Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2013
Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional ... more Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional methods of wood impregnation consisted in soaking it with substances of natural origin: vegetable oils, beet sugar, cane sugar, paraffin, colophony, waxes, potassium alum, etc. The surface of antique wooden parquets was soaked with wax or with oils. The research was aimed at specifying the properties of different finish coatings used as traditional means of wooden floor surface finishing, by analysing the changes in hardness and resistance to abrasion of samples without finish coating and samples covered with wax, varnish (natural linen oil), as well as contemporary synthetic parquet oil combined with wax oil. Research was carried out on antique and contemporary wood samples. The tests of wood hardness were done in accordance with the Brinell method, in line with the PN-EN 1534:2011 standard. The abrasion resistance was measured with the Taber method on the basis of mass loss, in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5470-1:2001 standard. We assumed that the following factors have influence on hardness and resistance to abrasion: wood species, origin (manor house and room) and layout of parquet elements within the room, which determined the intensity of usage of a given element and the climate conditions around the wood (traffic, internal or external room corner).
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, Sep 30, 2020
An influence of contemporary oil coatings on the aesthetical properties and abrasion resistance o... more An influence of contemporary oil coatings on the aesthetical properties and abrasion resistance of oak wood parquets. The article analyses the influence of oil coatings on the colour, gloss, and abrasion resistance of parquets made of oak wood. Popular oil coatings of the same brand were compared: two-ingredient oil, single-ingredient oil and wax oil. A comparison of properties of several different kinds of oil manufactured by the same brand reveals that they do have influence on the changes in wood properties, when comparing to wood without finish. Single-ingredient and two-ingredient oil darken the colour, increase in red colour and in yellow colour to a similar extent, while wax oil darkens it and increase the share of red and yellow colour less. As to gloss, there are no statistically significant differences between the influence of the different oils. Twoingredient oil practically does not change resistance to abrasion at all, while single-ingredient oil and wax oil reduce the rate of abrasion, and wax oil reduces abrasion 4 times less efficiently than single-ingredient oil.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2015
Material and Construction Characteristics of a Box with Boulle Ornaments as Identification Criter... more Material and Construction Characteristics of a Box with Boulle Ornaments as Identification Criteria. The aim of the study consists in the characterisation and identification of a decorative box with Boulle-style ornaments (private property). The material analysis focused on identifying the materials that were used to manufacture the item, in the context of the time when they were used. The construction analysis took into account the type of joints, ways of fixing the metal fittings, etc. The functional analysis based on the item's proportions and the lining used inside permitted to define the object's purpose. The style analysis provided data on the possible time when the object was made, on the basis of style characteristics, as well as the type and pattern of the ornaments. Due to the fact that the analyses revealed similarities with decorative boxes from the period of Napoleon III, chosen features of the box were compared with items from that period as to their dimensions, materials, shapes, forms and degree of ornamentation, metal fittings, inside and function.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Nov 14, 2011
Characteristics of Decorative Wooden Flooring in the Castle Museum in a cut. The paper presents a... more Characteristics of Decorative Wooden Flooring in the Castle Museum in a cut. The paper presents an analysis of research on decorative wooden flooring in the Castle Museum in a cut. It focuses on the characteristics of design, structure and the wood species used, paying attention to their anatomic features and the state of flooring preservation. Taking into account the size of the site and the modifications of interiors that took place at different moments in time, all the features under investigation proved to be very diversified. Decorative flooring is present in twenty rooms of the Castle, in total there are thirty one different tile patterns, while six are repeated. In a cut, the tiles are mostly solid, with additional intarsia; less frequently they have the form of classic layer tiles.
