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ally namangaya

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Uppsala University

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University of Leicester

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University of North Carolina at Greensboro

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University of Salamanca

Macquarie University

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

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University of Copenhagen

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Nepal College of Information Technology

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Papers by ally namangaya

Acceptability of urban water, sanitation, electricity and transport services

The quality and acceptability of services in a range of urban communities were investigated by th... more The quality and acceptability of services in a range of urban communities were investigated by the RurbanAfrica project. Research was undertaken through focus group discussions and interviews with individual residents in 30 settlements in six cities- Douala and Bafoussam in Cameroon, Accra and Sekondi- Takoradi in Ghana and Dar es Salaam and Arusha in Tanzania. Residents reported a multitude of challenges in meeting their needs for water, sanitation, electricity and transport. Overall, their highest priorities for improvement were urban transport and water supply, followed by sanitation. Electricity was the lowest priority overall, though it was still first or second priority in six of the 30 settlements. The lower priority for improving sanitation than water supply contrasts with reported coverage levels which are twice as high for water supply as for sanitation, suggesting that “coverage” by improved water supply does not imply an acceptable level of service.

Climate Change Adaptation and Planning Education in Southern Africa

The Urban Book Series

Cities in Southern Africa are experiencing a rapid rate of urbanisation, which exacerbates the im... more Cities in Southern Africa are experiencing a rapid rate of urbanisation, which exacerbates the impacts of climate change on cities. The recent droughts and water stress in Cape Town, South Africa and Windhoek, Namibia, impacts of Cyclone Idai that destroyed 90% of Beira city, and recurrent heatwaves are evidence of the impacts of climate change on cities in the region. Planners are responsible for the spatial configuration of spaces and places such that cities are safe, resilient, sustainable, and inclusive; hence planning for climate change is imperative. In this study, we argue that the recurrence of climate change-related disasters in Southern Africa reflects the lack of skills, knowledge and capabilities among planners to integrate climate change adaptation into urban planning processes. Like any other profession, planning practice is informed by education and training of the graduates, which influences their worldview and ideology that they take into the professional world. Thi...

Planning Cities in Africa—Current Issues and Future Prospects of Urban Governance and Planning: An Introduction

The urban book series, 2022

African urbanisation is at the crossroad. Despite the ever-growing urban challenges and rapid tra... more African urbanisation is at the crossroad. Despite the ever-growing urban challenges and rapid transformation of cities in Africa, there is a positive trend of knowledge production and dynamic policy reforms aiming at a better management of urbanisation and related development fields. The discourse on current African urban challenges and prospects is calling for a change of perspective in understanding urban Africa from its own sociocultural and historical context. Scholars, for instance,

PREFACE: ACADEMIC TRACK OF FOSS4G 2018 &ndash; LEAVING NO-ONE BEHIND

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Jul 11, 2018

The Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial Conference-FOSS4G-is an annual conference hosted... more The Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial Conference-FOSS4G-is an annual conference hosted by OSGeo (Open Source Geospatial Foundation: https://www.osgeo.org/) focused on building awareness, cooperation, and development of open source geospatial software. Starting in 2006, FOSS4G conferences have been held globally with the last event in Boston attracting over 1100 attendees. 2018 is a very special year for FOSS4G because, after 10 years, the event is back again to Africa. This year the conference is incorporating other global communities such as the annual summit of the HOT (Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team: https://www.hotosm.org/) and Understanding Risk Africa (https://understandrisk.org/). By bringing together these communities a great synergy that has attracted the best and brightest developers, users and educators in the field of geospatial open science, open source, open data and open education will occur!. As befits a diverse conference like FOSS4G, we have a strong Academic Track. It has been organized thanks to ISPRS (International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: http://www.isprs.org) and OSGeo. In FOSS4G, the Academic Track is about cogeneration and convergence of knowledge and theoretical development by researchers, innovations and breakthroughs by inventors, and developers who are providing solutions to the needs of users, practitioners, and companies. The Academic Track is to helping to develop the frontier of research and innovation in the realm of open geospatial research. Because life is interdisciplinary, the Academic Track is multidisciplinary and global in composition with the commonality being in the use of open data and open source software. Holding a FOSS4G in Dar es Salaam will leave a geospatial legacy for Tanzania and the wider African community. This will serve to aid the global OSGeo community in the years to come as well as developing the African geospatial community. Open source software, sharing platforms and open data are most influential factors is bridging the digital divide. The opportunity of open data, open source software, and new innovative algorithms offer an unprecedented opportunity for us all to work together to not leave anyone behind. In developing their own solutions to contextual problems as well as adapt the existing algorithms, methodologies, and source code to the needs of emerging economies. Open source software, algorithms and data are shifting the responsibility of closing the digital divide from government and large formal institutions to individuals and companies. FOSS4G is a unique occasion for bringing the awareness to African researchers and potential innovators of the possibilities; explain to the western colleagues the issues and directions where their researches and inventions are needed; and facilitate face to face meetings among individuals. Dar es Salaam, the host city of FOSS4G, is one of the fastest growing cities in the world with the consequent problems of informal growth, social, and humanitarian challenges. The fast rate of economic growth can give a positive vibe-not only to the city but to the country and continent at large. Therefore, while we acknowledge that FOSS4G is one of the shining lights in the constellation of stars that we find ourselves looking at, much has to be done to first attract the youth and let them know of the possibilities. The President of the World Bank mentioning, when visiting Dar es Salaam in 2017, that "it is fundamental to attract mentors from the Global North and South, to create start-ups based on open data and shared algorithms in the African business environment, and to compel large local companies to digitize their business processes and to use this digital possibilities to expand their global reach". The composition of sponsors, papers and participants does not show very much progress on this front, except a few from South Africa. Africa as a whole is poorly represented-we need to change this and ensure that we are leaving no-one behind. It is not only in economic terms where FOSS4G can have an impact, many papers presented have humanitarian orientation, and Africa, because of its Infrastructure challenges, can use technologies based on open source inventions and software to optimize process such as building resilience communities and serve lives. Already good results have demonstrated how Africa can innovate, such as mobile money, progress in citizen mapping platforms for resilience, and numerous other innovations. A FOSS4G in Dar es Salaam will also motivate our governments to open their policies towards open data and increase internet penetration through their policies. We believe they are represented here. Therefore, FOSS4G can be an important shining light at the door that requires to attract more African young people in future events and forge partnership while we are here.

