust weight.
This report explores the influence of temperature on resistive switching characteristics in the A... more This report explores the influence of temperature on resistive switching characteristics in the AlN/Ni–Mn–In magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructure-based resistive random access memory (ReRAM) device. The fabricated Cu/AlN/Ni–Mn–In/Si device exhibits a sharp transition from a high resistance state (HRS) to low resistance state (LRS) at a SET voltage. The rupture of the filament from its weakest point at a RESET voltage turn the device back to its HRS. The stable bipolar resistive switching behavior is described by the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic. The HRS and LRS are explained by the trap-controlled space charge limited conduction mechanism and a well-known Ohmic conduction mechanism, respectively. The temperature-dependent resistance has been observed to further confirm the conduction mechanism in HRS and LRS. The current conduction in LRS is explained by an analytical model based on copper metallic filament formation via Cu+ migration from the top to the bottom electrode. A significant change in the SET voltage has been observed with the decrease in temperature. This variation in the SET voltage is explained via strain-mediated coupling in interfacially connected AlN/Ni–Mn–In ME heterostructure. The fabricated device displays an appreciable OFF/ON ratio of the order ∼3 × 103 with good endurance and retention of ∼1000 cycles and ∼900 s, respectively. A slight variation (<40%) in SET and RESET voltages has been observed for total endurance cycles. This study demonstrates the importance of ME heterostructure for futuristic tuneable ReRAM applications.
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2020
One of the examples for a field that involves significant decisions is Food-Energy-Water (FEW) se... more One of the examples for a field that involves significant decisions is Food-Energy-Water (FEW) sectors. The decisions in this sector can affect a large number of people, their results may not disappear in a short period of time, and multiple stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process. In this paper, we proposed an advanced decision support system for FEW actors and experimented scenarios including different solution proposal criteria and solution evaluation methods as well as scenarios with different trust sensitivities of the actors. Results showed that when actors follow proposal criteria considering their trust, proposed solutions receive a higher acceptance rate by the community. Also, when the actors are sensitive to the trust measured by the framework, they are more likely to propose move on to the solution with a higher acceptance rate.
Reading a numerals from natural images is a hard computer vision task.In this paper an attempt is... more Reading a numerals from natural images is a hard computer vision task.In this paper an attempt is made to recognize printed Gurumukhi numerals by using CNN(Convolutional Neural Networks).We use CNN for the recognition of numerals. Random generation matrix is one of the feature extraction method.CNN concentrates on the dynamic features of the image. Accuracy of the work will measured with K-means and HOG etc. algorithms.
International Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 2019
Stroke is the major cause of disability and handicap in adults and it usually results in some deg... more Stroke is the major cause of disability and handicap in adults and it usually results in some degree of muscle weakness. Daily living requires balance and walking ability while performing tasks. Several factors affect the functional independence in post stroke period in which gait plays a significant role. 30 subjects of age group 45-60 years were selected by purposive sampling and informed consent was taken. The subjects were divided into 2 groups A and B of 15 each. Both the groups received conventional physiotherapy as muscle strengthening of affected lower limb and balance training. Group A received dual task training and Group B received task oriented training for 8 weeks. Pre test and post test data for gait parameters (gait speed, cadence, step length, stride length) were obtained by using 10meter walk test respectively. Unpaired't' test was applied at the p<0.05 for the comparison within and between the groups for the variable Gait Parameters(i.e gait speed, cadence, step length, stride length). The values of gait parameters between the groups were significant which showed that task oriented training is more effective than dual task training to improve gait in chronic stroke.
The study was conducted with the aim to assess the knowledge of segregation of needles and syring... more The study was conducted with the aim to assess the knowledge of segregation of needles and syringes among staff nurses in Child Health Care Areas of Christian Medical College (CMC) and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, find out the correlation between knowledge with selected variables and identify the deficit in areas of knowledge. Non-experimental research design and descriptive approach was used. Purposive sampling technique was used and sample size was 60. Self-Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that majority of the staff nurses had average knowledge with maximum in the area of complications of inappropriate segregation and minimum regarding legal aspects. Selected variables such as age, work experience, professional qualification, in-service education, marital status and training institute had no impact on kn...