The article describes diverse solutions used in the construction of antique wooden beam-structure... more The article describes diverse solutions used in the construction of antique wooden beam-structure floors and analyses the viability of their application in reconstructions. The function of the individual layers of their structure is analysed by: 1.Comparing elasticity (shock absorption in accordance to the PN EN 14808:2005 standard) of floors with continuous support (joists lying on a mineral base and joists placed on a layer of sand) with parquets that have punctual support. 2.Comparing the elasticity of parquets lying on a boarding and those placed directly on joists. 3.Analysing the function of woodwork parquet joints in the floor structure. The capability of floors from antique manor houses in South-Eastern Poland to transfer own and usage loads is being assessed in order to make recommendations as to their preservation, relocation or substitution.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2015
Study of Chosen Physical Surface Properties of Antique Parquet Panel Elements. The paper describe... more Study of Chosen Physical Surface Properties of Antique Parquet Panel Elements. The paper describes the research of properties of antique parquet panel elements taken from Tarnowiec, Przewrotne and Falejówka manor houses. The panels under research were made of oak, pine, ash and elm wood. We tested the density profile, the contact angle and calculated the surface energy of panel elements. The values of density of antique wood do not diverge from the values provided in contemporary reference tables. The increase of density for the maximum positions from the frontal side suggests the presence of non-structural substances.The front surface of antique wood before processing has lower surface energy than after processing, which means that non-structural, hydrophobic substances are present on the frontal surface. We have not found significant differences concerning surface energy between antique and contemporary wood.
The floor in a building is an integral part of the interior and is usually considered as a very v... more The floor in a building is an integral part of the interior and is usually considered as a very valuable component of decoration. The flooring style, construction, manufacturing technologies, finishing and maintenance reflects local traditions, available resources and craftsmanship. Traditional techniques of parquet surface finishing were used in manor houses of SouthEastern Poland until the 1st half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the major part of historical wooden parquets was irreversibly destroyed due to the introduction of collective property and the expropriation of manor houses after World War II. It is necessary to develop the knowledge related to the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of antique floor heritage, for its proper conservation. Near infrared spectroscopy was applied here for rapid and non-destructive recognition of natural finishes traditionally applied for the protection of the wooden floors. The system was capable to correctly identify the reference finishes applied on contemporary wood samples. However, analyses of antiques floors were more problematic. The set of samples of original antique decorative wooden flooring was collected from manor houses in Tarnowiec and Falejówka. Both houses contained well preserved wooden flooring that had not been subject to restoration in the past. The method shows great potential, even if in some cases an ambiguous classification was obtained. The reasons included natural deteriorations of floors during service life. Originally used substances might change their chemical composition during lifetime as a result of aging, weathering, usage and external contaminations. Given that, it was concluded that the results of spectroscopic evaluations might provide valuable assistance to conservators and facilitate decisions on the proper object maintenance.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2015
Issues related to material identification of furniture with Boulle's style ornaments on the examp... more Issues related to material identification of furniture with Boulle's style ornaments on the example of a decorative box from the 19th century. Due to this practice of imitating and copying furniture, style analysis is not sufficient for the item's attribution. Material characterisation might prove necessary, because even faithful copies of the furniture's external appearance were made with the use of contemporary materials. The aim of the study consists in explaining the complex issues related to material identification of furniture with Boulle style ornaments on the example of a decorative box from the 19th century. The scope of works includes the box's materials characterization, as well as an analysis of the obtained test results, in order to assess whether the age and origin of a piece of furniture can be identified on the basis of materials characterization.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2013
Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional ... more Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional methods of wood impregnation consisted in soaking it with substances of natural origin: vegetable oils, beet sugar, cane sugar, paraffin, colophony, waxes, potassium alum, etc. The surface of antique wooden parquets was soaked with wax or with oils. The research was aimed at specifying the properties of different finish coatings used as traditional means of wooden floor surface finishing, by analysing the changes in hardness and resistance to abrasion of samples without finish coating and samples covered with wax, varnish (natural linen oil), as well as contemporary synthetic parquet oil combined with wax oil. Research was carried out on antique and contemporary wood samples. The tests of wood hardness were done in accordance with the Brinell method, in line with the PN-EN 1534:2011 standard. The abrasion resistance was measured with the Taber method on the basis of mass loss, in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5470-1:2001 standard. We assumed that the following factors have influence on hardness and resistance to abrasion: wood species, origin (manor house and room) and layout of parquet elements within the room, which determined the intensity of usage of a given element and the climate conditions around the wood (traffic, internal or external room corner).