Translating Plans to Development : Impact and Effectiveness of Urban Planning in Tanzania Secondary Cities

Tanzania is urbanizing rapidly and its cities are the country’s engines for economic growth. The ... more Tanzania is urbanizing rapidly and its cities are the country’s engines for economic growth. The country’s urban population share increased from 5.7 percent to 29.1 percent from 1967 to 2012, and it is projected to exceed 50 percent by 2050. The purpose of the general planning schemes (GPS) is to guide the physical development of land by indicating main land-use zones such as for residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreational, and agricultural use, as well as by coordinating and safeguarding provisions for trunk transportation, utilities, and other network services. Knowledge on the spatial development impacts of master plans and the reality of implementation progress on the ground are not well researched or documented in Tanzania, especially for secondary cities. In this context, the World Bank conducted study to investigate the impact and effectiveness of urban planning on city spatial development in Tanzania cities in seven selected secondary cities (Arusha, Dod...

Households’ and Community Initiatives Towards City Resilience: The Case of Flood Resilience in Dar es Salaam

The Urban Book Series, 2021

Afterschool programs have the potential to promote social, emotional, and physical health outcome... more Afterschool programs have the potential to promote social, emotional, and physical health outcomes among youth participants. The positive youth development (PYD) framework argues that acquiring desirable attitudes and behaviors occurs when skill-building opportunities are explicitly provided within a safe and supportive climate guided by caring, competent, and compassionate instructors. Girls on the Run (GOTR) is a PYD program that uses running, motor skills, and other physical activities as a platform for promoting positive psychosocial outcomes and life skills learning among elementary-and middle school-aged girls. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic challenged GOTR to modify lessons, coach training, and program delivery (in-person, virtual, or hybrid) to accommodate public health guidelines. The purpose of this study was to assess caregivers' and coaches' perceptions of program effectiveness in light of these changes. Following the Fall 2020 season, caregivers (n = 1,617) and coaches (n = 991) from 1,077 teams and 39 councils completed an online survey about program experiences. Both stakeholder groups positively rated program impact regardless of delivery mode, although in-person mode was rated higher for satisfaction with the endof-season event. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses revealed that caregivers and coaches identified increased physical activity opportunities and life skills learning as well as improved social, psychological, and emotional development as a result of participating. Both stakeholders noted GOTR provided a sense of normalcy during this time of great need. Findings using mixed methods provide evidence of program effectiveness and recommendations for youth programming during challenging times.

