Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death all over the world. Beside general r... more Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death all over the world. Beside general risk factors, there are some genetic factors which lead to cardiovascular diseases. Various nuclear DNA mutation and also mitochondrial DNA mutations have been related with cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, a total of 21 samples were collected from different families residing in district Dir. DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells using saliva. The mitochondrial tRNA leu (MT TL1) gene was amplified by PCR and 10 samples of different families were sequenced. The sequence was aligned with revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) accession # NC-012920.1. It is concluded that cardiovascular diseases in our subjects are not due to mutation in the mitochondrial leucine tRNA gene. However, a large population of subjects with cardiovascular diseases needs to be studied and whole mitochondrial DNA is needed to be sequenced in the subjects with CVD. This will give an idea about the probable DNA marker which can be used to prevent loses due to these diseases at a very early stages.
Normal sleep is essential for good health and good quality of life [1-3]. Duration of sleep varie... more Normal sleep is essential for good health and good quality of life [1-3]. Duration of sleep varies between different species, and humans need only 8 h of sleep. Good sleep is important for learning, critical thinking, and working [4,5]. A study showed that high school students commonly face sleep disturbances because of their high burden of studies [6]. According to research, sleep is classified into three categories: monophasic (6 h duration every 24 h), biphasic (twice every 24 h), and polyphasic (many times sleep per day). Graduate students have suffered sleep disorders because of their complex study schedule [7]. A previous study found that 50% of students had daytime sleep episodes because of insufficient sleep at night, which leads to poor academic performance and increased risk of accidents [8]. Medical students suffered more from sleep disorders owing to a heavier burden of studies compared with students of other branches of science [9]. Long working hours are one of the most important factors causing sleep disorders among medical students [10]. Sleep disorders affect the mental and physical health of medical students, which leads to reduced working abilities [11]. Sleep disorders among medical undergraduates not only lead to physical and psychological morbidities, but also affects learning, memory, and cognition [12]. A study conducted in a Nigerian university showed that 32.5% of medical students were sleep-deprived [13]. Similarly, a study conducted in a medical college in Pakistan showed that poor sleeping habits were common among medical students, and this also affected their lifestyle [14]. Globally, medical students are more susceptible to sleep disturbances and problems. In a previous study carried out in China, results found that most of the students have a poor quality of sleep [10]. Another study reported that the majority of medical students
To isolate protoplast, a pre-treatment was completed with the order to reduce and identify the ph... more To isolate protoplast, a pre-treatment was completed with the order to reduce and identify the phenolic contents round the year to encourage the isolation of protoplasts. Protoplasts from in vivo mesophyll leaves of apple cultivar “Anna” was isolated from 15 days old leaves by plasmolying in medium containing 90 g L-1 mannitol for half hour, then 130 g L-1 mannitol for half hour. Then using enzymatic mixture involving (1.5% cellulase + 0.5% pectianase + 1.5% Macrozyme) Prior to isolation. Anyhow, diverse factors, for example, Osmotic pressure, incubation period, sieve pore size, centrifugation period and hormonal balance was estimated using the techniques for isolation. The quantity of cells was computed as the quantity of cells per square on haemocytometer. A considerable higher yield of protoplast formation was noted in the CPW medium using a pore size of 25 µm with using incubation period for 20 hours. Moreover, the best protoplast regeneration with using of protoplast density of...
Plants display an extraordinary ability to regenerate complete shoot systems from a tissue fragme... more Plants display an extraordinary ability to regenerate complete shoot systems from a tissue fragment or even from a single cell. Upregulation of the determinants of pluripotency during a precise window of time in response to external inductive cues is a key decisive factor for shoot regeneration. A burst of recent studies has begun to provide an understanding of signaling molecules that are instrumental in the making of the regenerative mass, as well as the developmental regulators that are seminal in shaping the pluripotent state. Here, we discuss how signaling molecules, waves of mutually exclusive stem cell regulators and epigenetic modifiers could contribute to cellular heterogeneity in an island of regenerative mass, thus leading to de novo shoot regeneration.
