Objectives: The goal of current study is the assessment of awareness and knowledge about the leuk... more Objectives: The goal of current study is the assessment of awareness and knowledge about the leukemia among medical students. Background: Leukemia is a malignant disorder characterized by abnormal hematopoietic development and abandoned production of WBCS and their precursors in bone marrow and blood. It is the leading cause of death in children due to cancer. Design: A questionnaire having 14 close ended questions is given to 200 students. Data of 150 students was included in the studies while other was excluded due to incomplete information. Result: It is shown by the result that the knowledge of leukemia among medical students is 71.3%. 25.3% said leukemia is inherited, and 54% think it can acquired through blood transfusion, only 7% students know about its type, and 48.7% students think survival rate is decreasing with age. The result of statistical analysis shows significant results. Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between leukemia and Down syndrome but major...
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is parasitic disease which causes severe morbidity and mortality. The pre... more Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is parasitic disease which causes severe morbidity and mortality. The present study identified the leishmania infection caused by Leishmania tropica in Hangu. A total of 45 samples were examined through PCR, Microscopy which showed 87.61% (99/113), 53.98% (61/113) thus the sensitivity of PCR is very high as compared to microscopy. During the study 186 bp Leishmania tropica was identified through PCR and presence of Leishmania tropica showed the infected person serum through SDS method analysis respectively.
Recombinant Bovine somatotropin (rbST) is one of the hormones potentially used as growth promoter... more Recombinant Bovine somatotropin (rbST) is one of the hormones potentially used as growth promoters in feedlot animals; however, limited data is available regarding its effects on blood biochemistry of Kundhi buffalo calves (KBC). Therefore, the current study was conducted to analyze the effects of rbST on blood biochemistry of KBC. For this purpose, selected calves were randomly distributed into three groups (A, B and C) with four calves per group. Group A was kept as control, while group B and C were treated with rbST @ 0.5 mgand 1.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) fortnightly, respectively. After eleven weeks of treatment, blood samples were analyzed for blood metabolites i.e. glucose, protein and lipids, which are major metabolic substrates in the blood required for the growth and fattening of calves and used as fattening indicators. Our data revealed that blood glucose was increased significantly in group C (74.45 ± 0.71 mg/dl) and B (70.50 ± 0.28 mg/dl) as compared to control group A (6...
The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of Persea duthieion bl... more The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of Persea duthieion blood glucose concentration and body weight in alloxan induced diabetic hyperglycemic rabbits. The results illustrated significant antihyperglycemic activity of crude extract with 17.44% and 28.02% amelioration at 25 and 50mg/kg p.o. respectively after 24th day of drug treatment; equally supported by body weight recovery. Upon fractionation, most dominant antihyperglycemic effect was displayed by aqueous fraction with 22.12% and 34.43% effect followed by ethyl acetate fraction with 24.32% and 32.05% effect at 25 and 50mg/kg p.o. respectively after 24th day of drug treatment. The effect on blood glucose was also reflected on body weight of animals. In conclusion, our study documented marked antihyperglycemic activity of extract/fractions of P. duthiei.
AIM: Women should be healthy and have health promotion behaviors, so they can accomplish both the... more AIM: Women should be healthy and have health promotion behaviors, so they can accomplish both their maternal and social tasks. This descriptive study was conducted to determine the healthy life-style behaviors of married women and the factors which could affect those behaviors. METHOD: The population comprised all married women older than 15 years and who live in Ankara Kale region. Three hundred-sixty five married women were included in the study. The questionnaire form and the healthy life-style behaviors scale was used for data collection. RESULTS: The mean score taken from scale was 112.2±19.4. The scores of the women who graduated from middle school / high school, who have sufficient income and good socio-economic status, who have a perception of physical health fairly good and who have any chronic disease in their families, have significantly higher mean scores from healthy life-style behaviors scale and subgroups (p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Health promotion behaviors of the women...
AIM: Unplanned pregnancy is a major medical, social, and public health problem. For the preventio... more AIM: Unplanned pregnancy is a major medical, social, and public health problem. For the prevention of unintended pregnancies use of emergency contraception (EC) methods is a second chance. This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the knowledge and experiences related to emergency contraception of married women older than fifteen years. METHODS: The universe of the study consisted of women older than 15 years. 760 married women were included in the study. Data were collected by questionnaire. Chi-square was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 28.8% of the women had experienced unintended pregnancy, 26.8% of them have heard about EC methods and 9.1% of them had used an EC method. 93.2% of the women had not information about the time of use and 79.1% of them had not information about the efficiency of the methods. EC methods were used more frequently by women who were high school or higher educated, working, living in an urban area, not having a child and women having e...