Urban residents’ access to water, sanitation, electricity and transport, and the acceptability of services. Work Package 4: Access to services in low-income city communities

Urban residents’ access to water, sanitation, electricity and transport, and the acceptability of... more

Building Disaster-Resilient Communities: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Planning Models for Small Towns in Tanzania

Realities and Perceptions on Resource Scarcity among Local Resource Users: the Case Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park in Tanzania

Success in conservation measures in African coasts will very much depend on the level at which pe... more Success in conservation measures in African coasts will very much depend on the level at which peasantcommunities, who are the major resource users, perceive the existence and urgency of the problems relatedto availability of those resources. Whilst there is massive technical evidence of resource scarcity trends incoastal areas, the question is to what extent are these accepted and therefore used to inform ruralhouseholds‟ choices on livelihood strategies? This paper uses the case of multiple-use protected area thathas been marred with conflicts whose one of the major causes is the resistance to restrictions imposed onthe use of coastal resources by champions of conservation, including central government and otherinternational bodies. The paper establishes that there is overwhelming evidence of resource scarcity as sealevel rise, intertidal resources dwindle and cultivable land is reduced in quantity and quality, amidincreasing population pressure. This pattern emerges despite the p...

City dynamics: mobility and livelihoods of urban residents

The deliverable is based on settlement reports from Cameroon (settlements in Douala and Bafoussam... more The deliverable is based on settlement reports from Cameroon (settlements in Douala and Bafoussam), Ghana (settlements in Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi) and Tanzania (settlements in Dar es Salaam and Arusha)-attached but not included in the overall synthesis is also a preliminary data analysis from Rwanda (Kigali City and Muzanti town).

Urban Spatial Planning and Local Economic Development : Comparative Assessment of Practice in Tanzanian Cities

There is a consensus that traditional approaches to planning for urban and regional economic deve... more There is a consensus that traditional approaches to planning for urban and regional economic development are neither beneficial nor environmentally affordable. Local Economic Development (LED) has been conceived as an alternative approach to bringing about sustainable and equitable economic growth. Spatial strategies applied through urban planning and management are among the dominant strategies that have been advocated for promotion of LED. Discussing the application of these spatial strategies in Tanzanian context is the main objective of this paper. Tanzanian context is presented as typical case in Sub-Saharan Africa where conventional approaches of urban planning have led to inefficient cities throughout the continent. Actually, the data used in this survey were the results of studies in preparation of state of cities report which was also done Ghana, Botswana and Ethiopia. Therefore, lessons from Tanzanian could be applicable in other cities in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. Th...

Assessing the influences of service provision on pace and short and medium term development patterns of residential housing in Dar es Salaam

Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 2018

The connection between city development patterns, housing and service provision is critical as it... more The connection between city development patterns, housing and service provision is critical as it affects allocation of scarce resources in the cities of Sub Sahara Africa, where the adopted planning models and concepts seem to have minimal success. Through spatial analysis and quantitative research this study explores sequencing of servicing and housing development as it impacts city spatial growth patterns in a context of resource deficiency in Dar es Salaam City. The study finds that despite households' land ownership being crucial in city spatial expansion process towards residential house ownership, their actual construction and occupation will depend on the accessibility of services. Moreover, it was established that as more services become available, proportionally, number of people settling in new areas increases. Since this process happens equally in planned and unplanned settlements, this study indicates that it is the availability of services and not land allocation that triggers actual development of residential housing. Thus, service provision determines the pace of change in short and medium city spatial patterns. This implies that in the context of public resource deficiency and self-help housing, strategic investments in basic services such as electricity connection, public transport and portable water is the way to influence actual city development pattern rather than providing plots.

Determinants of Population Growth Trends for Tanzanian Small Towns

Urban and Regional Planning, 2019

The largest share of urbanisation in Sub Saharan Africa is taking place in settlements that are s... more The largest share of urbanisation in Sub Saharan Africa is taking place in settlements that are smaller than cities. However, these small urban settlements are conceptually neglected and mostly mistheorised as overriding land governance concepts and institutional procedures were designed for large urban centres or the extreme opposite, villages. As a result, there is either a total lack of specific policies on small urban centres or the policies are designed wrongly thus contributing to challenges of informality, poor servicing and environment degradations. This paper, using the Tanzanian case, is an attempt to contribute in understanding the dynamics of small towns through establishing the population thresholds that can appropriately be classified as small towns and the factors driving their growth. The study analyses census data spatially using geographical information system and statistical software. The results indicate that the typical size of small towns where polarisation forces still gravitate towards the town has a number of people between 10,000 and 50,000 people with population density at the core of the settlements ranging from 40 to 120 people per hectare. The major factors for the development are the presence of economic activities that have value addition options contributing to off-farm employment, and the typical radius of its hinterland for each small town is about a one hour drive. As the number of small towns continues to grow in Sub Saharan Africa due to continued polarisation forces, policies and interventions for the management of small have to be pre-emptive and anticipatory.

