La ciencia y las tecnologias que de ella se derivan pueden considerarse expresiones sobresaliente... more La ciencia y las tecnologias que de ella se derivan pueden considerarse expresiones sobresalientes definidoras del mundo moderno. Esta no es una afirmacion novedosa. Las politicas educativas y las instituciones de educacion superior han expresado compromisos con la investigacion cientifica que, en el contexto academico, debe enriquecer notablemente el curriculo con los resultados de la investigacion, difundidos habitualmente en publicaciones especializadas que contribuyen de esta manera al desarrollo profesional y cientifico de sus lectores. Concebido dentro de este contexto, este articulo se propone llamar la atencion sobre la importancia de ciertos aspectos logicos en el razonamiento metodologico de la investigacion cientifica.
Ciencia & Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular, 2009
En este corto artículo me propongo dos cosas: una, exponer conocimientos actuales básicos sobre l... more En este corto artículo me propongo dos cosas: una, exponer conocimientos actuales básicos sobre los conceptos de causa, causalidad y factor de riesgo, por cuanto forman parte esencial de los estudios analíticos de observación en epidemiología; la segunda, ofrecer al lector una bibliografía autorizada, fuente de los conocimientos aquí expuestos y en la cual pueda encontrar material suficiente para ampliarlos y profundizarlos.
The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategie... more The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. The use of plants for the production of biopharmaceuticals is a concept being adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, with an enzyme for human use currently commercialized since 2012 and some plant-based vaccines close to being commercialized. Although plant-based antibodies against EBOV are under clinical evaluation, the development of plant-based vaccines against EBOV essentially remains an unexplored area. The current technologies for the production of plant-based vaccines include stable nuclear expression, transient expression mediated by viral vectors, and chloroplast expression. Specific perspectives on how these technologies can be applied for developing anti-EBOV vaccines are provided, including possibilities for the design of immunogens as well as the potential of the distinct expression modalities to produce the most relevant EBOV antigens in plants considering yields, posttranslational modifications, production time, and downstream processing.
En lo que concierne a la infraestructura de transporte en todas sus modalidades, y cuando se le c... more En lo que concierne a la infraestructura de transporte en todas sus modalidades, y cuando se le compara con otros paises de similar nivel de desarrollo, Colombia presenta un rezago importante (Foro Economico Mundial, 2012). En la calidad de sus carreteras, el pais ocupa el puesto 126 entre 144 naciones, una posicion similar a la de Lesoto (110) o Uganda (110) y muy inferior a la de Kenia (72), Nicaragua (75) o Republica Domi- nicana (62). En vias ferreas, Colombia ocupa el puesto 109 y tambien tiene un atraso considerable. La situacion no varia para puertos (puesto 125) ni para transporte aereo (puesto 106).
The economics of a visbreaking unit are mainly related to the conversion levels achieved. Convers... more The economics of a visbreaking unit are mainly related to the conversion levels achieved. Conversion is limited by fouling, due to precipitation of the asphaltenes to generate coke particles. Both conversion and fouling are function of operating temperatures and velocity steam. This article present a case of optimisation of the two variables at the Repsol Tarragona visbreaker, resulting in major improvements to conversion at constant unit run length.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading fatal infectious disease to which the current BCG vaccine has a qu... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading fatal infectious disease to which the current BCG vaccine has a questionable efficacy in adults. Thus, the development of improved vaccines against TB is needed. In addition, decreasing the cost of vaccine formulations is required for broader vaccination coverage through global vaccination programs. In this regard, the use of plants as biofactories and delivery vehicles of TB vaccines has been researched over the last decade. These studies are systematically analyzed in the present review and placed in perspective. It is considered that substantial preclinical trials are still required to address improvements in expression levels as well as immunological data. Approaches for testing additional antigenic configurations with higher yields and improved immunogenic properties are also discussed.
Aquaculture production of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru is growing rapidly in Mexico, especia... more Aquaculture production of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru is growing rapidly in Mexico, especially in Gulf of California. As it is a relatively new aquaculture species there are few reports evaluating its immune response to pathogens. The Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas veronii is a heterogeneous organism that causes the disease known as motile aeromonad septicemia, which is responsible for serious economic loss in seabream culture due to bacterial infections. For the purpose of this study, juvenile Pacific red snapper specimens were intraperitoneally injected with low doses of A. veronii (1 × 10(6) CFU ml(-1)). Changes in humoral immune parameters (total protein, myeloperoxidase, lisozyme and antiprotease activities and IgM levels), as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and TLR9 gene expression were evaluated 24 and 48 h after injection. Overall, the results showed an enhanced in humoral immune parameters and SOD and CAT activities in fish infected with A. ver...