Background: After air, water is one of the greatest significant essentials for life, which is con... more Background: After air, water is one of the greatest significant essentials for life, which is considered as one of the nutrients. Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common waterborne protozoan parasites, causing diarrheal disease in human beings and animal diseases throughout the world. Material and Methods: A total of 150 containing 1.5 L from each water samples were collected from different water sources of district Bannu from 1 May, 2012 to 30 April, 2013 and for further Original Research Article Khan et al.; BMRJ, 6(2): 119-125, 2015; Article no.BMRJ.2015.064 120 process the samples were brought to the Department of Zoology Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat within 24 hours. Water samples containing different water sources (Tap water, Bore water, Stream water and Pond water) in seven different areas of District Bannu (Pakistan). The water was filtered through Whattman filter paper No. 42 having 2.5μm pore size and the residue was subjected to Microscopy, DNA extraction and PCR was conducted for detection of G. lamblia. To increase the sensitivity of the test a small region (125-bp) of the SSU rRNA was targeted for the PCR amplification. Results: The overall prevalence of G. lamblia in drinking water of district Bannu was 20% microscopically, including 28.33% in Stream water, 12.5% in Tap water, 20% in Tap water and was absent in Bore water. While that of PCR based study the overall prevalence of parasite (G. lamblia) was 24%, including Stream 28.33%, Tap water, 20%, Pond water 26.66% and Bore water 15 %. The highest prevalence of G. lamblia was 25% recorded in Tap water of Basia Khel through microscopic study & that of PCR based study, the highest prevalence was recorded in the Stream water of Bannu City which was 37.5% and P<.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: It was revealed from the current study that G. lamblia is present in water sources in some areas in district Bannu, which may be due to flooding and improper management of water scheme. The study recommended that a proper treatment of water for human consumption is required, especially in Bannu City and Basia Khel in district Bannu.
Background: Cultural differences are known to be pronounced in Turkey, and some difficulties are ... more Background: Cultural differences are known to be pronounced in Turkey, and some difficulties are encountered in patient care. Cultural sufficiency in providing health care to the patients is of great importance in satisfactory care delivery. Aim: To determine the cultural diversity that the students experienced between the patients and themselves while providing care to patients. Knowledge of transcultural nursing was also investigated. Design and Methods: This was a descriptive study. The population comprised of 650 undergraduate students attending the nursing schools of three universities. A total of 622 students were included in the sample. The survey method was used for data collection. Percentages and chi-square test were used. Results: Most of the students (85.5%) had experienced cultural differences while giving care to their patients and 73.8% did not know the definition of this concept. The issues where cultural differences were experienced to the highest degree were differences in dialect and pronunciation (53.4%), differences of language (37%), traditions and customs of the individual (30.7%), and religious belief and sect (30.2%). It was found that the grade the students were in had a significant effect on the experience of cultural differences (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The majority of students experience cultural diversity in patient care. It is thought that transcultural care placed in curriculum even as a separate course will guide nursing students in all stages of patient care. Thus, the effect of cultural diversity in patient care can be minimized with the help of education.
Most studies of screen time of adolescents have been carried out in well-developed countries. The... more Most studies of screen time of adolescents have been carried out in well-developed countries. There is little information concerning screen time of adolescents in developing countries such as Turkey.
Schistosomosis is a disease of veterinary and medical importance caused by Schistosoma spp is cha... more Schistosomosis is a disease of veterinary and medical importance caused by Schistosoma spp is characterized by frequent diarrhea with blood and mucous, weight loss and weakness in animals and causes significant morbidity, mortality and economic loss in cattle population. The study was designed to analyze/detect the schistosoma spp by coprological and serological examination (IHA) in cows and buffaloes of different areas of Punjab, Pakistan (Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Sialkot) from March 2007- February 2008. Both the techniques (coprological and serological examination (IHA) for Schistosomosis in cows and buffaloes were compared. Overall prevelance of Schistosomosis in cows and buffaloes was noted 14.0% and 13.6% by coprological examination and 17% and 16.3% by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), respectively. Statistical analysis showed non-significant difference in indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and fecal examination. Similarly month, area, age and sex wise seroprevalence of Schistosomosis was noted higher by IHA test than coprological examination in cows and buffaloes. Sensitivity (%) and specificity (%) of IHA test was noted 100% and >97.0%, respectively. The study reveals that Schistosomosis is prevalent in the study areas and needed proper preventive measure to minimize its prevalence. Besides that it is found that IHA is a good diagnostic tool for detection of Schistosomosis.