Actors’ Influences on Land Use Planning Decisions in Small Towns: The Case of Geita, Gairo and Kibiti Towns in Tanzania

Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2019

Towards the turn of the century, Tanzania, like many countries in Africa adopted urban planning a... more Towards the turn of the century, Tanzania, like many countries in Africa adopted urban planning approaches that targeted a wider stakeholders' engagement through the use of communicative platforms and inclusive structures for decision making in the planning processes. These approaches are being practised in large and small urban centres, although most of piloting for the efficacy of such approaches was done in large urban centres. However, after over twenty years of these practices, the achievements have been less than optimal with many plans not being implemented. The proliferation of informality and poorly managed small urban centres continue to emerge and grow unabated. This paper examines the planning process in three small urban centres to uncover the level of conformity between applications of the participatory and commutative approaches, and the interests and actions of stakeholders in the planning process. It comes out that although normatively the procedures and institutional structure have adopted the requirements of participatory and communicative planning, the practice has managed to resist the openness and comprehensive inclusions of all stakes in the process. As a result, there is continued discord between the envisaged nature and content of the plans and the motives and demands of those with a stake in the small towns' development endeavours, which contribute to the unwillingness of the developers to heed to the proposals of the plans. It is important therefore not to concentrate on the procedural requirements in the planning process but to improve inclusion of stakes and to focus on honest mediation of self-interests in the planning processes.

Practices in Institutionalizing GIS for Revenue Mobilization: The Case of Secondary Cities in Tanzania

Current Urban Studies, 2018

Increasingly Geographical Information System (GIS) has been seen as an important infrastructure c... more Increasingly Geographical Information System (GIS) has been seen as an important infrastructure component for revenue enhancement and urban development management as used for property identification, verification, taxation and spatial development governance. The paper is an attempt to learn from the experiences of developing GIS in Tanzania, which has also taken place in many other Sub-Saharan countries, for the purpose of boosting revenue collection and enhance land governance functions. The paper was developed through the review of the policy and program evaluation documents, discussions in the respective cities, authors' support to established alternative GIS architecture in some cities and evaluations of the same at later stages. Some of the major findings from the study were that although a lot of donor and government resources had been invested in the hardware and short terms training as well as consultants on GIS, there were no comprehensive programmes that ensured coherent capacities and targets on the GIS development. As a result, the GIS has never been fully institutionalized in the business processes of the municipal authorities. Relevantly, system architectures were non-conformable with the legal mandates of some crucial spatial data custodians in cities. Failure to spread GIS and to have proper system architecture is also attributed by a single focus nature of the systems developed, either property tax or revenue or land use planning while ignoring other needs and stakeholders who would contribute in sustaining the systems.

Urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in African secondary cities

Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 2017

Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts hav... more Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas, which are characterized by high population turnovers , vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa.

Decentralisation and Urban Governance: Trends and Lessons from Cities in Tanzania

Springer Geography, 2016

In an endeavour to enhance good governance, over the last two decades, the Government of Tanzania... more In an endeavour to enhance good governance, over the last two decades, the Government of Tanzania has been implementing a programme aimed at reforming local government through decentralisation by devolution (D-by-D). At the centre of the D-by-D lies the need to build the capacity of the local (urban) governments to discharge their service delivery functions more effectively and efficiently. Other critical features of the programme, which also match the cardinal principles of good governance, include enhanced stakeholders’ participation, improved partnership with non-state actors and enabling the lower level administrative units of the local government to implement locally conceived and prioritised projects. Based on empirical data and information drawn from eight urban centres in Tanzania, this paper discusses how the D-by-D has been operationalised by the authorities with respect to the three aforementioned good governance attributes. It is argued that there has been a notable achievement in terms of stakeholders’ participation; implementation of priority projects evolved by grassroots units and enhanced partnership in the delivery of basic services such as solid and liquid waste management and street cleaning. However, overdependence by local governments on central government grants and ineptitude among the local and central government staff in discharging their responsibilities, coupled with other institutional deficits, are real threats to meaningful implementation of D-by-D and improvement of urban governance in Tanzania.

Challenges in Administering Property Value Capture in Tanzanian Cities

Open Journal of Business and Management, 2019

Most of urban areas in Africa, including in Tanzania, are facing huge infrastructure gaps that re... more Most of urban areas in Africa, including in Tanzania, are facing huge infrastructure gaps that require innovative financing mechanisms. Due to the rapid pace of urban development in Africa, land or property value capture could be one of the effective strategies for raising much-needed resources. The paper, using cases of two projects in the Dar es Salaam metropolitan area, examines how the preconditions of implementing land value capture instruments prevail in Tanzania. It evident from the analysis of the legal context and the projects, concerning the prevalence of supportive preconditions for applying value capture instruments, the laws and urban management practices are quite superfluous in their provisions and proposals such that they do not give the required force, although general mandates are there. Impliedly, the laws and practices were designed without a specific focus or outlook towards making applications of property value capture instruments possible. This is a critical area that requires intervention to improve the financing of urban development needs in Africa.