Resistance of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea requires comp... more Resistance of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea requires complex interplay between hormonal signalling. In this study, we explored the involvement of new oxylipins in the tomato basal and induced response to this necrotroph through the functional analysis of the tomato ␣-dioxygenase2 (␣-DOX2)-deficient mutant divaricata. We also investigated the role of SA in the defence response against this necrotrophic fungus using SA-deficient tomato nahG plants. The plants lacking dioxigenase ␣-DOX2, which catalyses oxylipins production from fatty acids, were more susceptible to Botrytis, and hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) was impaired; hence ␣-DOX2 is required for both tomato defence and the enhanced protection conferred by natural inducer hexanoic acid (Hx) against B. cinerea. The divaricata plants accumulated less pathogen-induced callose and presented lower levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) upon infection if compared to the wild type. Glutathion-S-transferase (GST) gene expression decreased and ROS production significantly increased in Botrytis-infected divaricata plants. These results indicate that absence of ␣-DOX2 influences the hormonal changes, oxidative burst and callose deposition that occur upon Botrytis infection in tomato. The study of SA-deficient nahG tomato plants showed that the plants with low SA levels displayed increased resistance to Botrytis, but were unable to display Hx-IR. This supports the involvement of SA in Hx-IR. NaghG plants displayed reduced callose and ROS accumulation upon infection and an increased GST expression. This reflects a positive relationship between SA and these defensive mechanisms in tomato. Finally, Hx boosted the pathogen-induced callose in nahG plants, suggesting that this priming mechanism is SA-independent. Our results support the involvement of the oxylipins pathway and SA in tomato response to Botrytis, probably through complex crosstalk of the hormonal balance with callose and ROS accumulation, and reinforce the role of the oxidative stress in the outcome of the plant-Botrytis interaction.
2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently approved a new standard for... more The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently approved a new standard for the communication and semantic interoperability of electronic health record extracts. This standard is based on a dual model architecture, where a simple and generic reference model is defined for the representation of data and an archetype model is used for the representation of complex domain concepts of the electronic health record. By using this standard and a tool called LinkEHR-Ed, we have defined different types of hospital discharge reports in the form of archetypes and then we have normalized automatically discharge reports instances in a real environment following those archetype definitions. This work proves that it is possible to standardize legacy data automatically and enrich them with a semantic information layer by using archetypes as an integration and standardization mechanism.
2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008
We present the mapping and data transformation capabilities of LinkEHR-Ed, a visual tool to const... more We present the mapping and data transformation capabilities of LinkEHR-Ed, a visual tool to construct formal definitions of medical concepts in the form of archetypes which can be defined on the basis on multiple electronic health record architecture such as ISO 13606. With LinkEHR-Ed, users can enrich archetypes with mapping information which captures the relationship between relational or XML data sources and archetype structures. This mapping information is then analyzed and compiled into an XQuery expression that transforms source instances into an XML document. The target document satisfies the constraints imposed by the archetype and at the same time is compliant with the underlying electronic health record architecture.
Privacy of personal health information is the target of many efforts of Health Information System... more Privacy of personal health information is the target of many efforts of Health Information Systems administrators. But every person has the right to gain access and control his own information security rules. In this work we propose a framework for the definition of access policies oriented to its use by the legal owners of data: the patients. At the same time, the framework guarantees some degree of decision and control to other levels of responsibility: the organization custodian of the information and the health professionals responsible of generating and incorporating the clinical data of a patient. Finally, this framework is based in the CEN EN13606 standard to assure the interoperability of the defined access policies.
1. Abstract The work presented in this article is structured in three parts, focusing its attenti... more 1. Abstract The work presented in this article is structured in three parts, focusing its attention on the reduction of the execution time required by the GA to accomplish the evolutive process when the error function is very complex. In order to do it, several strategies will be ...
The present paper looks at the effect of sleeper separation on rail corrugation growth. The case ... more The present paper looks at the effect of sleeper separation on rail corrugation growth. The case under study involves short pitch corrugations on the low rail in sharp bends, the bends in question being those of metro-type railways in Bilbao, with the track on concrete slabs and with two ...
A metamodeling methodology is applied to reduce the large computational cost required in the desi... more A metamodeling methodology is applied to reduce the large computational cost required in the design of variable geometry trusses (VGTs). Using this methodology, submodels of finite elements within a complete FE model of the VGT are substituted by groups of fewer elements called equivalent parametric macroelements (EPMs). The EPM optimum parameters are obtained using equivalence criteria based on elastic energy and inertial properties. The optimization process is performed using nonlinear least square minimization and genetic algorithms.