In this work, the tunable resistive switching (RS) functionality of a Cu/MoS2/AlN/ITO nanostructu... more In this work, the tunable resistive switching (RS) functionality of a Cu/MoS2/AlN/ITO nanostructured device is systematically investigated in dark and white light illumination. The device exhibits bi-state RS behavior in the dark ambient, whereas light illumination induces an extra intermediate resistance state and provides controllable tri-state RS characteristics. A conceptual model is proposed and discussed to elucidate the origin of the switching behavior of two resistance states and multiple resistance states of the device. Under the dark ambient condition, the high resistance state and the low resistance state in the device could be ascribed to the formation/rupture of a Cu metallic filamentary path between the electrodes. However, the formation of an additional ionic filament via trapping/detrapping of electrons in nitride-sulfide-related vacancies along with the Cu metallic filament is responsible for the tri-state switching under the light illumination. Interestingly, the v...
Objectives. Airway hyper-responsiveness and persistent airflow obstruction contribute to asthma p... more Objectives. Airway hyper-responsiveness and persistent airflow obstruction contribute to asthma pathogenesis and symptoms, due in part to airway smooth muscle (ASM) hypercontractility and increased ASM mass. Fibrocytes have been shown to localise to the ASM in asthma however it is not known whether fibrocytes localise to the ASM in nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, the potential consequences of fibrocyte localisation to ASM as regards asthma pathophysiology has not been widely studied. Methods. Fibrocytes and proliferating cells were enumerated in ASM in bronchial tissue using immunohistochemistry. The effects of primary ASM and fibrocytes upon each other in terms of phenotype and behaviour following co-culture were investigated by assessing cell number, size, apoptotic status, phenotype and contractility in in vitro cell-based assays. Results. Increased fibrocyte number in the ASM was observed in asthma versus NAEB, but not NAEB and COPD versus controls, and confirmed in asthma versus controls. ASM proliferation was not detectably different in asthmatics versus healthy controls in vivo. No difference in proliferation, apoptotic status or size of ASM was seen following culture with/without fibrocytes. Following co-culture with ASM from asthmatics versus nonasthmatics, fibrocyte smooth muscle marker expression and collagen gel contraction were greater. Following co-culture, fibrocyte CD14 expression was restored with the potential to contribute to asthma pathogenesis via monocytemediated processes dependent on the inflammatory milieu. Conclusion. Further understanding of mechanisms of fibrocyte recruitment to and/or differentiation within the ASM may identify novel therapeutic targets to modulate ASM dysfunction in asthma.
Increased prevalence of inflammatory airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pul... more Increased prevalence of inflammatory airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) together with a significant number of patients being inadequately controlled by current frontline treatments means that there is a need to define novel therapeutic targets for these conditions1. Here we investigate a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, FFA4, which responds to free circulating fatty acids, including dietary omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils2–4. Although usually associated with metabolic responses linked with food intake, we show that FFA4 is expressed in the lung where it is coupled to Gq/11-signalling. Activation of FFA4 by drug-like agonists produced relaxation of murine airway smooth muscle mediated, at least in part, by the release of the prostaglandin PGE2 that subsequently acts on EP2 prostanoid receptors. In normal mice, activation of FFA4 resulted in a decrease in lung resistance. Importantly, in acute and chronic ozo...
Ultrathin silicon carbide (SiC) films were grown on p type Si (100) substrate by RF magnetron spu... more Ultrathin silicon carbide (SiC) films were grown on p type Si (100) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering at constant substrate temperature of 700 0 C for investigating thickness dependence of structural and photoluminescence properties. The structural and Photoluminescence properties were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and photospectrometer respectively. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed (102) and dominant (105) reflections which corresponds to 4H-SiC and an enhancement in (105) peak intensity with increasing thickness was also observed. The thickness measured by X-ray reflectometry (XRR) reduces from 46 nm to 12 nm by decreasing deposition time (40-10 minute) which in turn reduces the crystallite size. Photoluminescence spectra show a broad peak extending from ultraviolet to blue region centered at 385 nm for film of thickness 46 nm (deposition time 40 min). A shifting in Photoluminescence peak towards shorter wavelength (blue shift) with decreasing SiC ultrathin film thickness was observed, which could be attributed to quantum confinement effect. The improved Photoluminescence in ultrathin nanocrystalline SiC films could make it a potential candidate in optoelectronic and biomedical applications.