While in the movie Deadpool it is possible for a human to recreate an arm from scratch, in realit... more While in the movie Deadpool it is possible for a human to recreate an arm from scratch, in reality plants can even surpass that. Not only can they regenerate lost parts, but also the whole plant body can be reborn from a few existing cells. Despite the decades old realization that plant cells possess the ability to regenerate a complete shoot and root system, it is only now that the underlying mechanisms are being unraveled. De novo plant regeneration involves the initiation of regenerative mass, acquisition of the pluripotent state, reconstitution of stem cells and assembly of regulatory interactions. Recent studies have furthered our understanding on the making of a complete plant system in the absence of embryonic positional cues. We review the recent studies probing the molecular mechanisms of de novo plant regeneration in response to external inductive cues and our current knowledge of direct reprogramming of root to shoot and vice versa. We further discuss how de novo regeneration can be exploited to meet the demands of green culture industries and to serve as a general model to address the fundamental questions of regeneration across the plant kingdom.
Objectives: The efficacy of a commercially available toothpowder was compared with toothpaste in ... more Objectives: The efficacy of a commercially available toothpowder was compared with toothpaste in removing extrinsic dental stains. Methods: In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 77 volunteers were included from a residential professional college. All study subjects (control toothpaste users and test toothpowder users) plaque control measures. All study subjects were instructed to rinse with 5 ml 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 minute, twice and one cup of double tea bag solution three times daily for three weeks. Subjects were randomized into test (n=36) and control (n=36) groups. Toothpaste (control) and toothpowder (test) was used for two weeks to see the effects on removing stains on the labial surfaces of 12 anterior teeth. For measuring dental extrinsic stains Lobene Stain Index (SI) was used. Results: The amount of stain following the use of toothpaste and toothpowder was more controlled with the experimental toothpowder. For all sites combined, there was evidence that the experimental toothpowder was significantly superior to toothpaste in reducing stain area (p<.001), stain intensity (p<.001) and composite/product (area x intensity) (p<.001). Conclusion: Stain removing efficacy of toothpowder was significantly higher as compared with toothpaste. A toothpowder may be expected to be of benefit in controlling and removing extrinsic dental staining.
American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2015
The aim of this study was to examine patients' profile and investigation between operatively and ... more The aim of this study was to examine patients' profile and investigation between operatively and conservatively management. Methods: Retrospective record review was conducted. The study identified 86 patients from May 2005 until December 2010 but managed to trace 82 folders. All intra-abdominal injury data were retrieved from medical record. Demographic and in-hospital data were collected. Patients presented to casualty department Hospital USM either from district hospital or direct admission or post motor vehicle accident (MVA) and had an ultrasound or CT scan performed at least by radiology medical officer on admission were included in current study. Results: Fifty five (67.07%) patients were on operative management while 27 (32.93%) were on conservatively management. The common organ detected using CT scan on the patient were bowel (23%) injury followed by liver injury (21%) and splenic injury (19%). None of the patients had gone home and died without apparent cause (from the ones that study managed to contact). Patients died from conservative and operative were 19 and 32 respectively. Study only managed to contact 51 patients (19 from the conservative and 32 from operative group) to assess their quality of life. Operative group return to work less than two weeks was for 32 patients namely 14 patients did not return to work in less than two weeks and among them six had applied for permanent disability. Conclusions: Choosing between operative or conservative management for intra-abdominal injury is crucial part to improve the treatment outcome. Ultrasonography or CT scan were used to identify injuries that can be managed conservatively and rule out others injuries that need surgical treatment.
Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 2016
Schiff base ligand, (L), derived from condensation reaction of 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl... more Schiff base ligand, (L), derived from condensation reaction of 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, (curcumin), with pyridine-3-carboxamide, (nicotinamide), and its complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions, containing 1,10-phenanthroline as auxiliary ligand were synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. From the micro analytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes 1:1 (metal: ligand) was ascertained. The Co(II) and Cu(II) forms octahedral complexes, while the geometric structure around Ni(II) atom can be described as square planar. The catalytic potential of the metal complexes have been evaluated by recording the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The results reveal that the percent decomposition of H2O2increases with time and the highest value (50.50%) was recorded for Co(II) complex. The ligand and its complexes were also screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcu...