Acceptability of urban water, sanitation, electricity and transport services

The quality and acceptability of services in a range of urban communities were investigated by th... more The quality and acceptability of services in a range of urban communities were investigated by the RurbanAfrica project. Research was undertaken through focus group discussions and interviews with individual residents in 30 settlements in six cities- Douala and Bafoussam in Cameroon, Accra and Sekondi- Takoradi in Ghana and Dar es Salaam and Arusha in Tanzania. Residents reported a multitude of challenges in meeting their needs for water, sanitation, electricity and transport. Overall, their highest priorities for improvement were urban transport and water supply, followed by sanitation. Electricity was the lowest priority overall, though it was still first or second priority in six of the 30 settlements. The lower priority for improving sanitation than water supply contrasts with reported coverage levels which are twice as high for water supply as for sanitation, suggesting that “coverage” by improved water supply does not imply an acceptable level of service.

Climate Change Adaptation and Planning Education in Southern Africa

The Urban Book Series

Cities in Southern Africa are experiencing a rapid rate of urbanisation, which exacerbates the im... more Cities in Southern Africa are experiencing a rapid rate of urbanisation, which exacerbates the impacts of climate change on cities. The recent droughts and water stress in Cape Town, South Africa and Windhoek, Namibia, impacts of Cyclone Idai that destroyed 90% of Beira city, and recurrent heatwaves are evidence of the impacts of climate change on cities in the region. Planners are responsible for the spatial configuration of spaces and places such that cities are safe, resilient, sustainable, and inclusive; hence planning for climate change is imperative. In this study, we argue that the recurrence of climate change-related disasters in Southern Africa reflects the lack of skills, knowledge and capabilities among planners to integrate climate change adaptation into urban planning processes. Like any other profession, planning practice is informed by education and training of the graduates, which influences their worldview and ideology that they take into the professional world. Thi...

Planning Cities in Africa—Current Issues and Future Prospects of Urban Governance and Planning: An Introduction

The urban book series, 2022

African urbanisation is at the crossroad. Despite the ever-growing urban challenges and rapid tra... more African urbanisation is at the crossroad. Despite the ever-growing urban challenges and rapid transformation of cities in Africa, there is a positive trend of knowledge production and dynamic policy reforms aiming at a better management of urbanisation and related development fields. The discourse on current African urban challenges and prospects is calling for a change of perspective in understanding urban Africa from its own sociocultural and historical context. Scholars, for instance,

PREFACE: ACADEMIC TRACK OF FOSS4G 2018 &ndash; LEAVING NO-ONE BEHIND

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Jul 11, 2018

The Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial Conference-FOSS4G-is an annual conference hosted... more The Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial Conference-FOSS4G-is an annual conference hosted by OSGeo (Open Source Geospatial Foundation: https://www.osgeo.org/) focused on building awareness, cooperation, and development of open source geospatial software. Starting in 2006, FOSS4G conferences have been held globally with the last event in Boston attracting over 1100 attendees. 2018 is a very special year for FOSS4G because, after 10 years, the event is back again to Africa. This year the conference is incorporating other global communities such as the annual summit of the HOT (Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team: https://www.hotosm.org/) and Understanding Risk Africa (https://understandrisk.org/). By bringing together these communities a great synergy that has attracted the best and brightest developers, users and educators in the field of geospatial open science, open source, open data and open education will occur!. As befits a diverse conference like FOSS4G, we have a strong Academic Track. It has been organized thanks to ISPRS (International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: http://www.isprs.org) and OSGeo. In FOSS4G, the Academic Track is about cogeneration and convergence of knowledge and theoretical development by researchers, innovations and breakthroughs by inventors, and developers who are providing solutions to the needs of users, practitioners, and companies. The Academic Track is to helping to develop the frontier of research and innovation in the realm of open geospatial research. Because life is interdisciplinary, the Academic Track is multidisciplinary and global in composition with the commonality being in the use of open data and open source software. Holding a FOSS4G in Dar es Salaam will leave a geospatial legacy for Tanzania and the wider African community. This will serve to aid the global OSGeo community in the years to come as well as developing the African geospatial community. Open source software, sharing platforms and open data are most influential factors is bridging the digital divide. The opportunity of open data, open source software, and new innovative algorithms offer an unprecedented opportunity for us all to work together to not leave anyone behind. In developing their own solutions to contextual problems as well as adapt the existing algorithms, methodologies, and source code to the needs of emerging economies. Open source software, algorithms and data are shifting the responsibility of closing the digital divide from government and large formal institutions to individuals and companies. FOSS4G is a unique occasion for bringing the awareness to African researchers and potential innovators of the possibilities; explain to the western colleagues the issues and directions where their researches and inventions are needed; and facilitate face to face meetings among individuals. Dar es Salaam, the host city of FOSS4G, is one of the fastest growing cities in the world with the consequent problems of informal growth, social, and humanitarian challenges. The fast rate of economic growth can give a positive vibe-not only to the city but to the country and continent at large. Therefore, while we acknowledge that FOSS4G is one of the shining lights in the constellation of stars that we find ourselves looking at, much has to be done to first attract the youth and let them know of the possibilities. The President of the World Bank mentioning, when visiting Dar es Salaam in 2017, that "it is fundamental to attract mentors from the Global North and South, to create start-ups based on open data and shared algorithms in the African business environment, and to compel large local companies to digitize their business processes and to use this digital possibilities to expand their global reach". The composition of sponsors, papers and participants does not show very much progress on this front, except a few from South Africa. Africa as a whole is poorly represented-we need to change this and ensure that we are leaving no-one behind. It is not only in economic terms where FOSS4G can have an impact, many papers presented have humanitarian orientation, and Africa, because of its Infrastructure challenges, can use technologies based on open source inventions and software to optimize process such as building resilience communities and serve lives. Already good results have demonstrated how Africa can innovate, such as mobile money, progress in citizen mapping platforms for resilience, and numerous other innovations. A FOSS4G in Dar es Salaam will also motivate our governments to open their policies towards open data and increase internet penetration through their policies. We believe they are represented here. Therefore, FOSS4G can be an important shining light at the door that requires to attract more African young people in future events and forge partnership while we are here.

