Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and is ... more Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and is usually associated with lesions in the genito-urinary tracts of affected people. A cross-sectional study was designed to examine factors influencing the occurrence of the disease among inhabitants of the IDP camps located in Maiduguri between October 2016 and June 2019. Information on demography, major sources of water supply and water-contact behaviours were obtained using pre-validated structured questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard methods. A sample yielding at least one egg was considered positive while a sample that did not yield any was considered to be negative. The characteristics and disease risk factors were compared between respondents that tested positive and those that were negative for the infection using univariable statistical analysis and factors found to be significant were further analyzed using multiv...
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with significant economic and public health consequen... more Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with significant economic and public health consequences to human and animal population in developing countries. The objective of the present study was to determine the serological evidences of brucellosis in cattle reared in two gaushalas of Hisar and Jind districts, Haryana. The serological tests: Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were employed for screening the animals for brucellosis. The overall seropositivity by RBPT, SAT and ELISA was 23.46%, 20.67% and 28.49% respectively. The logistic regression modalities concluded higher likelihood of brucellosis with age > 6 years followed by 3–6 year than cows with <3 years. The agreement between tests (RBPT and ELISA, SAT and ELISA and RBPT and SAT) was found to be 0.87 (95% CI: 0.857–0.882), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.684–0.718) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.809–0.834) respectively by kappa statistic. This study concluded high infect...
Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 2021
Patients and Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted between March and November 2015 to det... more Patients and Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted between March and November 2015 to determine the AMR profile and virulence genes associated with Listeria monocytogenes from beef sold in Zaria. A total of 240 raw beef samples were collected from beef retailers in Zaria city, Tudun-Wada, Danmagaji, Sabon Gari, Kwangila, and Samaru. The samples were transported to the Veterinary Public Health laboratory, ABU, Zaria, for processing. The isolates were further identified as Listeria species by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the virulence genes associated with Listeria monocytogenes. The data were analysed using SPSS V23.0 and Microsoft Excel version 2019 for Windows 10. Odd ratio and 95% CI were determined. Value of P< 0.05 was considered significant.
Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 2017
The methanol seed extract of Abrus precatorius was studied for its acute toxicity and its effect ... more The methanol seed extract of Abrus precatorius was studied for its acute toxicity and its effect on spermatogenesis in rats as well as its phytochemical constituents. The results of this investigation showed that the LD 50 of the methanol seed extract following oral administration was above 5000 mg/kg showing low toxicity. Histological studies of the liver, kidneys and testes of the rats treated with the various oral doses (10 - 5000 mg/kg body weight) showed no remarkable changes in the hepatocytes, kidney cells and testes compared to the control. The effects on sperm cells did not show any significant increase in total sperm head counts. The Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of pharmacologically active compounds such as reducing sugars, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids. In conclusion, the methanol seed extract of Abrus precatorius contain important phytochemical constituents possessing pharmacological activities and it is relatively safe ...
This paper discusses the failure events trend analysis of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) syst... more This paper discusses the failure events trend analysis of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system taking the Sokoto state experience as a case study. We identified and considered the manner and effects of failure events using empirical method to evaluate the quantities meantime to repair (MTTR) and mean time to detect (MTTD). The data obtained were analyzed using the method of weighted average to compute failure events probabilities. The results of this research show that UPS systems in Sokoto state, failed largely as a result of a significantly poor electrical supply, over utilization and excessive high temperature.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis that threatens public health and a... more Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis that threatens public health and animal agriculture in the endemic areas causing devastating epizootics characterized by abortion storms and high mortalities, especially in newborn animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and investigate risk factors associated with exposure to the virus in camels slaughtered in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno state of Nigeria. Camels presented for slaughtered were sampled and data on age, sex, source or origin, utility, presence of post mortem lesions, body weights and body condition score were collected. Blood samples were collected and sera were harvested and stored at-20°C until tested. The sera were tested using a commercial ELISA kit based on the manufacturer's instructions. The overall seroprevalence in the study was 20.7% (95% CI, 13.6-30.0). The analysis showed no signi cant differences between presence of antibodies and variables that included the sex of camels (c 2 =0.015, df = 1, p = 0.904) and presence of post mortem lesion on the carcass (c 2 =0.009, df = 1, p = 0.925). There were signi cant differences between presence of antibodies and three variables that included the age (c 2 = 4.89, df = 1, p = 0.027), the source (c 2 = 7.077, df = 2, p = 0.029) and the main utility (c 2 = 8.057, df = 3, p = 0.045) of the camels. It was concluded that camels presented for slaughter at the Maiduguri abattoir have evidence of exposure to the RVF virus and may be means of transmission of the virus. Regular monitoring and control of transboundary animal movements were recommended in the study area.
Brucellosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella, remains a global threat to bo... more Brucellosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella, remains a global threat to both animal and human health. In this study we aimed to identify potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis and to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of livestock keepers in Hisar, India. A standardized questionnaire was used to collate information regarding potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis and livestock owners' KAPs. A total of 127 livestock keepers were involved. Serum samples from their animals (n = 635) were tested for the presence of antibodies against Brucella by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Out of these, 78 (61.4%) of the herds had at least one seropositive animal, and 302 (47.6%) of the cattle were seropositive. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between intensive farm type (OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.6-16.7; P = 0.009), hygienic disposal of aborted fetuses (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.08-0.9; P = 0.04) and herd seropositivity for brucellosis. The majority, 96 (75.6%) of the respondents, were males aged 18-50, and 82 (64.6%) owned a small-backyard farm. Only 51 (40.2%) of the participants knew about brucellosis; out of them, 54.9% (28/51) could not identify clinical signs of brucellosis. Six (11.8%) participants indicated abortion as the most noticeable clinical sign, and 45.1% indicated that consumption of raw milk is associated with high risk of contracting brucellosis. A large proportion of respondents confirmed that milk from their animals was regularly consumed (86.6%) and sold (59.8%) to other people. These results suggest that bovine brucellosis is endemic in Haryana, where Brucella-contaminated milk is likely being regularly sold. Brucellosis control efforts in Haryana should include education programs to raise awareness of the disease and means to control it in cattle and to prevent zoonotic transmission.
Tuberculosis (TB) is recognized as the most important threat to human and animal health causing m... more Tuberculosis (TB) is recognized as the most important threat to human and animal health causing morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. A study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and zoonotic implications of TB in two states of northeastern Nigeria, using abattoir surveillance, culture, and molecular typing methods. The human sputum of in-patients from selected hospitals within the study areas was also collected, cultured, and subjected to molecular typing. Out of the 250 human sputa collected, 74 (29.6%) were positive for culture and 40(16%) were positive on Bioline® analysis. Also, of the 200 tissues collected, 62(32.5%) were AFB positive and 25(12.5%) were positive on culture and 18(9.0%) were positive on Bioline® analysis. All positive isolates on Bioline® analyses were further subjected to Genotype® MBTC analysis. A total of (n = 58) isolates; sputum (n=40) and tissue (n=18), identified as MBTC were further subjected to Genotype MBTC® Hain assay PCR analysis. in order ...
Celtis integrifolia Lam. plants also known as hackberries or nettle trees are widely spread in wa... more Celtis integrifolia Lam. plants also known as hackberries or nettle trees are widely spread in warm temperate region of African, Latin America and Asia. The aqueous leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia was obtained by soxhlet extraction using distilled water as a solvent. The aqueous leaf extract was then evaluated for its acute toxicity, phytochemical compounds and anti-diarrheal potential using standard protocol. The results showed that the LD 50 of aqueous leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia was greater than 3000 mg/kg following up and down procedure, an indication of low toxicity. The phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract indicates the presence of saponins, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrate and cardiac glycoside. The leave extract significantly (p<0.01)
Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary s... more Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary spleen were studied. The dromedary gestation period (13 months) was categorized into four (1-4) phases and ten developing spleens per growth phase were sampled. Splenic topographical anatomy was noted before being eviscerated from each foetus. Morphologic and morphometric features of the eviscerated spleens were immediately documented and 2 – 4 mm thick samples were collected for histological analysis. The developing spleen was dark brown in colour, semilunar shaped and significantly increased (p<0.05) in size and weight across the four phases of prenatal development. The full-term dromedary spleen was observed to have unique histological features. Its capsule had an inner smooth muscle and an outer predominant connective tissue layer. The pumping of stored blood from the muscular capsule and trabeculae was proportionate to the body’s requirement. The splenic venous return was characte...
Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 2019
Background: Patient satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of care received by pati... more Background: Patient satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of care received by patients, which can be used as a benchmark to ensure quality of physiotherapy services. However, there is a dearth of data in Nigeria. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining the level of patients' satisfaction with the physiotherapy services in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 300 participants (158 males and 142 females) randomly recruited from the physiotherapy outpatient unit of three hospitals. The physical therapy satisfaction questionnaire was administered to assess the participants' level of satisfaction with the rendered physiotherapy services. Results: The overall patient satisfaction score was 82.95 ± 14.71. Privacy was the highest satisfactory subscale reported by the participants (83.50 ± 11.21), while facility locations/proximity (68.51 ± 13.20) and bills/cost (70.24 ± 19.40) were the least satisfactory subscales among the others. The result shows that female and old adult participants were significantly more satisfied with the received physiotherapy services compared with the male and young adult participants (P = 0.03 and 0.001, respectively). However, participants did not differ significantly in the level of satisfaction with provided physiotherapy services in terms of their conditions/ailments (P = 0.056). Conclusions: Overall, patient satisfaction with physiotherapy services in the current study was high. Females, older adults, as well as employed participants were more satisfied. Also, higher satisfaction was observed among participants with primary school education and the ones receiving multiple treatment modalities.
Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important milk-borne zoonosis that affects cattle production... more Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important milk-borne zoonosis that affects cattle production and poses serious threat to public health. This study aimed at assessing the risk factors as well as the level of awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir personnel toward bTB in Gombe Township Abattoir, Gombe State. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey was conducted between October 2015 and December 2015. During the survey, a total of 112 close-ended structured questionnaires were administered to the abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB. Results: Of these respondents, the majority were males (79%), butchers (49%) and about 40% were under the productive age brackets of 26-35 years. Majority of the respondents (85.7%) were aware of the zoonotic nature of the disease. However, only a few of the respondents (44.6%) wear personal protective equipments (PPEs) clothes while handling or in contact with carcasses during the slaughtering process. Only a few a...
Aim: A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in two state... more Aim: A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in two states of Northeastern Nigeria, namely Bauchi and Gombe States, between February 2010 and November 2014 using caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) skin test. Materials and Methods: A total of 5489 cattle were screened using single CFT in Bauchi and Gombe States. Of the 5489 cattle, 2116 cattle were from 189 herds in five testing areas in Bauchi State and 3373 cattle in 217 herds from five testing areas from Gombe State. Results: On the basis of the CFT, herd prevalence obtained was 56.08% in Bauchi and 55.29% in Gombe State, while the individual animal prevalence was 10.96% in Bauchi and 13.73% obtained in Gombe State. The prevalence based on the testing areas in Bauchi State, Alamari had the highest prevalence with 19.4 % and Disina the lowest with 9.0 %, while in Gombe State, Wakaltu had the highest prevalence with 20.9 % and Poshereng the lowest with 8.0 %. Cows were more likely to have tuberculosis lesions than bulls (p=0.0035) in Bauchi State, but there was no significant difference in Gombe State (p=0.166). However, a statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed among the cattle age groups with cattle ≥4 years having higher odds for tuberculin reactivity compared to those below the age of 4 years in Bauchi State only. Conclusion: There is the need to strengthen routine meat inspection and public health awareness programs on the zoonotic nature of bTB among the abattoir workers and the herdsmen.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 2017
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) es... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths in humans due to the disease each year. A retrospective abattoir study of bovine tuberculosis in Gombe Township Abattoir in Northeastern Nigeria was carried out from 2008 to 2015 using the abattoir records. Out of 154,562 slaughtered heads of cattle examined at postmortem, 1202(0.78%) had typical tuberculous lesions and overall total prevalence rate of 0.78%. The annual prevalence was significantly higher in 2015(1.04%) with the lowest records in 2011(0.34%). The annual prevalence rate showed intermittent increase in levels above the expected prevalence and there was a statistically significant difference in the relative annual prevalence rate of the disease in the abattoir. The distribution and occurrence of the disease in rainy season were higher than that in the dry season. The disease also appeared to be more prevalent in the rainy season 792(65.90%) compared with the dry season 410(34.10%) and the difference was statistically significant (v 2 = 15.45, p < 0.05). It was concluded that bovine TB is prevalent in Northeastern Nigeria, with indications of epidemics status in Gombe state.
Journal of Transmitted Diseases and Immunity, 2017
Cryptococcal neoformans is not generally considered as part of normal human flora [3-8]. It is us... more Cryptococcal neoformans is not generally considered as part of normal human flora [3-8]. It is usually commonly isolated in immunocompromised patients e.g., AIDS patients, patients on immunosuppressive therapy, head and neck cancers,
Background: Information on extrapulmonary TB is scarce in Nigeria despite being one of the 22 cou... more Background: Information on extrapulmonary TB is scarce in Nigeria despite being one of the 22 countries with highest burden of tuberculosis in the world and the most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa where the dual epidemics of TB and HIV/AIDS mutually co-exist. Objective: The purpose of this study was to document the burden of extrapulmonary TB in Northeastern Nigeria. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a DOTS treatment centre in a tertiary hospital in Northeastern Nigeria. TB treatment registers and case records of 1240 patients were reviewed over a 10-year period. Results: Out of the 1240 TB cases who received treatment at the facility; 179 (14.4%) had extra-pulmonary TB. Skeletal TB and TB lymphadenitis were the predominant forms of extra-pulmonary TB in the study i.e. 51 (28.5%) and 50 (28.0%), respectively. This was closely followed by abdominal TB (38 (21.2%), tuberculous pleural effusion (23 (12.8%), miliary TB (9 (5.0%), TB meningitis (3 (1.7%) and others (5 (2.8%): viz; 1 (0.6%) each of-TB of the breast, TB of the skin, adrenal TB, genitourinary TB and TB pericarditis respectively. Only 101 (56.4%) of the study subjects had information on their HIV status; of whom 52 (51.5%) were HIV positive and 49 (48.5%) HIV negative. Conclusion: The study has shown that extrapulmonary TB was relatively common among TB patients receiving care at the facility despite its diagnostic challenges particularly in a resource poor setting like ours.