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications, 2012
This paper presents a novel fuzzy logic based Adaptive Super-twisting Sliding Mode Controller for... more This paper presents a novel fuzzy logic based Adaptive Super-twisting Sliding Mode Controller for the control of dynamic uncertain systems. The proposed controller combines the advantages of Second order Sliding Mode Control, Fuzzy Logic Control and Adaptive Control. The reaching conditions, stability and robustness of the system with the proposed controller are guaranteed. In addition, the proposed controller is well suited for simple design and implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed controller over the first order Sliding Mode Fuzzy Logic controller is illustrated by Matlab based simulations performed on a DC-DC Buck converter. Based on this comparison, the proposed controller is shown to obtain the desired transient response without causing chattering and error under steady-state conditions. The proposed controller is able to give robust performance in terms of rejection to input voltage variations and load variations.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2015
There are many differences in human size and some of these sizes are abnormal. The purpose of thi... more There are many differences in human size and some of these sizes are abnormal. The purpose of this approach is to locate and measures the specific dimensions of human body in order to choose the fitted dress. This approach is concentrated on men adult consumer to be more specific system used for men plant or men shopping center. There are many standard sizes for human body and these sizes differ from country to other. So this approach try to find a specific standard for human body depends on his overall dimensions comparing with the standard sizes. The proposed system depends on two cameras and simple processing algorithms to predicate with the adequate size.
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2013
High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of branches per plant... more High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of branches per plant and days to maturity indicating that they are governed by additive genes and could be effectively improved through selection.
A simple, efficient, and ecofriendly method has been developed for the exclusive synthesis of iro... more A simple, efficient, and ecofriendly method has been developed for the exclusive synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima fruit. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis show that the average particle size of spherical iron oxide nanoparticles is 22.3 ± 3 nm. The synthesized nanocatalyst is highly active for the synthesis of biologically significant 2-arylbenzimidazoles. The reaction was carried out under mild condition with excellent yields. The catalyst is easily separated by magnet and recyclable without significant loss of activity.
Anemopsis californica is a perennial herbaceous plant that has been utilized as a medicinal plant... more Anemopsis californica is a perennial herbaceous plant that has been utilized as a medicinal plant for the treatment of various diseases. The present work was carried out with the objective of optimizing a method of extraction of the genomic DNA of A. californica and a PCR protocol and later to evaluate the existing genetic diversity among the genotypes deriving from different origins. For DNA extraction, we tested four procedures: with the CTA B-2 protocol, we obtained the highest yield (61.5±2.2 μg DNA/g of leaf tissues) and the best quality (A260/280 1.83±0.022). To estimate genetic variability, we utilized the randomly amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) technique, employing 20 oligonucleotides, of which only 18 generated reproducible banding patterns, producing 123 polymorphic bands generated, thus obtaining a polymorphism rate of 93.93% among the genotypes analyzed. The Jaccard similarity coefficient generated a variation ranging from 0.325-0.921, indicating a high level of genetic variation among the studied genotypes. An Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) group analysis indicated six distinct groups. The present optimized method for DNA isolation and RAPD protocol may serve as an efficient tool for further molecular studies.
The position of leaves and flowers along the stem axis generates a specific pattern, known as phy... more The position of leaves and flowers along the stem axis generates a specific pattern, known as phyllotaxis. A growing body of evidence emerging from recent computational modeling and experimental studies suggests that regulators controlling phyllotaxis are chemical, e.g. the plant growth hormone auxin and its dynamic accumulation pattern by polar auxin transport, and physical, e.g. mechanical properties of the cell. Here we present comprehensive views on how chemical and physical properties of cells regulate the pattern of leaf initiation. We further compare different computational modeling studies to understand their scope in reproducing the observed patterns. Despite a plethora of experimental studies on phyllotaxis, understanding of molecular mechanisms of pattern initiation in plants remains fragmentary. Live imaging of growth dynamics and physicochemical properties at the shoot apex of mutants displaying stable changes from one pattern to another should provide mechanistic insights into organ initiation patterns.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death all over the world. Beside general r... more Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death all over the world. Beside general risk factors, there are some genetic factors which lead to cardiovascular diseases. Various nuclear DNA mutation and also mitochondrial DNA mutations have been related with cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, a total of 21 samples were collected from different families residing in district Dir. DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells using saliva. The mitochondrial tRNA leu (MT TL1) gene was amplified by PCR and 10 samples of different families were sequenced. The sequence was aligned with revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) accession # NC-012920.1. It is concluded that cardiovascular diseases in our subjects are not due to mutation in the mitochondrial leucine tRNA gene. However, a large population of subjects with cardiovascular diseases needs to be studied and whole mitochondrial DNA is needed to be sequenced in the subjects with CVD. This will give an idea about the probable DNA marker which can be used to prevent loses due to these diseases at a very early stages.