Translating Plans to Development : Impact and Effectiveness of Urban Planning in Tanzania Secondary Cities

Tanzania is urbanizing rapidly and its cities are the country’s engines for economic growth. The ... more Tanzania is urbanizing rapidly and its cities are the country’s engines for economic growth. The country’s urban population share increased from 5.7 percent to 29.1 percent from 1967 to 2012, and it is projected to exceed 50 percent by 2050. The purpose of the general planning schemes (GPS) is to guide the physical development of land by indicating main land-use zones such as for residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreational, and agricultural use, as well as by coordinating and safeguarding provisions for trunk transportation, utilities, and other network services. Knowledge on the spatial development impacts of master plans and the reality of implementation progress on the ground are not well researched or documented in Tanzania, especially for secondary cities. In this context, the World Bank conducted study to investigate the impact and effectiveness of urban planning on city spatial development in Tanzania cities in seven selected secondary cities (Arusha, Dod...

Households’ and Community Initiatives Towards City Resilience: The Case of Flood Resilience in Dar es Salaam

The Urban Book Series, 2021

Afterschool programs have the potential to promote social, emotional, and physical health outcome... more Afterschool programs have the potential to promote social, emotional, and physical health outcomes among youth participants. The positive youth development (PYD) framework argues that acquiring desirable attitudes and behaviors occurs when skill-building opportunities are explicitly provided within a safe and supportive climate guided by caring, competent, and compassionate instructors. Girls on the Run (GOTR) is a PYD program that uses running, motor skills, and other physical activities as a platform for promoting positive psychosocial outcomes and life skills learning among elementary-and middle school-aged girls. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic challenged GOTR to modify lessons, coach training, and program delivery (in-person, virtual, or hybrid) to accommodate public health guidelines. The purpose of this study was to assess caregivers' and coaches' perceptions of program effectiveness in light of these changes. Following the Fall 2020 season, caregivers (n = 1,617) and coaches (n = 991) from 1,077 teams and 39 councils completed an online survey about program experiences. Both stakeholder groups positively rated program impact regardless of delivery mode, although in-person mode was rated higher for satisfaction with the endof-season event. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses revealed that caregivers and coaches identified increased physical activity opportunities and life skills learning as well as improved social, psychological, and emotional development as a result of participating. Both stakeholders noted GOTR provided a sense of normalcy during this time of great need. Findings using mixed methods provide evidence of program effectiveness and recommendations for youth programming during challenging times.

Urban residents’ access to water, sanitation, electricity and transport, and the acceptability of services. Work Package 4: Access to services in low-income city communities

Urban residents’ access to water, sanitation, electricity and transport, and the acceptability of... more

Building Disaster-Resilient Communities: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Planning Models for Small Towns in Tanzania

Realities and Perceptions on Resource Scarcity among Local Resource Users: the Case Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park in Tanzania

Success in conservation measures in African coasts will very much depend on the level at which pe... more Success in conservation measures in African coasts will very much depend on the level at which peasantcommunities, who are the major resource users, perceive the existence and urgency of the problems relatedto availability of those resources. Whilst there is massive technical evidence of resource scarcity trends incoastal areas, the question is to what extent are these accepted and therefore used to inform ruralhouseholds‟ choices on livelihood strategies? This paper uses the case of multiple-use protected area thathas been marred with conflicts whose one of the major causes is the resistance to restrictions imposed onthe use of coastal resources by champions of conservation, including central government and otherinternational bodies. The paper establishes that there is overwhelming evidence of resource scarcity as sealevel rise, intertidal resources dwindle and cultivable land is reduced in quantity and quality, amidincreasing population pressure. This pattern emerges despite the p...