The honeybees (Apis mellifera) population is declining. The involved causes may be pathogens (mit... more The honeybees (Apis mellifera) population is declining. The involved causes may be pathogens (mites, viruses and bacteria) and parasites, due to honeybee's compromised immune system, leading to various bee-associated infections. Therefore, the present study assessed the comparative efficacy of plant extracts, including neem (Azadirachta indica) and Barbaka (Vitex trifolia) against gut bacteria and ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor of honeybee A. mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). The in vitro activities of the plant extracts were determined by using standard methods against five bee gut bacterial isolates, including the well-known bee pathogenic bacteria Paenibacillus larvae. Miticides were also assessed in field against honeybee mites. The obtained results from the phytochemical screening of Barbaka and neem extracts efficiency showed inhibitory zones with diameters of 23 mm with 60 mg/mL against P. larvae and 14 mm with 60 mg/mL against Escherichia coli, respectively. None of the extracts proved to be effective against Salmonella enterica and the neem extract showed intermediate activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus hominis. Likewise, Barbaka plant extracts were not effective against B. subtilis. Similarly, the relative treatment efficacies of neem and Barbaka extracts, together with conventional miticides against honeybee Varroa mites, varied significantly. However, the effect of Barbaka and neem extracts on the mite-infested colonies was lower than the effect of other treatments, but it was also higher than in the control colonies. This study concluded that Barbaka and neem extracts have antibacterial and miticidal activity and are reasonably safe. However, more trials have to be conducted, in order to validate these results.
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 2009
This descriptive research was conducted to determine the attitudes of women towards family planni... more This descriptive research was conducted to determine the attitudes of women towards family planning and the factors affecting these attitudes. Universe of the study has been composed of women who are married and older than 15 years and living in Ankara Kale district. 300 women were included. Kale district is a low socioeconomical slum area of the capital city of Turkey. Questionnaire and Family Planning Attitude Scale were used to collect data. 38% of the women were in the 30-39 years age group and 66.7% of them were graduates of primary school. 73.3% of the women had information about some contraceptive method and 53% of them had used an effective method. Mean score taken from the Family Planning Attitude Scale was 120.11±13.8. The scores obtained from the scale were significantly higher in the women who were graduates of elementary school, whose husbands were graduates from high school and higher, who had heard about any contraceptive method and had been using some method and who ...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2011
The present work was carried out to investigate the quantitative determination of crude phytochem... more The present work was carried out to investigate the quantitative determination of crude phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins), heavy metals and inorganic constituents in Calendula officinale and Sonchus asper. Heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inorganic constituents by the available methods (AOAC, 2000). The studied plants showed variable amount of phytochemicals, heavy metals and inorganic constituents. In case of heavy metals, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Ag were recorded. The amount of inorganic constituents was also found in considerably different levels. The study is of particular importance for providing a scientific data base line.
Leishmania tropicawas isolated from the clinical patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural com... more Leishmania tropicawas isolated from the clinical patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural community of Kohat district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and was identified through PCR, microscopy, and culture techniques. A total of 113 samples from the clinical patients were examined through PCR, microscopy, and culture which showed 87.61% (99/113), 53.98% (61/113), and 46.90% (53/113) prevalence. During the study, 186 bpLeishmania tropicawas identified through PCR. Thus the sensitivity of PCR is very high as compared to the conventional techniques.