Normal sleep is essential for good health and good quality of life [1-3]. Duration of sleep varie... more Normal sleep is essential for good health and good quality of life [1-3]. Duration of sleep varies between different species, and humans need only 8 h of sleep. Good sleep is important for learning, critical thinking, and working [4,5]. A study showed that high school students commonly face sleep disturbances because of their high burden of studies [6]. According to research, sleep is classified into three categories: monophasic (6 h duration every 24 h), biphasic (twice every 24 h), and polyphasic (many times sleep per day). Graduate students have suffered sleep disorders because of their complex study schedule [7]. A previous study found that 50% of students had daytime sleep episodes because of insufficient sleep at night, which leads to poor academic performance and increased risk of accidents [8]. Medical students suffered more from sleep disorders owing to a heavier burden of studies compared with students of other branches of science [9]. Long working hours are one of the most important factors causing sleep disorders among medical students [10]. Sleep disorders affect the mental and physical health of medical students, which leads to reduced working abilities [11]. Sleep disorders among medical undergraduates not only lead to physical and psychological morbidities, but also affects learning, memory, and cognition [12]. A study conducted in a Nigerian university showed that 32.5% of medical students were sleep-deprived [13]. Similarly, a study conducted in a medical college in Pakistan showed that poor sleeping habits were common among medical students, and this also affected their lifestyle [14]. Globally, medical students are more susceptible to sleep disturbances and problems. In a previous study carried out in China, results found that most of the students have a poor quality of sleep [10]. Another study reported that the majority of medical students
To isolate protoplast, a pre-treatment was completed with the order to reduce and identify the ph... more To isolate protoplast, a pre-treatment was completed with the order to reduce and identify the phenolic contents round the year to encourage the isolation of protoplasts. Protoplasts from in vivo mesophyll leaves of apple cultivar “Anna” was isolated from 15 days old leaves by plasmolying in medium containing 90 g L-1 mannitol for half hour, then 130 g L-1 mannitol for half hour. Then using enzymatic mixture involving (1.5% cellulase + 0.5% pectianase + 1.5% Macrozyme) Prior to isolation. Anyhow, diverse factors, for example, Osmotic pressure, incubation period, sieve pore size, centrifugation period and hormonal balance was estimated using the techniques for isolation. The quantity of cells was computed as the quantity of cells per square on haemocytometer. A considerable higher yield of protoplast formation was noted in the CPW medium using a pore size of 25 µm with using incubation period for 20 hours. Moreover, the best protoplast regeneration with using of protoplast density of...
Plants display an extraordinary ability to regenerate complete shoot systems from a tissue fragme... more Plants display an extraordinary ability to regenerate complete shoot systems from a tissue fragment or even from a single cell. Upregulation of the determinants of pluripotency during a precise window of time in response to external inductive cues is a key decisive factor for shoot regeneration. A burst of recent studies has begun to provide an understanding of signaling molecules that are instrumental in the making of the regenerative mass, as well as the developmental regulators that are seminal in shaping the pluripotent state. Here, we discuss how signaling molecules, waves of mutually exclusive stem cell regulators and epigenetic modifiers could contribute to cellular heterogeneity in an island of regenerative mass, thus leading to de novo shoot regeneration.