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, Apr 30, 2022
Classics of Polish Design. Polish avant-garde Bauhaus style furniture from the interwar period pr... more Classics of Polish Design. Polish avant-garde Bauhaus style furniture from the interwar period presents a review of the best Polish furniture designs from the 1920s and 1930s. In spite of the inspirations with historicism popular in the interwar period and the references to folk culture (e.g., the "Ład" Artists' Cooperative), Polish designers also drew inspiration from the works of the following artists: Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Mies van der Rohe and Mart Stam, who designed avant-garde furniture made of metal pipes. The paper presents little known works of Polish artists from the groups "Praesens", "Atelier wnętrz i architektury" (The Atelier of Interiors and Architecture), "Studium wnętrz i sprzętu" (Studio of Interiors and Equipment), as well as furniture designs referring to the Bauhaus style for private and public interiors (including designs for transatlantics or the President's Castle in Wisła), among others, manufactured by the Thonet-Mundus company. The paper continues the series devoted to the "Classics of Polish Design", presenting the results of research on Polish furniture, carried out within the framework of dissertations in the Department of Wood Technology in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW).
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, Sep 30, 2019
The paper provides an analysis of windows in antique Świdermajers’ style wooden buildings, locate... more The paper provides an analysis of windows in antique Świdermajers’ style wooden buildings, located in Otwock. It has been discovered that many of them have been already replaced with new ones. Attention was paid to the traditional Polish casement window structure with transom and the main part below, additionally divided into smaller areas by wooden horizontal or vertical muntins. Analysis of traditional window carpentry elements such as shutters, window sills, cornices and batten frames was made together with their classification based on different kinds of decorative motifs.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2013
Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional ... more Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional methods of wood impregnation consisted in soaking it with substances of natural origin: vegetable oils, beet sugar, cane sugar, paraffin, colophony, waxes, potassium alum, etc. The surface of antique wooden parquets was soaked with wax or with oils. The research was aimed at specifying the properties of different finish coatings used as traditional means of wooden floor surface finishing, by analysing the changes in hardness and resistance to abrasion of samples without finish coating and samples covered with wax, varnish (natural linen oil), as well as contemporary synthetic parquet oil combined with wax oil. Research was carried out on antique and contemporary wood samples. The tests of wood hardness were done in accordance with the Brinell method, in line with the PN-EN 1534:2011 standard. The abrasion resistance was measured with the Taber method on the basis of mass loss, in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5470-1:2001 standard. We assumed that the following factors have influence on hardness and resistance to abrasion: wood species, origin (manor house and room) and layout of parquet elements within the room, which determined the intensity of usage of a given element and the climate conditions around the wood (traffic, internal or external room corner).