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction was used to measure the cell mediated immunity against avian co... more Delayed hypersensitivity reaction was used to measure the cell mediated immunity against avian coccidiosis. There was a gradual increase in the comb thickness of the immunized birds of all the groups from 24 to 72 hours after intradermal injection. The mean difference in comb thickness before and after injection of the respective antigen for the group immunized with Vaccine I (sonicated supernatant) was 1.87 mm at 24 hours, 2.23 mm at 36 hours, 2.31 mm at 48 hours and 2.42 mm at 72 hours. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in comb thickness at 24 and 36 hours after intradermal injection. The mean difference in comb thickness before and after injection of the respective antigen for the group immunized with Vaccine II (sonicated sediment) was 1.12 mm at 24 hours, 1.75 mm at 36 hours, 2.10 mm at 48 hours and 2.31 mm at 72 hours. The difference was significant (p<0.01) at 24 and 48 hours; 36 and 72 hours after injection. Maximum difference in comb thickness was recorded 72 hours after injection in birds immunized with Vaccine I. It appears that delayed hypersensitivity response to sonicated supernatant antigen reported herein represent a strong CMI reaction. Delayed hypersensitivity comb reaction is a quick, simple, economical and practical tool to routinely determine the immune status of a bird with out restoring to challenge.
Background: Plasmodium vivax is one of the widespread human malarial parasites accounting for 75%... more Background: Plasmodium vivax is one of the widespread human malarial parasites accounting for 75% of malaria epidemics. However, there is no baseline information about the status and nature of genetic variation of Plasmodium species circulating in various parts of Pakistan. The present study was aimed at observing the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of Plasmodium vivax by analysing its merozoite surface protein-3α (msp-3α) and merozoite surface protein-3β (msp-3β) genes, by using suballele, species-specific, combined nested PCR/RFLP detection techniques. Methods: A total of 230 blood samples from suspected subjects tested slide positive for vivax malaria were collected from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan during the period May 2012 to December 2013. Combined nested PCR/RFLP technique was conducted using Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genetic markers to detect extent of genetic variation in clinical isolates of P. vivax in the studied areas of Pakistan. Results: By PCR, P. vivax, 202/230 (87.82%), was found to be widely distributed in the studied areas. PCR/RFLP analysis showed a high range of allelic variations for both msp-3α and msp-3β genetic markers of P. vivax, i.e., 21 alleles for msp-3α and 19 for msp-3β. Statistically a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the genetic diversity of the suballelic variants of msp-3α and msp-3β genes of P. vivax. Conclusion: It is concluded that P. vivax populations are highly polymorphic and diverse allelic variants of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β are present in Pakistan.
Elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal,... more Elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal effects and to explore its chemical and biological potential. The root, branches, leaves, stem bark and root bark parts of E. angustifolia were found to contain iron, lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel and cobalt in different concentrations. Crude extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Ea.Cr) was tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Ea.Cr and its fractions, n-hexane (Ea.Hex), ethyl acetate (Ea.EtAc) and aqueous (Ea.Aq) showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only Ea.Hex and Ea.EtAc were effective. When tested for antifungal effect, Ea.Cr exhibited fungicidal action against Aspergillus fumagatus, Ea.EtAc and Ea.Aq against Aspergillus flavis and Ea.EtAc against Aspergillus niger. Ea.Hex was active against all three fungal strains. The...
The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not the social physique anxiety level and gen... more The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not the social physique anxiety level and gender have an influence on psychological characteristics and health related behavior of adolescents. Five hundred and ninety eight female (Mage= 14.95,SD= .70 years) and three hundred and eighty four male (Mage= 15.08,SD= .76 years) adolescents voluntarily participated in this study. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), three subscales of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale as indicators of psychological characteristics were administered to all participants. The Eating Attitude Test and Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire were used to determine health related behavior. It was found that adolescents with high levels of SPA (HSPA) had more unfavourable eating attitudes, higher scores in socially-prescribed perfectionism, negative global physical self-worth and negative body related perceptions than those with low levels of SPA...
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2013
Toxoplasmosis is spread through contamination of water sources and results in morbidity globally.... more Toxoplasmosis is spread through contamination of water sources and results in morbidity globally. In the current study 300 water samples were processed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Toxoplasma gondii. The overall prevalence in different water sources was 6.6% (17/300). Among different water sources the highest prevalence was recorded in drain water at 7% (7/100), followed by tube well water at 7.5% (3/40) and open well water at 5% (5/100) ,and the lowest was recorded in tap water at 3.33% (2/60). The highest prevalence was recorded in summer. Evidence indicates that cleaning and filtration need to be adopted to avoid the health hazards of waterborne zoonotic parasites.