Multifunctional flexible electronics is the ongoing demand for fabricating wearable data storage ... more Multifunctional flexible electronics is the ongoing demand for fabricating wearable data storage and communication devices. The magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructure consisting of piezoelectric (AlN) and ferromagnetic magnetic shape memory alloy [FSMA (Ni–Mn–In)] was fabricated over stainless steel (SS) substrate for resistive random access memory application. The Cu/AlN/FSMA/SS metal–insulator–metal based memory cell displays bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior. The formation of Cu metallic filament at a particular SET voltage leads the memory cell in a low resistance state (LRS) from its pristine high resistance state (HRS). The LRS and HRS are explained well by Ohmic and space charge limited conduction mechanisms, respectively. The fabricated memory cell displays excellent endurance and data retention capability with a high OFF/ON ratio of ∼1.2 × 103. Furthermore, the multifunctionality of the ME heterostructure-based RAM was investigated by tuning the SET voltage with ambia...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
The field of algorithmic decision-making particularly artificial intelligence has been drasticall... more The field of algorithmic decision-making particularly artificial intelligence has been drastically changing. With the availability of huge amount of data and increase in the processing power, AI systems have been used in vast number of high-stake applications. So, it becomes important to make these systems reliable and trustworthy. Different approaches have been proposed to make theses systems trustworthy. In this paper we have reviewed these approaches and summarized them based on the principles proposed by European Union for trustworthy AI. This review provides an overview of different principles that are important to make AI trustworthy.
Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 2020
We propose a hybrid Human-Machine decision making to manage Food-Energy-Water resources. In our s... more We propose a hybrid Human-Machine decision making to manage Food-Energy-Water resources. In our system trust among human actors during decision making is measured and managed. Furthermore, such trust is used to pressure human actors to chose among the solutions generated by algorithms that satisfy the community's preferred trade-offs among various objectives. We model the trust-based loops in decision making by using control theory. In this system, the feedback information is the trust pressure that actors receive from peers. Using control theory, we studied the dynamics of the trust of an actor. Then, we presented the modeling of the change of solution distances. In both scenarios, we also calculated the settling times and the stability using the transfer functions and their Z-transforms as the number of rounds to show whether and when the decision making is finalized.
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2021
We propose, for the first time, a trustworthy acceptance metric and its measurement methodology t... more We propose, for the first time, a trustworthy acceptance metric and its measurement methodology to evaluate the trustworthiness of AI-based systems used in decision making in Food Energy Water (FEW) management. The proposed metric is a significant step forward in the standardization process of AI systems. It is essential to standardize the AI systems' trustworthiness, but until now, the standardization efforts remain at the level of high-level principles. The measurement methodology of the proposed includes human experts in the loop, and it is based on our trust management system. Our metric captures and quantifies the system's transparent evaluation by field experts on as many control points as desirable by the users. We illustrate the trustworthy acceptance metric and its measurement methodology using AI in decision-making scenarios of Food-Energy-Water sectors. However, the proposed metric and its methodology can be easily adapted to other fields of AI applications. We show that our metric successfully captures the aggregated acceptance of any number of experts, can be used to do multiple measurements on various points of the system, and provides confidence values for the measured acceptance.
Decision making has been an essential aspect of the life of both individuals or organizations. We... more Decision making has been an essential aspect of the life of both individuals or organizations. We all have to face situations where we need to decide whether a daily one such as having coffee or tea in the breakfast or selecting a graduate school for Ph.D. The importance of a decision increases as the duration of the impact of its results and the number of people that are affected increases. Food-Energy-Water (FEW) is one of the fields where the impacts can stay for a long time and affect many people and areas. In this paper, we proposed a game theory-based approach for decision making among FEW actors sharing a finite amount of continuous resource where actors have different weights on their trust and the amount of share that they receive in their payoff functions. Then, we run simulations on scenarios utilizing a more realistic discrete solution set for actors. Results have shown that when actors place more weight on trust in their payoff function, they tend to propose fairer solutions that are closer to the consensus point. Also, they move towards that point faster compared to actors with low trust weight.