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, Sep 30, 2020
An influence of contemporary oil coatings on the aesthetical properties and abrasion resistance o... more An influence of contemporary oil coatings on the aesthetical properties and abrasion resistance of oak wood parquets. The article analyses the influence of oil coatings on the colour, gloss, and abrasion resistance of parquets made of oak wood. Popular oil coatings of the same brand were compared: two-ingredient oil, single-ingredient oil and wax oil. A comparison of properties of several different kinds of oil manufactured by the same brand reveals that they do have influence on the changes in wood properties, when comparing to wood without finish. Single-ingredient and two-ingredient oil darken the colour, increase in red colour and in yellow colour to a similar extent, while wax oil darkens it and increase the share of red and yellow colour less. As to gloss, there are no statistically significant differences between the influence of the different oils. Twoingredient oil practically does not change resistance to abrasion at all, while single-ingredient oil and wax oil reduce the rate of abrasion, and wax oil reduces abrasion 4 times less efficiently than single-ingredient oil.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2015
Material and Construction Characteristics of a Box with Boulle Ornaments as Identification Criter... more Material and Construction Characteristics of a Box with Boulle Ornaments as Identification Criteria. The aim of the study consists in the characterisation and identification of a decorative box with Boulle-style ornaments (private property). The material analysis focused on identifying the materials that were used to manufacture the item, in the context of the time when they were used. The construction analysis took into account the type of joints, ways of fixing the metal fittings, etc. The functional analysis based on the item's proportions and the lining used inside permitted to define the object's purpose. The style analysis provided data on the possible time when the object was made, on the basis of style characteristics, as well as the type and pattern of the ornaments. Due to the fact that the analyses revealed similarities with decorative boxes from the period of Napoleon III, chosen features of the box were compared with items from that period as to their dimensions, materials, shapes, forms and degree of ornamentation, metal fittings, inside and function.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Nov 14, 2011
Characteristics of Decorative Wooden Flooring in the Castle Museum in a cut. The paper presents a... more Characteristics of Decorative Wooden Flooring in the Castle Museum in a cut. The paper presents an analysis of research on decorative wooden flooring in the Castle Museum in a cut. It focuses on the characteristics of design, structure and the wood species used, paying attention to their anatomic features and the state of flooring preservation. Taking into account the size of the site and the modifications of interiors that took place at different moments in time, all the features under investigation proved to be very diversified. Decorative flooring is present in twenty rooms of the Castle, in total there are thirty one different tile patterns, while six are repeated. In a cut, the tiles are mostly solid, with additional intarsia; less frequently they have the form of classic layer tiles.
The article describes diverse solutions used in the construction of antique wooden beam-structure... more The article describes diverse solutions used in the construction of antique wooden beam-structure floors and analyses the viability of their application in reconstructions. The function of the individual layers of their structure is analysed by: 1.Comparing elasticity (shock absorption in accordance to the PN EN 14808:2005 standard) of floors with continuous support (joists lying on a mineral base and joists placed on a layer of sand) with parquets that have punctual support. 2.Comparing the elasticity of parquets lying on a boarding and those placed directly on joists. 3.Analysing the function of woodwork parquet joints in the floor structure. The capability of floors from antique manor houses in South-Eastern Poland to transfer own and usage loads is being assessed in order to make recommendations as to their preservation, relocation or substitution.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2015
Study of Chosen Physical Surface Properties of Antique Parquet Panel Elements. The paper describe... more Study of Chosen Physical Surface Properties of Antique Parquet Panel Elements. The paper describes the research of properties of antique parquet panel elements taken from Tarnowiec, Przewrotne and Falejówka manor houses. The panels under research were made of oak, pine, ash and elm wood. We tested the density profile, the contact angle and calculated the surface energy of panel elements. The values of density of antique wood do not diverge from the values provided in contemporary reference tables. The increase of density for the maximum positions from the frontal side suggests the presence of non-structural substances.The front surface of antique wood before processing has lower surface energy than after processing, which means that non-structural, hydrophobic substances are present on the frontal surface. We have not found significant differences concerning surface energy between antique and contemporary wood.