Objectives: The goal of current study is the assessment of awareness and knowledge about the leuk... more Objectives: The goal of current study is the assessment of awareness and knowledge about the leukemia among medical students. Background: Leukemia is a malignant disorder characterized by abnormal hematopoietic development and abandoned production of WBCS and their precursors in bone marrow and blood. It is the leading cause of death in children due to cancer. Design: A questionnaire having 14 close ended questions is given to 200 students. Data of 150 students was included in the studies while other was excluded due to incomplete information. Result: It is shown by the result that the knowledge of leukemia among medical students is 71.3%. 25.3% said leukemia is inherited, and 54% think it can acquired through blood transfusion, only 7% students know about its type, and 48.7% students think survival rate is decreasing with age. The result of statistical analysis shows significant results. Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between leukemia and Down syndrome but major...
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is parasitic disease which causes severe morbidity and mortality. The pre... more Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is parasitic disease which causes severe morbidity and mortality. The present study identified the leishmania infection caused by Leishmania tropica in Hangu. A total of 45 samples were examined through PCR, Microscopy which showed 87.61% (99/113), 53.98% (61/113) thus the sensitivity of PCR is very high as compared to microscopy. During the study 186 bp Leishmania tropica was identified through PCR and presence of Leishmania tropica showed the infected person serum through SDS method analysis respectively.
Recombinant Bovine somatotropin (rbST) is one of the hormones potentially used as growth promoter... more Recombinant Bovine somatotropin (rbST) is one of the hormones potentially used as growth promoters in feedlot animals; however, limited data is available regarding its effects on blood biochemistry of Kundhi buffalo calves (KBC). Therefore, the current study was conducted to analyze the effects of rbST on blood biochemistry of KBC. For this purpose, selected calves were randomly distributed into three groups (A, B and C) with four calves per group. Group A was kept as control, while group B and C were treated with rbST @ 0.5 mgand 1.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) fortnightly, respectively. After eleven weeks of treatment, blood samples were analyzed for blood metabolites i.e. glucose, protein and lipids, which are major metabolic substrates in the blood required for the growth and fattening of calves and used as fattening indicators. Our data revealed that blood glucose was increased significantly in group C (74.45 ± 0.71 mg/dl) and B (70.50 ± 0.28 mg/dl) as compared to control group A (6...
The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of Persea duthieion bl... more The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of Persea duthieion blood glucose concentration and body weight in alloxan induced diabetic hyperglycemic rabbits. The results illustrated significant antihyperglycemic activity of crude extract with 17.44% and 28.02% amelioration at 25 and 50mg/kg p.o. respectively after 24th day of drug treatment; equally supported by body weight recovery. Upon fractionation, most dominant antihyperglycemic effect was displayed by aqueous fraction with 22.12% and 34.43% effect followed by ethyl acetate fraction with 24.32% and 32.05% effect at 25 and 50mg/kg p.o. respectively after 24th day of drug treatment. The effect on blood glucose was also reflected on body weight of animals. In conclusion, our study documented marked antihyperglycemic activity of extract/fractions of P. duthiei.
AIM: Women should be healthy and have health promotion behaviors, so they can accomplish both the... more AIM: Women should be healthy and have health promotion behaviors, so they can accomplish both their maternal and social tasks. This descriptive study was conducted to determine the healthy life-style behaviors of married women and the factors which could affect those behaviors. METHOD: The population comprised all married women older than 15 years and who live in Ankara Kale region. Three hundred-sixty five married women were included in the study. The questionnaire form and the healthy life-style behaviors scale was used for data collection. RESULTS: The mean score taken from scale was 112.2±19.4. The scores of the women who graduated from middle school / high school, who have sufficient income and good socio-economic status, who have a perception of physical health fairly good and who have any chronic disease in their families, have significantly higher mean scores from healthy life-style behaviors scale and subgroups (p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Health promotion behaviors of the women...
AIM: Unplanned pregnancy is a major medical, social, and public health problem. For the preventio... more AIM: Unplanned pregnancy is a major medical, social, and public health problem. For the prevention of unintended pregnancies use of emergency contraception (EC) methods is a second chance. This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the knowledge and experiences related to emergency contraception of married women older than fifteen years. METHODS: The universe of the study consisted of women older than 15 years. 760 married women were included in the study. Data were collected by questionnaire. Chi-square was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 28.8% of the women had experienced unintended pregnancy, 26.8% of them have heard about EC methods and 9.1% of them had used an EC method. 93.2% of the women had not information about the time of use and 79.1% of them had not information about the efficiency of the methods. EC methods were used more frequently by women who were high school or higher educated, working, living in an urban area, not having a child and women having e...
