Papers by carolina senabre
This research is focused on the test of the Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) at several Ministry of... more This research is focused on the test of the Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) at several Ministry of Transport (MOT) facilities to see if there are differences between data obtained. The parking brake force have been measured on three different brands of roller bed testers from MOT facilities such as: Maha, Ryme and Vteq. Knowing that the rejection threshold is the same for all testers, the Efficiency of parking systems is also obtained to compare results between al testers used. Finally, it can be said that the parking brake measurement vary depending on the MOT brake tester characteristics used for the test. Additionally, a probability of passing the test of the EPB at each tester is calculated.
The brake systems of vehicles are tested periodically by a "brake tester" at Ministry o... more The brake systems of vehicles are tested periodically by a "brake tester" at Ministry of Transport (MOT) stations. This tester measures the effectiveness of vehicle. This parameter is established by the International Committee of Vehicle Inspection (CITA). In this paper, we present an investigation of the influence of the tire size on the measurements of brake force on three MOT brake testers. We performed an analysis of the vehicle braking capacity test at MOT stations. The influence of varying wheel diameter and width on the measurement of braking at MOT stations has been analyzed. Thereby, the MOT brake tester as a verification system for a vehicle has been evaluated.
2018 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST), 2018
The development of Demand Response in residential segments is basic to develop a practical flexib... more The development of Demand Response in residential segments is basic to develop a practical flexibility of demand, because these segments account for up to 40% of the overall demand. Energy Efficiency is another concern for these segments, but unfortunately present scenarios lack a practical coordination between Efficiency and Demand Response. This paper deals with an important problem in residential Demand Response: the determination of the flexibility and response on the demand-side, in this case through loads which can have a high potential for Demand Response and also a considerable interest for energy savings: Heat Pump Water Heaters. A residential load has been fully monitored (temperature, consumption, water flow) in the laboratory to obtain a Physically-Based Model which allows the evaluation of Demand Response options. Moreover, the model helps the aggregator obtain how the flexibility of demand (power, energy, energy payback or rebound effects) can be modified or limited, and how to deal with these characteristics and limitations to engage customers in Electricity Markets.
Energies, 2020
This paper introduces a new methodology to include daylight information in short-term load foreca... more This paper introduces a new methodology to include daylight information in short-term load forecasting (STLF) models. The relation between daylight and power consumption is obvious due to the use of electricity in lighting in general. Nevertheless, very few STLF systems include this variable as an input. In addition, an analysis of one of the current STLF models at the Spanish Transmission System Operator (TSO), shows two humps in its error profile, occurring at sunrise and sunset times. The new methodology includes properly treated daylight information in STLF models in order to reduce the forecasting error during sunrise and sunset, especially when daylight savings time (DST) one-hour time shifts occur. This paper describes the raw information and the linearization method needed. The forecasting model used as the benchmark is currently used at the TSO’s headquarters and it uses both autoregressive (AR) and neural network (NN) components. The method has been designed with data from...
Energies, 2018
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been widely used in Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF) in the la... more Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been widely used in Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF) in the last 20 years and it has partly displaced older time-series and statistical methods to a second row. However, the STLF problem is very particular and specific to each case and, while there are many papers about AI applications, there is little research determining which features of an STLF system is better suited for a specific data set. In many occasions both classical and modern methods coexist, providing combined forecasts that outperform the individual ones. This paper presents a thorough empirical comparison between Neural Networks (NN) and Autoregressive (AR) models as forecasting engines. The objective of this paper is to determine the circumstances under which each model shows a better performance. It analyzes one of the models currently in use at the National Transport System Operator in Spain, Red Eléctrica de España (REE), which combines both techniques. The parameters that are ...