Standardization of data is a prerequisite to achieve seman- tic interoperability in ,any domain. ... more Standardization of data is a prerequisite to achieve seman- tic interoperability in ,any domain. This is even more important in the healthcare sector where the need for exchanging health related data among professional and institutions is not an exception but the rule. Currently, there are several international organizations working on the definition of electronic health record architectures, some of
La ciencia y las tecnologias que de ella se derivan pueden considerarse expresiones sobresaliente... more La ciencia y las tecnologias que de ella se derivan pueden considerarse expresiones sobresalientes definidoras del mundo moderno. Esta no es una afirmacion novedosa. Las politicas educativas y las instituciones de educacion superior han expresado compromisos con la investigacion cientifica que, en el contexto academico, debe enriquecer notablemente el curriculo con los resultados de la investigacion, difundidos habitualmente en publicaciones especializadas que contribuyen de esta manera al desarrollo profesional y cientifico de sus lectores. Concebido dentro de este contexto, este articulo se propone llamar la atencion sobre la importancia de ciertos aspectos logicos en el razonamiento metodologico de la investigacion cientifica.
Ciencia & Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular, 2009
En este corto artículo me propongo dos cosas: una, exponer conocimientos actuales básicos sobre l... more En este corto artículo me propongo dos cosas: una, exponer conocimientos actuales básicos sobre los conceptos de causa, causalidad y factor de riesgo, por cuanto forman parte esencial de los estudios analíticos de observación en epidemiología; la segunda, ofrecer al lector una bibliografía autorizada, fuente de los conocimientos aquí expuestos y en la cual pueda encontrar material suficiente para ampliarlos y profundizarlos.
The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategie... more The Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic indicated a great need for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. The use of plants for the production of biopharmaceuticals is a concept being adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, with an enzyme for human use currently commercialized since 2012 and some plant-based vaccines close to being commercialized. Although plant-based antibodies against EBOV are under clinical evaluation, the development of plant-based vaccines against EBOV essentially remains an unexplored area. The current technologies for the production of plant-based vaccines include stable nuclear expression, transient expression mediated by viral vectors, and chloroplast expression. Specific perspectives on how these technologies can be applied for developing anti-EBOV vaccines are provided, including possibilities for the design of immunogens as well as the potential of the distinct expression modalities to produce the most relevant EBOV antigens in plants considering yields, posttranslational modifications, production time, and downstream processing.
En lo que concierne a la infraestructura de transporte en todas sus modalidades, y cuando se le c... more En lo que concierne a la infraestructura de transporte en todas sus modalidades, y cuando se le compara con otros paises de similar nivel de desarrollo, Colombia presenta un rezago importante (Foro Economico Mundial, 2012). En la calidad de sus carreteras, el pais ocupa el puesto 126 entre 144 naciones, una posicion similar a la de Lesoto (110) o Uganda (110) y muy inferior a la de Kenia (72), Nicaragua (75) o Republica Domi- nicana (62). En vias ferreas, Colombia ocupa el puesto 109 y tambien tiene un atraso considerable. La situacion no varia para puertos (puesto 125) ni para transporte aereo (puesto 106).
The economics of a visbreaking unit are mainly related to the conversion levels achieved. Convers... more The economics of a visbreaking unit are mainly related to the conversion levels achieved. Conversion is limited by fouling, due to precipitation of the asphaltenes to generate coke particles. Both conversion and fouling are function of operating temperatures and velocity steam. This article present a case of optimisation of the two variables at the Repsol Tarragona visbreaker, resulting in major improvements to conversion at constant unit run length.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading fatal infectious disease to which the current BCG vaccine has a qu... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading fatal infectious disease to which the current BCG vaccine has a questionable efficacy in adults. Thus, the development of improved vaccines against TB is needed. In addition, decreasing the cost of vaccine formulations is required for broader vaccination coverage through global vaccination programs. In this regard, the use of plants as biofactories and delivery vehicles of TB vaccines has been researched over the last decade. These studies are systematically analyzed in the present review and placed in perspective. It is considered that substantial preclinical trials are still required to address improvements in expression levels as well as immunological data. Approaches for testing additional antigenic configurations with higher yields and improved immunogenic properties are also discussed.
Aquaculture production of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru is growing rapidly in Mexico, especia... more Aquaculture production of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru is growing rapidly in Mexico, especially in Gulf of California. As it is a relatively new aquaculture species there are few reports evaluating its immune response to pathogens. The Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas veronii is a heterogeneous organism that causes the disease known as motile aeromonad septicemia, which is responsible for serious economic loss in seabream culture due to bacterial infections. For the purpose of this study, juvenile Pacific red snapper specimens were intraperitoneally injected with low doses of A. veronii (1 × 10(6) CFU ml(-1)). Changes in humoral immune parameters (total protein, myeloperoxidase, lisozyme and antiprotease activities and IgM levels), as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and TLR9 gene expression were evaluated 24 and 48 h after injection. Overall, the results showed an enhanced in humoral immune parameters and SOD and CAT activities in fish infected with A. ver...