Background: After air, water is one of the greatest significant essentials for life, which is con... more Background: After air, water is one of the greatest significant essentials for life, which is considered as one of the nutrients. Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common waterborne protozoan parasites, causing diarrheal disease in human beings and animal diseases throughout the world. Material and Methods: A total of 150 containing 1.5 L from each water samples were collected from different water sources of district Bannu from 1 May, 2012 to 30 April, 2013 and for further Original Research Article Khan et al.; BMRJ, 6(2): 119-125, 2015; Article no.BMRJ.2015.064 120 process the samples were brought to the Department of Zoology Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat within 24 hours. Water samples containing different water sources (Tap water, Bore water, Stream water and Pond water) in seven different areas of District Bannu (Pakistan). The water was filtered through Whattman filter paper No. 42 having 2.5μm pore size and the residue was subjected to Microscopy, DNA extraction and PCR was conducted for detection of G. lamblia. To increase the sensitivity of the test a small region (125-bp) of the SSU rRNA was targeted for the PCR amplification. Results: The overall prevalence of G. lamblia in drinking water of district Bannu was 20% microscopically, including 28.33% in Stream water, 12.5% in Tap water, 20% in Tap water and was absent in Bore water. While that of PCR based study the overall prevalence of parasite (G. lamblia) was 24%, including Stream 28.33%, Tap water, 20%, Pond water 26.66% and Bore water 15 %. The highest prevalence of G. lamblia was 25% recorded in Tap water of Basia Khel through microscopic study & that of PCR based study, the highest prevalence was recorded in the Stream water of Bannu City which was 37.5% and P<.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: It was revealed from the current study that G. lamblia is present in water sources in some areas in district Bannu, which may be due to flooding and improper management of water scheme. The study recommended that a proper treatment of water for human consumption is required, especially in Bannu City and Basia Khel in district Bannu.
Background: Cultural differences are known to be pronounced in Turkey, and some difficulties are ... more Background: Cultural differences are known to be pronounced in Turkey, and some difficulties are encountered in patient care. Cultural sufficiency in providing health care to the patients is of great importance in satisfactory care delivery. Aim: To determine the cultural diversity that the students experienced between the patients and themselves while providing care to patients. Knowledge of transcultural nursing was also investigated. Design and Methods: This was a descriptive study. The population comprised of 650 undergraduate students attending the nursing schools of three universities. A total of 622 students were included in the sample. The survey method was used for data collection. Percentages and chi-square test were used. Results: Most of the students (85.5%) had experienced cultural differences while giving care to their patients and 73.8% did not know the definition of this concept. The issues where cultural differences were experienced to the highest degree were differences in dialect and pronunciation (53.4%), differences of language (37%), traditions and customs of the individual (30.7%), and religious belief and sect (30.2%). It was found that the grade the students were in had a significant effect on the experience of cultural differences (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The majority of students experience cultural diversity in patient care. It is thought that transcultural care placed in curriculum even as a separate course will guide nursing students in all stages of patient care. Thus, the effect of cultural diversity in patient care can be minimized with the help of education.
Most studies of screen time of adolescents have been carried out in well-developed countries. The... more Most studies of screen time of adolescents have been carried out in well-developed countries. There is little information concerning screen time of adolescents in developing countries such as Turkey.
Schistosomosis is a disease of veterinary and medical importance caused by Schistosoma spp is cha... more Schistosomosis is a disease of veterinary and medical importance caused by Schistosoma spp is characterized by frequent diarrhea with blood and mucous, weight loss and weakness in animals and causes significant morbidity, mortality and economic loss in cattle population. The study was designed to analyze/detect the schistosoma spp by coprological and serological examination (IHA) in cows and buffaloes of different areas of Punjab, Pakistan (Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Sialkot) from March 2007- February 2008. Both the techniques (coprological and serological examination (IHA) for Schistosomosis in cows and buffaloes were compared. Overall prevelance of Schistosomosis in cows and buffaloes was noted 14.0% and 13.6% by coprological examination and 17% and 16.3% by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), respectively. Statistical analysis showed non-significant difference in indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and fecal examination. Similarly month, area, age and sex wise seroprevalence of Schistosomosis was noted higher by IHA test than coprological examination in cows and buffaloes. Sensitivity (%) and specificity (%) of IHA test was noted 100% and >97.0%, respectively. The study reveals that Schistosomosis is prevalent in the study areas and needed proper preventive measure to minimize its prevalence. Besides that it is found that IHA is a good diagnostic tool for detection of Schistosomosis.