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2015
The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by t... more The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by the production of structurally abnormal haemoglobin. 1,2 These hemoglobinopathies include sickle cell anaemia (HbS), sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (HbC) and sickle cell thalassaemia. 3 Only the variant sickle cell (HbS) with genotype SS and (HbC) sickle hemoglobin C are known to cause illness in Nigeria while sickle cell thalassaemia is of two types, the beta plus thalassaemia (Hbs β+ Thal.) and the alpha thalassaemia. The beta thalassaemia gene (usually β+) is very rare, but may occasionally interact ABSTRACT Background: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) presents with various types of clinical manifestations that includes musculoskeletal manifestations that need the intervention of medical personnel including physiotherapy. The study aimed to determine the various musculoskeletal disorders associated with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), types of treatments given including physiotherapy and the mortality rate in SCA patients admitted in two Nigerian hospitals. Methods: It is a retrospective quantitative review of hospital-based records using patient's files and hospital registers. Ten years case notes of SCA patients were reviewed in two hospitals in Kano, North Western Nigeria. Information on age, gender, types of musculoskeletal disorders, types of treatments received including referrals for physiotherapy and number of deaths recorded within this period. Results: Records shows a total of 248 patients admitted with SCA over this period. Results revealed 133 (53.6%) males and 115 (46.4%) females. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found to be 172 (54.1%) out of the 318 SCA cases admitted. The commonest cause of hospital visitation was painful bone crisis (35.5%). Followed by osteomyelitis and dactylitis accounting for 20 (11.6%) of the musculoskeletal disorders respectively. Overwhelming majority 61.7% presenting with musculoskeletal disorders are between the age of 3 months and 10 years. The mortality rate was about 22/248 (8.9%). Only 8.9% of these cases received physiotherapy. Conclusions: Sickle cell disease affect a wider group of people than is commonly realised, screening for the disease is not universal and this together with a general lack of multidisciplinary qualitative and clinical evidence-based treatment, leads to many inadequate management of individuals. Physiotherapy is one of the health care services that can be given following musculoskeletal presentations, yet it appropriateness in relation to the disease is rarely being addressed.
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2015
The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by t... more The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by the production of structurally abnormal haemoglobin. 1,2 These hemoglobinopathies include sickle cell anaemia (HbS), sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (HbC) and sickle cell thalassaemia. 3 Only the variant sickle cell (HbS) with genotype SS and (HbC) sickle hemoglobin C are known to cause illness in Nigeria while sickle cell thalassaemia is of two types, the beta plus thalassaemia (Hbs β+ Thal.) and the alpha thalassaemia. The beta thalassaemia gene (usually β+) is very rare, but may occasionally interact ABSTRACT Background: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) presents with various types of clinical manifestations that includes musculoskeletal manifestations that need the intervention of medical personnel including physiotherapy. The study aimed to determine the various musculoskeletal disorders associated with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), types of treatments given including physiotherapy and the mortality rate in SCA patients admitted in two Nigerian hospitals. Methods: It is a retrospective quantitative review of hospital-based records using patient's files and hospital registers. Ten years case notes of SCA patients were reviewed in two hospitals in Kano, North Western Nigeria. Information on age, gender, types of musculoskeletal disorders, types of treatments received including referrals for physiotherapy and number of deaths recorded within this period. Results: Records shows a total of 248 patients admitted with SCA over this period. Results revealed 133 (53.6%) males and 115 (46.4%) females. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found to be 172 (54.1%) out of the 318 SCA cases admitted. The commonest cause of hospital visitation was painful bone crisis (35.5%). Followed by osteomyelitis and dactylitis accounting for 20 (11.6%) of the musculoskeletal disorders respectively. Overwhelming majority 61.7% presenting with musculoskeletal disorders are between the age of 3 months and 10 years. The mortality rate was about 22/248 (8.9%). Only 8.9% of these cases received physiotherapy. Conclusions: Sickle cell disease affect a wider group of people than is commonly realised, screening for the disease is not universal and this together with a general lack of multidisciplinary qualitative and clinical evidence-based treatment, leads to many inadequate management of individuals. Physiotherapy is one of the health care services that can be given following musculoskeletal presentations, yet it appropriateness in relation to the disease is rarely being addressed.
Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and is ... more Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and is usually associated with lesions in the genito-urinary tracts of affected people. A cross-sectional study was designed to examine factors influencing the occurrence of the disease among inhabitants of the IDP camps located in Maiduguri between October 2016 and June 2019. Information on demography, major sources of water supply and water-contact behaviours were obtained using pre-validated structured questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard methods. A sample yielding at least one egg was considered positive while a sample that did not yield any was considered to be negative. The characteristics and disease risk factors were compared between respondents that tested positive and those that were negative for the infection using univariable statistical analysis and factors found to be significant were further analyzed using multiv...
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with significant economic and public health consequen... more Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with significant economic and public health consequences to human and animal population in developing countries. The objective of the present study was to determine the serological evidences of brucellosis in cattle reared in two gaushalas of Hisar and Jind districts, Haryana. The serological tests: Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were employed for screening the animals for brucellosis. The overall seropositivity by RBPT, SAT and ELISA was 23.46%, 20.67% and 28.49% respectively. The logistic regression modalities concluded higher likelihood of brucellosis with age > 6 years followed by 3–6 year than cows with <3 years. The agreement between tests (RBPT and ELISA, SAT and ELISA and RBPT and SAT) was found to be 0.87 (95% CI: 0.857–0.882), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.684–0.718) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.809–0.834) respectively by kappa statistic. This study concluded high infect...
Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 2021
Patients and Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted between March and November 2015 to det... more Patients and Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted between March and November 2015 to determine the AMR profile and virulence genes associated with Listeria monocytogenes from beef sold in Zaria. A total of 240 raw beef samples were collected from beef retailers in Zaria city, Tudun-Wada, Danmagaji, Sabon Gari, Kwangila, and Samaru. The samples were transported to the Veterinary Public Health laboratory, ABU, Zaria, for processing. The isolates were further identified as Listeria species by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the virulence genes associated with Listeria monocytogenes. The data were analysed using SPSS V23.0 and Microsoft Excel version 2019 for Windows 10. Odd ratio and 95% CI were determined. Value of P< 0.05 was considered significant.
Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 2017
The methanol seed extract of Abrus precatorius was studied for its acute toxicity and its effect ... more The methanol seed extract of Abrus precatorius was studied for its acute toxicity and its effect on spermatogenesis in rats as well as its phytochemical constituents. The results of this investigation showed that the LD 50 of the methanol seed extract following oral administration was above 5000 mg/kg showing low toxicity. Histological studies of the liver, kidneys and testes of the rats treated with the various oral doses (10 - 5000 mg/kg body weight) showed no remarkable changes in the hepatocytes, kidney cells and testes compared to the control. The effects on sperm cells did not show any significant increase in total sperm head counts. The Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of pharmacologically active compounds such as reducing sugars, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids. In conclusion, the methanol seed extract of Abrus precatorius contain important phytochemical constituents possessing pharmacological activities and it is relatively safe ...
This paper discusses the failure events trend analysis of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) syst... more This paper discusses the failure events trend analysis of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system taking the Sokoto state experience as a case study. We identified and considered the manner and effects of failure events using empirical method to evaluate the quantities meantime to repair (MTTR) and mean time to detect (MTTD). The data obtained were analyzed using the method of weighted average to compute failure events probabilities. The results of this research show that UPS systems in Sokoto state, failed largely as a result of a significantly poor electrical supply, over utilization and excessive high temperature.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis that threatens public health and a... more Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis that threatens public health and animal agriculture in the endemic areas causing devastating epizootics characterized by abortion storms and high mortalities, especially in newborn animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and investigate risk factors associated with exposure to the virus in camels slaughtered in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno state of Nigeria. Camels presented for slaughtered were sampled and data on age, sex, source or origin, utility, presence of post mortem lesions, body weights and body condition score were collected. Blood samples were collected and sera were harvested and stored at-20°C until tested. The sera were tested using a commercial ELISA kit based on the manufacturer's instructions. The overall seroprevalence in the study was 20.7% (95% CI, 13.6-30.0). The analysis showed no signi cant differences between presence of antibodies and variables that included the sex of camels (c 2 =0.015, df = 1, p = 0.904) and presence of post mortem lesion on the carcass (c 2 =0.009, df = 1, p = 0.925). There were signi cant differences between presence of antibodies and three variables that included the age (c 2 = 4.89, df = 1, p = 0.027), the source (c 2 = 7.077, df = 2, p = 0.029) and the main utility (c 2 = 8.057, df = 3, p = 0.045) of the camels. It was concluded that camels presented for slaughter at the Maiduguri abattoir have evidence of exposure to the RVF virus and may be means of transmission of the virus. Regular monitoring and control of transboundary animal movements were recommended in the study area.
Brucellosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella, remains a global threat to bo... more Brucellosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella, remains a global threat to both animal and human health. In this study we aimed to identify potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis and to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of livestock keepers in Hisar, India. A standardized questionnaire was used to collate information regarding potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis and livestock owners' KAPs. A total of 127 livestock keepers were involved. Serum samples from their animals (n = 635) were tested for the presence of antibodies against Brucella by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Out of these, 78 (61.4%) of the herds had at least one seropositive animal, and 302 (47.6%) of the cattle were seropositive. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between intensive farm type (OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.6-16.7; P = 0.009), hygienic disposal of aborted fetuses (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.08-0.9; P = 0.04) and herd seropositivity for brucellosis. The majority, 96 (75.6%) of the respondents, were males aged 18-50, and 82 (64.6%) owned a small-backyard farm. Only 51 (40.2%) of the participants knew about brucellosis; out of them, 54.9% (28/51) could not identify clinical signs of brucellosis. Six (11.8%) participants indicated abortion as the most noticeable clinical sign, and 45.1% indicated that consumption of raw milk is associated with high risk of contracting brucellosis. A large proportion of respondents confirmed that milk from their animals was regularly consumed (86.6%) and sold (59.8%) to other people. These results suggest that bovine brucellosis is endemic in Haryana, where Brucella-contaminated milk is likely being regularly sold. Brucellosis control efforts in Haryana should include education programs to raise awareness of the disease and means to control it in cattle and to prevent zoonotic transmission.
Tuberculosis (TB) is recognized as the most important threat to human and animal health causing m... more Tuberculosis (TB) is recognized as the most important threat to human and animal health causing morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. A study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and zoonotic implications of TB in two states of northeastern Nigeria, using abattoir surveillance, culture, and molecular typing methods. The human sputum of in-patients from selected hospitals within the study areas was also collected, cultured, and subjected to molecular typing. Out of the 250 human sputa collected, 74 (29.6%) were positive for culture and 40(16%) were positive on Bioline® analysis. Also, of the 200 tissues collected, 62(32.5%) were AFB positive and 25(12.5%) were positive on culture and 18(9.0%) were positive on Bioline® analysis. All positive isolates on Bioline® analyses were further subjected to Genotype® MBTC analysis. A total of (n = 58) isolates; sputum (n=40) and tissue (n=18), identified as MBTC were further subjected to Genotype MBTC® Hain assay PCR analysis. in order ...
Celtis integrifolia Lam. plants also known as hackberries or nettle trees are widely spread in wa... more Celtis integrifolia Lam. plants also known as hackberries or nettle trees are widely spread in warm temperate region of African, Latin America and Asia. The aqueous leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia was obtained by soxhlet extraction using distilled water as a solvent. The aqueous leaf extract was then evaluated for its acute toxicity, phytochemical compounds and anti-diarrheal potential using standard protocol. The results showed that the LD 50 of aqueous leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia was greater than 3000 mg/kg following up and down procedure, an indication of low toxicity. The phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract indicates the presence of saponins, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrate and cardiac glycoside. The leave extract significantly (p<0.01)
Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary s... more Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary spleen were studied. The dromedary gestation period (13 months) was categorized into four (1-4) phases and ten developing spleens per growth phase were sampled. Splenic topographical anatomy was noted before being eviscerated from each foetus. Morphologic and morphometric features of the eviscerated spleens were immediately documented and 2 – 4 mm thick samples were collected for histological analysis. The developing spleen was dark brown in colour, semilunar shaped and significantly increased (p<0.05) in size and weight across the four phases of prenatal development. The full-term dromedary spleen was observed to have unique histological features. Its capsule had an inner smooth muscle and an outer predominant connective tissue layer. The pumping of stored blood from the muscular capsule and trabeculae was proportionate to the body’s requirement. The splenic venous return was characte...
Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 2019
Background: Patient satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of care received by pati... more Background: Patient satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of care received by patients, which can be used as a benchmark to ensure quality of physiotherapy services. However, there is a dearth of data in Nigeria. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining the level of patients' satisfaction with the physiotherapy services in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 300 participants (158 males and 142 females) randomly recruited from the physiotherapy outpatient unit of three hospitals. The physical therapy satisfaction questionnaire was administered to assess the participants' level of satisfaction with the rendered physiotherapy services. Results: The overall patient satisfaction score was 82.95 ± 14.71. Privacy was the highest satisfactory subscale reported by the participants (83.50 ± 11.21), while facility locations/proximity (68.51 ± 13.20) and bills/cost (70.24 ± 19.40) were the least satisfactory subscales among the others. The result shows that female and old adult participants were significantly more satisfied with the received physiotherapy services compared with the male and young adult participants (P = 0.03 and 0.001, respectively). However, participants did not differ significantly in the level of satisfaction with provided physiotherapy services in terms of their conditions/ailments (P = 0.056). Conclusions: Overall, patient satisfaction with physiotherapy services in the current study was high. Females, older adults, as well as employed participants were more satisfied. Also, higher satisfaction was observed among participants with primary school education and the ones receiving multiple treatment modalities.
Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important milk-borne zoonosis that affects cattle production... more Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important milk-borne zoonosis that affects cattle production and poses serious threat to public health. This study aimed at assessing the risk factors as well as the level of awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir personnel toward bTB in Gombe Township Abattoir, Gombe State. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey was conducted between October 2015 and December 2015. During the survey, a total of 112 close-ended structured questionnaires were administered to the abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB. Results: Of these respondents, the majority were males (79%), butchers (49%) and about 40% were under the productive age brackets of 26-35 years. Majority of the respondents (85.7%) were aware of the zoonotic nature of the disease. However, only a few of the respondents (44.6%) wear personal protective equipments (PPEs) clothes while handling or in contact with carcasses during the slaughtering process. Only a few a...
Aim: A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in two state... more Aim: A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in two states of Northeastern Nigeria, namely Bauchi and Gombe States, between February 2010 and November 2014 using caudal fold tuberculin (CFT) skin test. Materials and Methods: A total of 5489 cattle were screened using single CFT in Bauchi and Gombe States. Of the 5489 cattle, 2116 cattle were from 189 herds in five testing areas in Bauchi State and 3373 cattle in 217 herds from five testing areas from Gombe State. Results: On the basis of the CFT, herd prevalence obtained was 56.08% in Bauchi and 55.29% in Gombe State, while the individual animal prevalence was 10.96% in Bauchi and 13.73% obtained in Gombe State. The prevalence based on the testing areas in Bauchi State, Alamari had the highest prevalence with 19.4 % and Disina the lowest with 9.0 %, while in Gombe State, Wakaltu had the highest prevalence with 20.9 % and Poshereng the lowest with 8.0 %. Cows were more likely to have tuberculosis lesions than bulls (p=0.0035) in Bauchi State, but there was no significant difference in Gombe State (p=0.166). However, a statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed among the cattle age groups with cattle ≥4 years having higher odds for tuberculin reactivity compared to those below the age of 4 years in Bauchi State only. Conclusion: There is the need to strengthen routine meat inspection and public health awareness programs on the zoonotic nature of bTB among the abattoir workers and the herdsmen.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 2017
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) es... more Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths in humans due to the disease each year. A retrospective abattoir study of bovine tuberculosis in Gombe Township Abattoir in Northeastern Nigeria was carried out from 2008 to 2015 using the abattoir records. Out of 154,562 slaughtered heads of cattle examined at postmortem, 1202(0.78%) had typical tuberculous lesions and overall total prevalence rate of 0.78%. The annual prevalence was significantly higher in 2015(1.04%) with the lowest records in 2011(0.34%). The annual prevalence rate showed intermittent increase in levels above the expected prevalence and there was a statistically significant difference in the relative annual prevalence rate of the disease in the abattoir. The distribution and occurrence of the disease in rainy season were higher than that in the dry season. The disease also appeared to be more prevalent in the rainy season 792(65.90%) compared with the dry season 410(34.10%) and the difference was statistically significant (v 2 = 15.45, p < 0.05). It was concluded that bovine TB is prevalent in Northeastern Nigeria, with indications of epidemics status in Gombe state.
Journal of Transmitted Diseases and Immunity, 2017
Cryptococcal neoformans is not generally considered as part of normal human flora [3-8]. It is us... more Cryptococcal neoformans is not generally considered as part of normal human flora [3-8]. It is usually commonly isolated in immunocompromised patients e.g., AIDS patients, patients on immunosuppressive therapy, head and neck cancers,
Background: Information on extrapulmonary TB is scarce in Nigeria despite being one of the 22 cou... more Background: Information on extrapulmonary TB is scarce in Nigeria despite being one of the 22 countries with highest burden of tuberculosis in the world and the most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa where the dual epidemics of TB and HIV/AIDS mutually co-exist. Objective: The purpose of this study was to document the burden of extrapulmonary TB in Northeastern Nigeria. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a DOTS treatment centre in a tertiary hospital in Northeastern Nigeria. TB treatment registers and case records of 1240 patients were reviewed over a 10-year period. Results: Out of the 1240 TB cases who received treatment at the facility; 179 (14.4%) had extra-pulmonary TB. Skeletal TB and TB lymphadenitis were the predominant forms of extra-pulmonary TB in the study i.e. 51 (28.5%) and 50 (28.0%), respectively. This was closely followed by abdominal TB (38 (21.2%), tuberculous pleural effusion (23 (12.8%), miliary TB (9 (5.0%), TB meningitis (3 (1.7%) and others (5 (2.8%): viz; 1 (0.6%) each of-TB of the breast, TB of the skin, adrenal TB, genitourinary TB and TB pericarditis respectively. Only 101 (56.4%) of the study subjects had information on their HIV status; of whom 52 (51.5%) were HIV positive and 49 (48.5%) HIV negative. Conclusion: The study has shown that extrapulmonary TB was relatively common among TB patients receiving care at the facility despite its diagnostic challenges particularly in a resource poor setting like ours.