City dynamics: mobility and livelihoods of urban residents

The deliverable is based on settlement reports from Cameroon (settlements in Douala and Bafoussam... more The deliverable is based on settlement reports from Cameroon (settlements in Douala and Bafoussam), Ghana (settlements in Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi) and Tanzania (settlements in Dar es Salaam and Arusha)-attached but not included in the overall synthesis is also a preliminary data analysis from Rwanda (Kigali City and Muzanti town).

Urban Spatial Planning and Local Economic Development : Comparative Assessment of Practice in Tanzanian Cities

There is a consensus that traditional approaches to planning for urban and regional economic deve... more There is a consensus that traditional approaches to planning for urban and regional economic development are neither beneficial nor environmentally affordable. Local Economic Development (LED) has been conceived as an alternative approach to bringing about sustainable and equitable economic growth. Spatial strategies applied through urban planning and management are among the dominant strategies that have been advocated for promotion of LED. Discussing the application of these spatial strategies in Tanzanian context is the main objective of this paper. Tanzanian context is presented as typical case in Sub-Saharan Africa where conventional approaches of urban planning have led to inefficient cities throughout the continent. Actually, the data used in this survey were the results of studies in preparation of state of cities report which was also done Ghana, Botswana and Ethiopia. Therefore, lessons from Tanzanian could be applicable in other cities in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. Th...

Assessing the influences of service provision on pace and short and medium term development patterns of residential housing in Dar es Salaam

Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 2018

The connection between city development patterns, housing and service provision is critical as it... more The connection between city development patterns, housing and service provision is critical as it affects allocation of scarce resources in the cities of Sub Sahara Africa, where the adopted planning models and concepts seem to have minimal success. Through spatial analysis and quantitative research this study explores sequencing of servicing and housing development as it impacts city spatial growth patterns in a context of resource deficiency in Dar es Salaam City. The study finds that despite households' land ownership being crucial in city spatial expansion process towards residential house ownership, their actual construction and occupation will depend on the accessibility of services. Moreover, it was established that as more services become available, proportionally, number of people settling in new areas increases. Since this process happens equally in planned and unplanned settlements, this study indicates that it is the availability of services and not land allocation that triggers actual development of residential housing. Thus, service provision determines the pace of change in short and medium city spatial patterns. This implies that in the context of public resource deficiency and self-help housing, strategic investments in basic services such as electricity connection, public transport and portable water is the way to influence actual city development pattern rather than providing plots.

Determinants of Population Growth Trends for Tanzanian Small Towns

Urban and Regional Planning, 2019

The largest share of urbanisation in Sub Saharan Africa is taking place in settlements that are s... more The largest share of urbanisation in Sub Saharan Africa is taking place in settlements that are smaller than cities. However, these small urban settlements are conceptually neglected and mostly mistheorised as overriding land governance concepts and institutional procedures were designed for large urban centres or the extreme opposite, villages. As a result, there is either a total lack of specific policies on small urban centres or the policies are designed wrongly thus contributing to challenges of informality, poor servicing and environment degradations. This paper, using the Tanzanian case, is an attempt to contribute in understanding the dynamics of small towns through establishing the population thresholds that can appropriately be classified as small towns and the factors driving their growth. The study analyses census data spatially using geographical information system and statistical software. The results indicate that the typical size of small towns where polarisation forces still gravitate towards the town has a number of people between 10,000 and 50,000 people with population density at the core of the settlements ranging from 40 to 120 people per hectare. The major factors for the development are the presence of economic activities that have value addition options contributing to off-farm employment, and the typical radius of its hinterland for each small town is about a one hour drive. As the number of small towns continues to grow in Sub Saharan Africa due to continued polarisation forces, policies and interventions for the management of small have to be pre-emptive and anticipatory.