This report explores the influence of temperature on resistive switching characteristics in the A... more This report explores the influence of temperature on resistive switching characteristics in the AlN/Ni–Mn–In magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructure-based resistive random access memory (ReRAM) device. The fabricated Cu/AlN/Ni–Mn–In/Si device exhibits a sharp transition from a high resistance state (HRS) to low resistance state (LRS) at a SET voltage. The rupture of the filament from its weakest point at a RESET voltage turn the device back to its HRS. The stable bipolar resistive switching behavior is described by the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic. The HRS and LRS are explained by the trap-controlled space charge limited conduction mechanism and a well-known Ohmic conduction mechanism, respectively. The temperature-dependent resistance has been observed to further confirm the conduction mechanism in HRS and LRS. The current conduction in LRS is explained by an analytical model based on copper metallic filament formation via Cu+ migration from the top to the bottom electrode. A significant change in the SET voltage has been observed with the decrease in temperature. This variation in the SET voltage is explained via strain-mediated coupling in interfacially connected AlN/Ni–Mn–In ME heterostructure. The fabricated device displays an appreciable OFF/ON ratio of the order ∼3 × 103 with good endurance and retention of ∼1000 cycles and ∼900 s, respectively. A slight variation (<40%) in SET and RESET voltages has been observed for total endurance cycles. This study demonstrates the importance of ME heterostructure for futuristic tuneable ReRAM applications.
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2020
One of the examples for a field that involves significant decisions is Food-Energy-Water (FEW) se... more One of the examples for a field that involves significant decisions is Food-Energy-Water (FEW) sectors. The decisions in this sector can affect a large number of people, their results may not disappear in a short period of time, and multiple stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process. In this paper, we proposed an advanced decision support system for FEW actors and experimented scenarios including different solution proposal criteria and solution evaluation methods as well as scenarios with different trust sensitivities of the actors. Results showed that when actors follow proposal criteria considering their trust, proposed solutions receive a higher acceptance rate by the community. Also, when the actors are sensitive to the trust measured by the framework, they are more likely to propose move on to the solution with a higher acceptance rate.
Reading a numerals from natural images is a hard computer vision task.In this paper an attempt is... more Reading a numerals from natural images is a hard computer vision task.In this paper an attempt is made to recognize printed Gurumukhi numerals by using CNN(Convolutional Neural Networks).We use CNN for the recognition of numerals. Random generation matrix is one of the feature extraction method.CNN concentrates on the dynamic features of the image. Accuracy of the work will measured with K-means and HOG etc. algorithms.
International Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 2019
Stroke is the major cause of disability and handicap in adults and it usually results in some deg... more Stroke is the major cause of disability and handicap in adults and it usually results in some degree of muscle weakness. Daily living requires balance and walking ability while performing tasks. Several factors affect the functional independence in post stroke period in which gait plays a significant role. 30 subjects of age group 45-60 years were selected by purposive sampling and informed consent was taken. The subjects were divided into 2 groups A and B of 15 each. Both the groups received conventional physiotherapy as muscle strengthening of affected lower limb and balance training. Group A received dual task training and Group B received task oriented training for 8 weeks. Pre test and post test data for gait parameters (gait speed, cadence, step length, stride length) were obtained by using 10meter walk test respectively. Unpaired't' test was applied at the p<0.05 for the comparison within and between the groups for the variable Gait Parameters(i.e gait speed, cadence, step length, stride length). The values of gait parameters between the groups were significant which showed that task oriented training is more effective than dual task training to improve gait in chronic stroke.
The study was conducted with the aim to assess the knowledge of segregation of needles and syring... more The study was conducted with the aim to assess the knowledge of segregation of needles and syringes among staff nurses in Child Health Care Areas of Christian Medical College (CMC) and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge, find out the correlation between knowledge with selected variables and identify the deficit in areas of knowledge. Non-experimental research design and descriptive approach was used. Purposive sampling technique was used and sample size was 60. Self-Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that majority of the staff nurses had average knowledge with maximum in the area of complications of inappropriate segregation and minimum regarding legal aspects. Selected variables such as age, work experience, professional qualification, in-service education, marital status and training institute had no impact on kn...