The floor in a building is an integral part of the interior and is usually considered as a very v... more The floor in a building is an integral part of the interior and is usually considered as a very valuable component of decoration. The flooring style, construction, manufacturing technologies, finishing and maintenance reflects local traditions, available resources and craftsmanship. Traditional techniques of parquet surface finishing were used in manor houses of SouthEastern Poland until the 1st half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the major part of historical wooden parquets was irreversibly destroyed due to the introduction of collective property and the expropriation of manor houses after World War II. It is necessary to develop the knowledge related to the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of antique floor heritage, for its proper conservation. Near infrared spectroscopy was applied here for rapid and non-destructive recognition of natural finishes traditionally applied for the protection of the wooden floors. The system was capable to correctly identify the reference finishes applied on contemporary wood samples. However, analyses of antiques floors were more problematic. The set of samples of original antique decorative wooden flooring was collected from manor houses in Tarnowiec and Falejówka. Both houses contained well preserved wooden flooring that had not been subject to restoration in the past. The method shows great potential, even if in some cases an ambiguous classification was obtained. The reasons included natural deteriorations of floors during service life. Originally used substances might change their chemical composition during lifetime as a result of aging, weathering, usage and external contaminations. Given that, it was concluded that the results of spectroscopic evaluations might provide valuable assistance to conservators and facilitate decisions on the proper object maintenance.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2015
Issues related to material identification of furniture with Boulle's style ornaments on the examp... more Issues related to material identification of furniture with Boulle's style ornaments on the example of a decorative box from the 19th century. Due to this practice of imitating and copying furniture, style analysis is not sufficient for the item's attribution. Material characterisation might prove necessary, because even faithful copies of the furniture's external appearance were made with the use of contemporary materials. The aim of the study consists in explaining the complex issues related to material identification of furniture with Boulle style ornaments on the example of a decorative box from the 19th century. The scope of works includes the box's materials characterization, as well as an analysis of the obtained test results, in order to assess whether the age and origin of a piece of furniture can be identified on the basis of materials characterization.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, 2013
Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional ... more Influence of wooden floor surface finish on its hardness and resistance to abrasion. Traditional methods of wood impregnation consisted in soaking it with substances of natural origin: vegetable oils, beet sugar, cane sugar, paraffin, colophony, waxes, potassium alum, etc. The surface of antique wooden parquets was soaked with wax or with oils. The research was aimed at specifying the properties of different finish coatings used as traditional means of wooden floor surface finishing, by analysing the changes in hardness and resistance to abrasion of samples without finish coating and samples covered with wax, varnish (natural linen oil), as well as contemporary synthetic parquet oil combined with wax oil. Research was carried out on antique and contemporary wood samples. The tests of wood hardness were done in accordance with the Brinell method, in line with the PN-EN 1534:2011 standard. The abrasion resistance was measured with the Taber method on the basis of mass loss, in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5470-1:2001 standard. We assumed that the following factors have influence on hardness and resistance to abrasion: wood species, origin (manor house and room) and layout of parquet elements within the room, which determined the intensity of usage of a given element and the climate conditions around the wood (traffic, internal or external room corner).
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, Apr 30, 2022
Classics of Polish Design. Polish avant-garde Bauhaus style furniture from the interwar period pr... more Classics of Polish Design. Polish avant-garde Bauhaus style furniture from the interwar period presents a review of the best Polish furniture designs from the 1920s and 1930s. In spite of the inspirations with historicism popular in the interwar period and the references to folk culture (e.g., the "Ład" Artists' Cooperative), Polish designers also drew inspiration from the works of the following artists: Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Mies van der Rohe and Mart Stam, who designed avant-garde furniture made of metal pipes. The paper presents little known works of Polish artists from the groups "Praesens", "Atelier wnętrz i architektury" (The Atelier of Interiors and Architecture), "Studium wnętrz i sprzętu" (Studio of Interiors and Equipment), as well as furniture designs referring to the Bauhaus style for private and public interiors (including designs for transatlantics or the President's Castle in Wisła), among others, manufactured by the Thonet-Mundus company. The paper continues the series devoted to the "Classics of Polish Design", presenting the results of research on Polish furniture, carried out within the framework of dissertations in the Department of Wood Technology in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW).
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology, Sep 30, 2019
The paper provides an analysis of windows in antique Świdermajers’ style wooden buildings, locate... more The paper provides an analysis of windows in antique Świdermajers’ style wooden buildings, located in Otwock. It has been discovered that many of them have been already replaced with new ones. Attention was paid to the traditional Polish casement window structure with transom and the main part below, additionally divided into smaller areas by wooden horizontal or vertical muntins. Analysis of traditional window carpentry elements such as shutters, window sills, cornices and batten frames was made together with their classification based on different kinds of decorative motifs.
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