Actors’ Influences on Land Use Planning Decisions in Small Towns: The Case of Geita, Gairo and Kibiti Towns in Tanzania

Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2019

Towards the turn of the century, Tanzania, like many countries in Africa adopted urban planning a... more Towards the turn of the century, Tanzania, like many countries in Africa adopted urban planning approaches that targeted a wider stakeholders' engagement through the use of communicative platforms and inclusive structures for decision making in the planning processes. These approaches are being practised in large and small urban centres, although most of piloting for the efficacy of such approaches was done in large urban centres. However, after over twenty years of these practices, the achievements have been less than optimal with many plans not being implemented. The proliferation of informality and poorly managed small urban centres continue to emerge and grow unabated. This paper examines the planning process in three small urban centres to uncover the level of conformity between applications of the participatory and commutative approaches, and the interests and actions of stakeholders in the planning process. It comes out that although normatively the procedures and institutional structure have adopted the requirements of participatory and communicative planning, the practice has managed to resist the openness and comprehensive inclusions of all stakes in the process. As a result, there is continued discord between the envisaged nature and content of the plans and the motives and demands of those with a stake in the small towns' development endeavours, which contribute to the unwillingness of the developers to heed to the proposals of the plans. It is important therefore not to concentrate on the procedural requirements in the planning process but to improve inclusion of stakes and to focus on honest mediation of self-interests in the planning processes.

Practices in Institutionalizing GIS for Revenue Mobilization: The Case of Secondary Cities in Tanzania

Current Urban Studies, 2018

Increasingly Geographical Information System (GIS) has been seen as an important infrastructure c... more Increasingly Geographical Information System (GIS) has been seen as an important infrastructure component for revenue enhancement and urban development management as used for property identification, verification, taxation and spatial development governance. The paper is an attempt to learn from the experiences of developing GIS in Tanzania, which has also taken place in many other Sub-Saharan countries, for the purpose of boosting revenue collection and enhance land governance functions. The paper was developed through the review of the policy and program evaluation documents, discussions in the respective cities, authors' support to established alternative GIS architecture in some cities and evaluations of the same at later stages. Some of the major findings from the study were that although a lot of donor and government resources had been invested in the hardware and short terms training as well as consultants on GIS, there were no comprehensive programmes that ensured coherent capacities and targets on the GIS development. As a result, the GIS has never been fully institutionalized in the business processes of the municipal authorities. Relevantly, system architectures were non-conformable with the legal mandates of some crucial spatial data custodians in cities. Failure to spread GIS and to have proper system architecture is also attributed by a single focus nature of the systems developed, either property tax or revenue or land use planning while ignoring other needs and stakeholders who would contribute in sustaining the systems.

Urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in African secondary cities

Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 2017

Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts hav... more Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas, which are characterized by high population turnovers , vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa.

Decentralisation and Urban Governance: Trends and Lessons from Cities in Tanzania

Springer Geography, 2016

In an endeavour to enhance good governance, over the last two decades, the Government of Tanzania... more In an endeavour to enhance good governance, over the last two decades, the Government of Tanzania has been implementing a programme aimed at reforming local government through decentralisation by devolution (D-by-D). At the centre of the D-by-D lies the need to build the capacity of the local (urban) governments to discharge their service delivery functions more effectively and efficiently. Other critical features of the programme, which also match the cardinal principles of good governance, include enhanced stakeholders’ participation, improved partnership with non-state actors and enabling the lower level administrative units of the local government to implement locally conceived and prioritised projects. Based on empirical data and information drawn from eight urban centres in Tanzania, this paper discusses how the D-by-D has been operationalised by the authorities with respect to the three aforementioned good governance attributes. It is argued that there has been a notable achievement in terms of stakeholders’ participation; implementation of priority projects evolved by grassroots units and enhanced partnership in the delivery of basic services such as solid and liquid waste management and street cleaning. However, overdependence by local governments on central government grants and ineptitude among the local and central government staff in discharging their responsibilities, coupled with other institutional deficits, are real threats to meaningful implementation of D-by-D and improvement of urban governance in Tanzania.

Challenges in Administering Property Value Capture in Tanzanian Cities

Open Journal of Business and Management, 2019

Most of urban areas in Africa, including in Tanzania, are facing huge infrastructure gaps that re... more Most of urban areas in Africa, including in Tanzania, are facing huge infrastructure gaps that require innovative financing mechanisms. Due to the rapid pace of urban development in Africa, land or property value capture could be one of the effective strategies for raising much-needed resources. The paper, using cases of two projects in the Dar es Salaam metropolitan area, examines how the preconditions of implementing land value capture instruments prevail in Tanzania. It evident from the analysis of the legal context and the projects, concerning the prevalence of supportive preconditions for applying value capture instruments, the laws and urban management practices are quite superfluous in their provisions and proposals such that they do not give the required force, although general mandates are there. Impliedly, the laws and practices were designed without a specific focus or outlook towards making applications of property value capture instruments possible. This is a critical area that requires intervention to improve the financing of urban development needs in Africa.