While in the movie Deadpool it is possible for a human to recreate an arm from scratch, in realit... more While in the movie Deadpool it is possible for a human to recreate an arm from scratch, in reality plants can even surpass that. Not only can they regenerate lost parts, but also the whole plant body can be reborn from a few existing cells. Despite the decades old realization that plant cells possess the ability to regenerate a complete shoot and root system, it is only now that the underlying mechanisms are being unraveled. De novo plant regeneration involves the initiation of regenerative mass, acquisition of the pluripotent state, reconstitution of stem cells and assembly of regulatory interactions. Recent studies have furthered our understanding on the making of a complete plant system in the absence of embryonic positional cues. We review the recent studies probing the molecular mechanisms of de novo plant regeneration in response to external inductive cues and our current knowledge of direct reprogramming of root to shoot and vice versa. We further discuss how de novo regeneration can be exploited to meet the demands of green culture industries and to serve as a general model to address the fundamental questions of regeneration across the plant kingdom.
Objectives: The efficacy of a commercially available toothpowder was compared with toothpaste in ... more Objectives: The efficacy of a commercially available toothpowder was compared with toothpaste in removing extrinsic dental stains. Methods: In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 77 volunteers were included from a residential professional college. All study subjects (control toothpaste users and test toothpowder users) plaque control measures. All study subjects were instructed to rinse with 5 ml 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 minute, twice and one cup of double tea bag solution three times daily for three weeks. Subjects were randomized into test (n=36) and control (n=36) groups. Toothpaste (control) and toothpowder (test) was used for two weeks to see the effects on removing stains on the labial surfaces of 12 anterior teeth. For measuring dental extrinsic stains Lobene Stain Index (SI) was used. Results: The amount of stain following the use of toothpaste and toothpowder was more controlled with the experimental toothpowder. For all sites combined, there was evidence that the experimental toothpowder was significantly superior to toothpaste in reducing stain area (p<.001), stain intensity (p<.001) and composite/product (area x intensity) (p<.001). Conclusion: Stain removing efficacy of toothpowder was significantly higher as compared with toothpaste. A toothpowder may be expected to be of benefit in controlling and removing extrinsic dental staining.
American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2015
The aim of this study was to examine patients' profile and investigation between operatively and ... more The aim of this study was to examine patients' profile and investigation between operatively and conservatively management. Methods: Retrospective record review was conducted. The study identified 86 patients from May 2005 until December 2010 but managed to trace 82 folders. All intra-abdominal injury data were retrieved from medical record. Demographic and in-hospital data were collected. Patients presented to casualty department Hospital USM either from district hospital or direct admission or post motor vehicle accident (MVA) and had an ultrasound or CT scan performed at least by radiology medical officer on admission were included in current study. Results: Fifty five (67.07%) patients were on operative management while 27 (32.93%) were on conservatively management. The common organ detected using CT scan on the patient were bowel (23%) injury followed by liver injury (21%) and splenic injury (19%). None of the patients had gone home and died without apparent cause (from the ones that study managed to contact). Patients died from conservative and operative were 19 and 32 respectively. Study only managed to contact 51 patients (19 from the conservative and 32 from operative group) to assess their quality of life. Operative group return to work less than two weeks was for 32 patients namely 14 patients did not return to work in less than two weeks and among them six had applied for permanent disability. Conclusions: Choosing between operative or conservative management for intra-abdominal injury is crucial part to improve the treatment outcome. Ultrasonography or CT scan were used to identify injuries that can be managed conservatively and rule out others injuries that need surgical treatment.
Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 2016
Schiff base ligand, (L), derived from condensation reaction of 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl... more Schiff base ligand, (L), derived from condensation reaction of 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, (curcumin), with pyridine-3-carboxamide, (nicotinamide), and its complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions, containing 1,10-phenanthroline as auxiliary ligand were synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. From the micro analytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes 1:1 (metal: ligand) was ascertained. The Co(II) and Cu(II) forms octahedral complexes, while the geometric structure around Ni(II) atom can be described as square planar. The catalytic potential of the metal complexes have been evaluated by recording the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The results reveal that the percent decomposition of H2O2increases with time and the highest value (50.50%) was recorded for Co(II) complex. The ligand and its complexes were also screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcu...