The honeybees (Apis mellifera) population is declining. The involved causes may be pathogens (mit... more The honeybees (Apis mellifera) population is declining. The involved causes may be pathogens (mites, viruses and bacteria) and parasites, due to honeybee's compromised immune system, leading to various bee-associated infections. Therefore, the present study assessed the comparative efficacy of plant extracts, including neem (Azadirachta indica) and Barbaka (Vitex trifolia) against gut bacteria and ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor of honeybee A. mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). The in vitro activities of the plant extracts were determined by using standard methods against five bee gut bacterial isolates, including the well-known bee pathogenic bacteria Paenibacillus larvae. Miticides were also assessed in field against honeybee mites. The obtained results from the phytochemical screening of Barbaka and neem extracts efficiency showed inhibitory zones with diameters of 23 mm with 60 mg/mL against P. larvae and 14 mm with 60 mg/mL against Escherichia coli, respectively. None of the extracts proved to be effective against Salmonella enterica and the neem extract showed intermediate activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus hominis. Likewise, Barbaka plant extracts were not effective against B. subtilis. Similarly, the relative treatment efficacies of neem and Barbaka extracts, together with conventional miticides against honeybee Varroa mites, varied significantly. However, the effect of Barbaka and neem extracts on the mite-infested colonies was lower than the effect of other treatments, but it was also higher than in the control colonies. This study concluded that Barbaka and neem extracts have antibacterial and miticidal activity and are reasonably safe. However, more trials have to be conducted, in order to validate these results.
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 2009
This descriptive research was conducted to determine the attitudes of women towards family planni... more This descriptive research was conducted to determine the attitudes of women towards family planning and the factors affecting these attitudes. Universe of the study has been composed of women who are married and older than 15 years and living in Ankara Kale district. 300 women were included. Kale district is a low socioeconomical slum area of the capital city of Turkey. Questionnaire and Family Planning Attitude Scale were used to collect data. 38% of the women were in the 30-39 years age group and 66.7% of them were graduates of primary school. 73.3% of the women had information about some contraceptive method and 53% of them had used an effective method. Mean score taken from the Family Planning Attitude Scale was 120.11±13.8. The scores obtained from the scale were significantly higher in the women who were graduates of elementary school, whose husbands were graduates from high school and higher, who had heard about any contraceptive method and had been using some method and who ...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2011
The present work was carried out to investigate the quantitative determination of crude phytochem... more The present work was carried out to investigate the quantitative determination of crude phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins), heavy metals and inorganic constituents in Calendula officinale and Sonchus asper. Heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inorganic constituents by the available methods (AOAC, 2000). The studied plants showed variable amount of phytochemicals, heavy metals and inorganic constituents. In case of heavy metals, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Ag were recorded. The amount of inorganic constituents was also found in considerably different levels. The study is of particular importance for providing a scientific data base line.
Leishmania tropicawas isolated from the clinical patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural com... more Leishmania tropicawas isolated from the clinical patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural community of Kohat district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and was identified through PCR, microscopy, and culture techniques. A total of 113 samples from the clinical patients were examined through PCR, microscopy, and culture which showed 87.61% (99/113), 53.98% (61/113), and 46.90% (53/113) prevalence. During the study, 186 bpLeishmania tropicawas identified through PCR. Thus the sensitivity of PCR is very high as compared to the conventional techniques.