Resistance of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea requires comp... more Resistance of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea requires complex interplay between hormonal signalling. In this study, we explored the involvement of new oxylipins in the tomato basal and induced response to this necrotroph through the functional analysis of the tomato ␣-dioxygenase2 (␣-DOX2)-deficient mutant divaricata. We also investigated the role of SA in the defence response against this necrotrophic fungus using SA-deficient tomato nahG plants. The plants lacking dioxigenase ␣-DOX2, which catalyses oxylipins production from fatty acids, were more susceptible to Botrytis, and hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) was impaired; hence ␣-DOX2 is required for both tomato defence and the enhanced protection conferred by natural inducer hexanoic acid (Hx) against B. cinerea. The divaricata plants accumulated less pathogen-induced callose and presented lower levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) upon infection if compared to the wild type. Glutathion-S-transferase (GST) gene expression decreased and ROS production significantly increased in Botrytis-infected divaricata plants. These results indicate that absence of ␣-DOX2 influences the hormonal changes, oxidative burst and callose deposition that occur upon Botrytis infection in tomato. The study of SA-deficient nahG tomato plants showed that the plants with low SA levels displayed increased resistance to Botrytis, but were unable to display Hx-IR. This supports the involvement of SA in Hx-IR. NaghG plants displayed reduced callose and ROS accumulation upon infection and an increased GST expression. This reflects a positive relationship between SA and these defensive mechanisms in tomato. Finally, Hx boosted the pathogen-induced callose in nahG plants, suggesting that this priming mechanism is SA-independent. Our results support the involvement of the oxylipins pathway and SA in tomato response to Botrytis, probably through complex crosstalk of the hormonal balance with callose and ROS accumulation, and reinforce the role of the oxidative stress in the outcome of the plant-Botrytis interaction.
2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently approved a new standard for... more The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently approved a new standard for the communication and semantic interoperability of electronic health record extracts. This standard is based on a dual model architecture, where a simple and generic reference model is defined for the representation of data and an archetype model is used for the representation of complex domain concepts of the electronic health record. By using this standard and a tool called LinkEHR-Ed, we have defined different types of hospital discharge reports in the form of archetypes and then we have normalized automatically discharge reports instances in a real environment following those archetype definitions. This work proves that it is possible to standardize legacy data automatically and enrich them with a semantic information layer by using archetypes as an integration and standardization mechanism.
2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008
We present the mapping and data transformation capabilities of LinkEHR-Ed, a visual tool to const... more We present the mapping and data transformation capabilities of LinkEHR-Ed, a visual tool to construct formal definitions of medical concepts in the form of archetypes which can be defined on the basis on multiple electronic health record architecture such as ISO 13606. With LinkEHR-Ed, users can enrich archetypes with mapping information which captures the relationship between relational or XML data sources and archetype structures. This mapping information is then analyzed and compiled into an XQuery expression that transforms source instances into an XML document. The target document satisfies the constraints imposed by the archetype and at the same time is compliant with the underlying electronic health record architecture.
Privacy of personal health information is the target of many efforts of Health Information System... more Privacy of personal health information is the target of many efforts of Health Information Systems administrators. But every person has the right to gain access and control his own information security rules. In this work we propose a framework for the definition of access policies oriented to its use by the legal owners of data: the patients. At the same time, the framework guarantees some degree of decision and control to other levels of responsibility: the organization custodian of the information and the health professionals responsible of generating and incorporating the clinical data of a patient. Finally, this framework is based in the CEN EN13606 standard to assure the interoperability of the defined access policies.
1. Abstract The work presented in this article is structured in three parts, focusing its attenti... more 1. Abstract The work presented in this article is structured in three parts, focusing its attention on the reduction of the execution time required by the GA to accomplish the evolutive process when the error function is very complex. In order to do it, several strategies will be ...
The present paper looks at the effect of sleeper separation on rail corrugation growth. The case ... more The present paper looks at the effect of sleeper separation on rail corrugation growth. The case under study involves short pitch corrugations on the low rail in sharp bends, the bends in question being those of metro-type railways in Bilbao, with the track on concrete slabs and with two ...
A metamodeling methodology is applied to reduce the large computational cost required in the desi... more A metamodeling methodology is applied to reduce the large computational cost required in the design of variable geometry trusses (VGTs). Using this methodology, submodels of finite elements within a complete FE model of the VGT are substituted by groups of fewer elements called equivalent parametric macroelements (EPMs). The EPM optimum parameters are obtained using equivalence criteria based on elastic energy and inertial properties. The optimization process is performed using nonlinear least square minimization and genetic algorithms.
Standardization of data is a prerequisite to achieve seman- tic interoperability in ,any domain. ... more Standardization of data is a prerequisite to achieve seman- tic interoperability in ,any domain. This is even more important in the healthcare sector where the need for exchanging health related data among professional and institutions is not an exception but the rule. Currently, there are several international organizations working on the definition of electronic health record architectures, some of
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