Energies, 2019
Short-Term Load Forecasting is a very relevant aspect in managing, operating or participating an ... more Short-Term Load Forecasting is a very relevant aspect in managing, operating or participating an electric system. From system operators to energy producers and retailers knowing the electric demand in advance with high accuracy is a key feature for their business. The load series of a given system presents highly repetitive daily, weekly and yearly patterns. However, other factors like temperature or social events cause abnormalities in this otherwise periodic behavior. In order to develop an effective load forecasting system, it is necessary to understand and model these abnormalities because, in many cases, the higher forecasting error typical of these special days is linked to the larger part of the losses related to load forecasting. This paper focuses on the effect that several types of special days have on the load curve and how important it is to model these behaviors in detail. The paper analyzes the Spanish national system and it uses linear regression to model the effect t...
Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 2014
When renewable energies were included in the energy policies of the EU partners, a target was set... more When renewable energies were included in the energy policies of the EU partners, a target was set for 2020; 20% of the energy production in the member states should be renewable. However, with the beginning of the economic crisis in 2007, growth forecasts were not met; there was an overcapacity in certain countries, which meant that the energy situation had to be reconsidered to develop a stronger, more consolidated interconnection among member states and therefore ensure a secure quality supply, in which the technical and financial management of the system is balanced and there is less dependence on foreign energy. Supporting a mix of energy sources based on a high penetration of renewables is putting pressure on the electricity tariffs. Hence, renewables should be promoted but without negatively affecting the competitiveness of countries. In a recession, efficiency indicators, not growth at any price must be controlled. Therefore, a key indicator to be considered is the Energy Intensity of the Economy that compares the total primary energy consumption and the GDP. Any discussion of energy strategy should focus on three fundamental parameters: security of supply, environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. The energy policies of EU countries are based on these three key areas.
Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 2015
Electric Power Systems Research, 2018
This paper presents the implementation of a new online real-time hybrid load-forecasting model ba... more This paper presents the implementation of a new online real-time hybrid load-forecasting model based on an autoregressive model and neural networks. This new system is currently running at the Spanish Transport System Operator (REE) and provides an hourly forecast for the current day and the next nine days timely every hour for the national system as well as 18 regions of Spain. These requirements impose a heavy computational burden that needs to be considered during the design phase. The system is developed to improve forecasting accuracy specifically on difficult days like hot, cold and special days. In order to achieve this goal, a deep analysis of the temperature series from 59 stations is made for each region and the relevant series are included individually in the model. Special days are also analyzed and a thorough classification of days is proposed for the Spanish national and regional system. The model is designed and tested with data from 2005 to 2015. The results provided for the period from December 2014 to October 2015 show how the addition of the proposed model to the TSO's ensemble causes a 5% RMSE overall error reduction and a 15% reduction on the 59 difficult days considered in the testing period.
The purpose of this work is to outline the various elements taken into account by the authors to ... more The purpose of this work is to outline the various elements taken into account by the authors to design and develop a Double-Axis Photovoltaic Installation. First of all, the energy needed to be generated must be calculated. Then, a number of further aspects should be considered, such as a higher production expected for a double-axis installation to be obtained, the quality of supply, the ground available, installations and maintenance costs, incorporating and automation control systems, etc... It is also important to point out that High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) technology has been used for the first time in the area. Finally, we have carried out a study on the results obtained after a year of operations. These results show that the HCPV has not met the expected standards and that the conventional technology provides what is theoretically estimated, but it is lower than the actual irradiation in the area.
DYNA INGENIERIA E INDUSTRIA, 2015
International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2012
ABSTRACT This study performs a comparison between what occurs when braking on a Ministry of Trans... more ABSTRACT This study performs a comparison between what occurs when braking on a Ministry of Transport (MOT) brake tester and on flat ground. The tire pressure is changed, but the other parameters remain constant. The results from this research and from the in-depth comparative study conducted by the mechanical engineering staff in the mechanical laboratory at the Miguel Hernández University in Elche have led to the following main conclusions: By varying the tire pressure, false results can be obtained with the MOT brake tester, which means that, if the tires are inflated at a low pressure but the brakes are in good condition, the vehicle will not pass the MOT. Conversely, if the brakes are in poor condition but the tire pressure is higher than what is recommended by the manufacturer, a false pass is produced. This article shows that the MOT brake testing equipment is often wrong and inexact, and the data and graphs presented prove that the tire pressure is a determining factor when assessing the condition of brakes.
Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2014
Currently, the International Committee of Vehicle Inspection (CITA) requires that the status of b... more Currently, the International Committee of Vehicle Inspection (CITA) requires that the status of brakes be checked at Ministry of Transport (MOT) stations. Article 14 of CITA Law No. 29237 states that "the driver of the vehicle must present the vehicle to an MOT station with the right tire pressure." Unfortunately, in the 2009 MOT Procedure Manual, a procedure for checking tire angles in brake tests at MOT stations is not indicated. In this paper, the authors present an investigation of the influence of toe angle (the symmetric angle that each wheel makes with the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, also known as tracking or convergence) in relation to the inflation pressure of tires on the measurements of brake force tests at MOT facilities.
Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 2010
ABSTRACT This research uses a Self-Organizing Map neural network model (SOM) as a short-term fore... more ABSTRACT This research uses a Self-Organizing Map neural network model (SOM) as a short-term forecasting method. The objective is to obtain the demand curve of certain hours of the next day. In order to validate the model, an error index is assigned through the comparison of the results with the real known curves. This index is the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), which measures the accuracy of fitted time series and forecasts. The pattern of input data and training parameters are being chosen in order to get the best results. The investigation is still in course and the authors are proving different patterns of input data to analyze the different results that they will be obtained with each one. Summing up, this research tries to establish a tool that helps the decision making process, forecasting the short-term global electric load demand curve.
Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 2010
The objective of the research is to prove the capability of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to classify... more The objective of the research is to prove the capability of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to classify brake formula of a vehicle on a bank of roller tester from the MOT (Ministry of transport) and on flat ground. The neural network demonstrated good generation of the brake-slide relationship when presented with data not used in network training. This tool will easily find brake-slide equation of each experience and we will compare the brake on two different experimental tests. This article demonstrates that the MOT brake testing do not check the car brake in its usual way of driving. We will provide data and graphs to prove that tyre pressure is a determining factor when assessing the condition of brakes.
Securitas Vialis, 2010
ABSTRACT Abstract The pressure of inflation of tires and weight can influence the effectiveness o... more ABSTRACT Abstract The pressure of inflation of tires and weight can influence the effectiveness of automobile brakes. Currently, the International Committee of Vehicle Inspection (CITA) requires checking the status of the brakes on Station of Inspection of Vehicles (ITV) and advise it on the Law No. 29 237, where Article 14 states that "the driver of the vehicle must present the vehicle to ITV with the right tire pressure." On the other hand in the “ITV manual procedure" of January 2009, it is not indicated a procedure of checking tires at the stations. This work deals the study of the influence of tire pressure and overweight of the vehicle in the longitudinal braking action and sliding on a brake tester for ITV and its comparison with the brake-sliding on a flat road, with the main objective of matching both experience and to obtain a correction factor for curves in terms of these variables.
2011 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, 2011
An artificial neural network based on Kohonen self- organizing maps (SOM) and its application to ... more An artificial neural network based on Kohonen self- organizing maps (SOM) and its application to short-term load forecasting (STLF) is presented. The proposed model is capable of forecasting up to 24 hour long profiles, up to 24 hours ahead of the beginning of the period. The input used by the model depends on the available information at the time of the forecast, and it may contain meteorological variables and previous hourly load values. Also, different time frames for the input training data are analyzed. The output of the model is a curve of the forecasted load for the specified period. The test of forecasting 2009 data from the Spanish power system resulted in a 2.67% MAPE (mean absolute percentage error).
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Papers by carolina senabre