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction was used to measure the cell mediated immunity against avian co... more Delayed hypersensitivity reaction was used to measure the cell mediated immunity against avian coccidiosis. There was a gradual increase in the comb thickness of the immunized birds of all the groups from 24 to 72 hours after intradermal injection. The mean difference in comb thickness before and after injection of the respective antigen for the group immunized with Vaccine I (sonicated supernatant) was 1.87 mm at 24 hours, 2.23 mm at 36 hours, 2.31 mm at 48 hours and 2.42 mm at 72 hours. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in comb thickness at 24 and 36 hours after intradermal injection. The mean difference in comb thickness before and after injection of the respective antigen for the group immunized with Vaccine II (sonicated sediment) was 1.12 mm at 24 hours, 1.75 mm at 36 hours, 2.10 mm at 48 hours and 2.31 mm at 72 hours. The difference was significant (p<0.01) at 24 and 48 hours; 36 and 72 hours after injection. Maximum difference in comb thickness was recorded 72 hours after injection in birds immunized with Vaccine I. It appears that delayed hypersensitivity response to sonicated supernatant antigen reported herein represent a strong CMI reaction. Delayed hypersensitivity comb reaction is a quick, simple, economical and practical tool to routinely determine the immune status of a bird with out restoring to challenge.
Background: Plasmodium vivax is one of the widespread human malarial parasites accounting for 75%... more Background: Plasmodium vivax is one of the widespread human malarial parasites accounting for 75% of malaria epidemics. However, there is no baseline information about the status and nature of genetic variation of Plasmodium species circulating in various parts of Pakistan. The present study was aimed at observing the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of Plasmodium vivax by analysing its merozoite surface protein-3α (msp-3α) and merozoite surface protein-3β (msp-3β) genes, by using suballele, species-specific, combined nested PCR/RFLP detection techniques. Methods: A total of 230 blood samples from suspected subjects tested slide positive for vivax malaria were collected from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan during the period May 2012 to December 2013. Combined nested PCR/RFLP technique was conducted using Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genetic markers to detect extent of genetic variation in clinical isolates of P. vivax in the studied areas of Pakistan. Results: By PCR, P. vivax, 202/230 (87.82%), was found to be widely distributed in the studied areas. PCR/RFLP analysis showed a high range of allelic variations for both msp-3α and msp-3β genetic markers of P. vivax, i.e., 21 alleles for msp-3α and 19 for msp-3β. Statistically a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the genetic diversity of the suballelic variants of msp-3α and msp-3β genes of P. vivax. Conclusion: It is concluded that P. vivax populations are highly polymorphic and diverse allelic variants of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β are present in Pakistan.
Elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal,... more Elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal effects and to explore its chemical and biological potential. The root, branches, leaves, stem bark and root bark parts of E. angustifolia were found to contain iron, lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel and cobalt in different concentrations. Crude extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Ea.Cr) was tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Ea.Cr and its fractions, n-hexane (Ea.Hex), ethyl acetate (Ea.EtAc) and aqueous (Ea.Aq) showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only Ea.Hex and Ea.EtAc were effective. When tested for antifungal effect, Ea.Cr exhibited fungicidal action against Aspergillus fumagatus, Ea.EtAc and Ea.Aq against Aspergillus flavis and Ea.EtAc against Aspergillus niger. Ea.Hex was active against all three fungal strains. The...
The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not the social physique anxiety level and gen... more The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not the social physique anxiety level and gender have an influence on psychological characteristics and health related behavior of adolescents. Five hundred and ninety eight female (Mage= 14.95,SD= .70 years) and three hundred and eighty four male (Mage= 15.08,SD= .76 years) adolescents voluntarily participated in this study. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), three subscales of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale as indicators of psychological characteristics were administered to all participants. The Eating Attitude Test and Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire were used to determine health related behavior. It was found that adolescents with high levels of SPA (HSPA) had more unfavourable eating attitudes, higher scores in socially-prescribed perfectionism, negative global physical self-worth and negative body related perceptions than those with low levels of SPA...
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2013
Toxoplasmosis is spread through contamination of water sources and results in morbidity globally.... more Toxoplasmosis is spread through contamination of water sources and results in morbidity globally. In the current study 300 water samples were processed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Toxoplasma gondii. The overall prevalence in different water sources was 6.6% (17/300). Among different water sources the highest prevalence was recorded in drain water at 7% (7/100), followed by tube well water at 7.5% (3/40) and open well water at 5% (5/100) ,and the lowest was recorded in tap water at 3.33% (2/60). The highest prevalence was recorded in summer. Evidence indicates that cleaning and filtration need to be adopted to avoid the health hazards of waterborne zoonotic parasites.
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