In this work, the tunable resistive switching (RS) functionality of a Cu/MoS2/AlN/ITO nanostructu... more In this work, the tunable resistive switching (RS) functionality of a Cu/MoS2/AlN/ITO nanostructured device is systematically investigated in dark and white light illumination. The device exhibits bi-state RS behavior in the dark ambient, whereas light illumination induces an extra intermediate resistance state and provides controllable tri-state RS characteristics. A conceptual model is proposed and discussed to elucidate the origin of the switching behavior of two resistance states and multiple resistance states of the device. Under the dark ambient condition, the high resistance state and the low resistance state in the device could be ascribed to the formation/rupture of a Cu metallic filamentary path between the electrodes. However, the formation of an additional ionic filament via trapping/detrapping of electrons in nitride-sulfide-related vacancies along with the Cu metallic filament is responsible for the tri-state switching under the light illumination. Interestingly, the v...
Objectives. Airway hyper-responsiveness and persistent airflow obstruction contribute to asthma p... more Objectives. Airway hyper-responsiveness and persistent airflow obstruction contribute to asthma pathogenesis and symptoms, due in part to airway smooth muscle (ASM) hypercontractility and increased ASM mass. Fibrocytes have been shown to localise to the ASM in asthma however it is not known whether fibrocytes localise to the ASM in nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, the potential consequences of fibrocyte localisation to ASM as regards asthma pathophysiology has not been widely studied. Methods. Fibrocytes and proliferating cells were enumerated in ASM in bronchial tissue using immunohistochemistry. The effects of primary ASM and fibrocytes upon each other in terms of phenotype and behaviour following co-culture were investigated by assessing cell number, size, apoptotic status, phenotype and contractility in in vitro cell-based assays. Results. Increased fibrocyte number in the ASM was observed in asthma versus NAEB, but not NAEB and COPD versus controls, and confirmed in asthma versus controls. ASM proliferation was not detectably different in asthmatics versus healthy controls in vivo. No difference in proliferation, apoptotic status or size of ASM was seen following culture with/without fibrocytes. Following co-culture with ASM from asthmatics versus nonasthmatics, fibrocyte smooth muscle marker expression and collagen gel contraction were greater. Following co-culture, fibrocyte CD14 expression was restored with the potential to contribute to asthma pathogenesis via monocytemediated processes dependent on the inflammatory milieu. Conclusion. Further understanding of mechanisms of fibrocyte recruitment to and/or differentiation within the ASM may identify novel therapeutic targets to modulate ASM dysfunction in asthma.
Increased prevalence of inflammatory airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pul... more Increased prevalence of inflammatory airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) together with a significant number of patients being inadequately controlled by current frontline treatments means that there is a need to define novel therapeutic targets for these conditions1. Here we investigate a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, FFA4, which responds to free circulating fatty acids, including dietary omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils2–4. Although usually associated with metabolic responses linked with food intake, we show that FFA4 is expressed in the lung where it is coupled to Gq/11-signalling. Activation of FFA4 by drug-like agonists produced relaxation of murine airway smooth muscle mediated, at least in part, by the release of the prostaglandin PGE2 that subsequently acts on EP2 prostanoid receptors. In normal mice, activation of FFA4 resulted in a decrease in lung resistance. Importantly, in acute and chronic ozo...
Ultrathin silicon carbide (SiC) films were grown on p type Si (100) substrate by RF magnetron spu... more Ultrathin silicon carbide (SiC) films were grown on p type Si (100) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering at constant substrate temperature of 700 0 C for investigating thickness dependence of structural and photoluminescence properties. The structural and Photoluminescence properties were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and photospectrometer respectively. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed (102) and dominant (105) reflections which corresponds to 4H-SiC and an enhancement in (105) peak intensity with increasing thickness was also observed. The thickness measured by X-ray reflectometry (XRR) reduces from 46 nm to 12 nm by decreasing deposition time (40-10 minute) which in turn reduces the crystallite size. Photoluminescence spectra show a broad peak extending from ultraviolet to blue region centered at 385 nm for film of thickness 46 nm (deposition time 40 min). A shifting in Photoluminescence peak towards shorter wavelength (blue shift) with decreasing SiC ultrathin film thickness was observed, which could be attributed to quantum confinement effect. The improved Photoluminescence in ultrathin nanocrystalline SiC films could make it a potential candidate in optoelectronic and biomedical applications.
Uploads
Papers by davinder kaur