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications, 2012
This paper presents a novel fuzzy logic based Adaptive Super-twisting Sliding Mode Controller for... more This paper presents a novel fuzzy logic based Adaptive Super-twisting Sliding Mode Controller for the control of dynamic uncertain systems. The proposed controller combines the advantages of Second order Sliding Mode Control, Fuzzy Logic Control and Adaptive Control. The reaching conditions, stability and robustness of the system with the proposed controller are guaranteed. In addition, the proposed controller is well suited for simple design and implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed controller over the first order Sliding Mode Fuzzy Logic controller is illustrated by Matlab based simulations performed on a DC-DC Buck converter. Based on this comparison, the proposed controller is shown to obtain the desired transient response without causing chattering and error under steady-state conditions. The proposed controller is able to give robust performance in terms of rejection to input voltage variations and load variations.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2015
There are many differences in human size and some of these sizes are abnormal. The purpose of thi... more There are many differences in human size and some of these sizes are abnormal. The purpose of this approach is to locate and measures the specific dimensions of human body in order to choose the fitted dress. This approach is concentrated on men adult consumer to be more specific system used for men plant or men shopping center. There are many standard sizes for human body and these sizes differ from country to other. So this approach try to find a specific standard for human body depends on his overall dimensions comparing with the standard sizes. The proposed system depends on two cameras and simple processing algorithms to predicate with the adequate size.
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2013
High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of branches per plant... more High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of branches per plant and days to maturity indicating that they are governed by additive genes and could be effectively improved through selection.
A simple, efficient, and ecofriendly method has been developed for the exclusive synthesis of iro... more A simple, efficient, and ecofriendly method has been developed for the exclusive synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima fruit. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis show that the average particle size of spherical iron oxide nanoparticles is 22.3 ± 3 nm. The synthesized nanocatalyst is highly active for the synthesis of biologically significant 2-arylbenzimidazoles. The reaction was carried out under mild condition with excellent yields. The catalyst is easily separated by magnet and recyclable without significant loss of activity.
Anemopsis californica is a perennial herbaceous plant that has been utilized as a medicinal plant... more Anemopsis californica is a perennial herbaceous plant that has been utilized as a medicinal plant for the treatment of various diseases. The present work was carried out with the objective of optimizing a method of extraction of the genomic DNA of A. californica and a PCR protocol and later to evaluate the existing genetic diversity among the genotypes deriving from different origins. For DNA extraction, we tested four procedures: with the CTA B-2 protocol, we obtained the highest yield (61.5±2.2 μg DNA/g of leaf tissues) and the best quality (A260/280 1.83±0.022). To estimate genetic variability, we utilized the randomly amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) technique, employing 20 oligonucleotides, of which only 18 generated reproducible banding patterns, producing 123 polymorphic bands generated, thus obtaining a polymorphism rate of 93.93% among the genotypes analyzed. The Jaccard similarity coefficient generated a variation ranging from 0.325-0.921, indicating a high level of genetic variation among the studied genotypes. An Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) group analysis indicated six distinct groups. The present optimized method for DNA isolation and RAPD protocol may serve as an efficient tool for further molecular studies.
The position of leaves and flowers along the stem axis generates a specific pattern, known as phy... more The position of leaves and flowers along the stem axis generates a specific pattern, known as phyllotaxis. A growing body of evidence emerging from recent computational modeling and experimental studies suggests that regulators controlling phyllotaxis are chemical, e.g. the plant growth hormone auxin and its dynamic accumulation pattern by polar auxin transport, and physical, e.g. mechanical properties of the cell. Here we present comprehensive views on how chemical and physical properties of cells regulate the pattern of leaf initiation. We further compare different computational modeling studies to understand their scope in reproducing the observed patterns. Despite a plethora of experimental studies on phyllotaxis, understanding of molecular mechanisms of pattern initiation in plants remains fragmentary. Live imaging of growth dynamics and physicochemical properties at the shoot apex of mutants displaying stable changes from one pattern to another should provide mechanistic insights into organ initiation patterns.
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Papers by abdul kareem