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2015
The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by t... more The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by the production of structurally abnormal haemoglobin. 1,2 These hemoglobinopathies include sickle cell anaemia (HbS), sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (HbC) and sickle cell thalassaemia. 3 Only the variant sickle cell (HbS) with genotype SS and (HbC) sickle hemoglobin C are known to cause illness in Nigeria while sickle cell thalassaemia is of two types, the beta plus thalassaemia (Hbs β+ Thal.) and the alpha thalassaemia. The beta thalassaemia gene (usually β+) is very rare, but may occasionally interact ABSTRACT Background: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) presents with various types of clinical manifestations that includes musculoskeletal manifestations that need the intervention of medical personnel including physiotherapy. The study aimed to determine the various musculoskeletal disorders associated with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), types of treatments given including physiotherapy and the mortality rate in SCA patients admitted in two Nigerian hospitals. Methods: It is a retrospective quantitative review of hospital-based records using patient's files and hospital registers. Ten years case notes of SCA patients were reviewed in two hospitals in Kano, North Western Nigeria. Information on age, gender, types of musculoskeletal disorders, types of treatments received including referrals for physiotherapy and number of deaths recorded within this period. Results: Records shows a total of 248 patients admitted with SCA over this period. Results revealed 133 (53.6%) males and 115 (46.4%) females. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found to be 172 (54.1%) out of the 318 SCA cases admitted. The commonest cause of hospital visitation was painful bone crisis (35.5%). Followed by osteomyelitis and dactylitis accounting for 20 (11.6%) of the musculoskeletal disorders respectively. Overwhelming majority 61.7% presenting with musculoskeletal disorders are between the age of 3 months and 10 years. The mortality rate was about 22/248 (8.9%). Only 8.9% of these cases received physiotherapy. Conclusions: Sickle cell disease affect a wider group of people than is commonly realised, screening for the disease is not universal and this together with a general lack of multidisciplinary qualitative and clinical evidence-based treatment, leads to many inadequate management of individuals. Physiotherapy is one of the health care services that can be given following musculoskeletal presentations, yet it appropriateness in relation to the disease is rarely being addressed.
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2015
The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by t... more The term sickle cell disease is the prototype of hereditary hemoglobinopathies characterised by the production of structurally abnormal haemoglobin. 1,2 These hemoglobinopathies include sickle cell anaemia (HbS), sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (HbC) and sickle cell thalassaemia. 3 Only the variant sickle cell (HbS) with genotype SS and (HbC) sickle hemoglobin C are known to cause illness in Nigeria while sickle cell thalassaemia is of two types, the beta plus thalassaemia (Hbs β+ Thal.) and the alpha thalassaemia. The beta thalassaemia gene (usually β+) is very rare, but may occasionally interact ABSTRACT Background: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) presents with various types of clinical manifestations that includes musculoskeletal manifestations that need the intervention of medical personnel including physiotherapy. The study aimed to determine the various musculoskeletal disorders associated with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA), types of treatments given including physiotherapy and the mortality rate in SCA patients admitted in two Nigerian hospitals. Methods: It is a retrospective quantitative review of hospital-based records using patient's files and hospital registers. Ten years case notes of SCA patients were reviewed in two hospitals in Kano, North Western Nigeria. Information on age, gender, types of musculoskeletal disorders, types of treatments received including referrals for physiotherapy and number of deaths recorded within this period. Results: Records shows a total of 248 patients admitted with SCA over this period. Results revealed 133 (53.6%) males and 115 (46.4%) females. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was found to be 172 (54.1%) out of the 318 SCA cases admitted. The commonest cause of hospital visitation was painful bone crisis (35.5%). Followed by osteomyelitis and dactylitis accounting for 20 (11.6%) of the musculoskeletal disorders respectively. Overwhelming majority 61.7% presenting with musculoskeletal disorders are between the age of 3 months and 10 years. The mortality rate was about 22/248 (8.9%). Only 8.9% of these cases received physiotherapy. Conclusions: Sickle cell disease affect a wider group of people than is commonly realised, screening for the disease is not universal and this together with a general lack of multidisciplinary qualitative and clinical evidence-based treatment, leads to many inadequate management of individuals. Physiotherapy is one of the health care services that can be given following musculoskeletal presentations, yet it appropriateness in relation to the disease is rarely being addressed.
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