The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imp... more The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
The Project Development Objective (PDO) will be to extend and promote the sustained and effective... more The Project Development Objective (PDO) will be to extend and promote the sustained and effective use of the HIS by all potential users concerned with water resources planning and management, both public and private, thereby contributing to improved productivity and cost-effectiveness of water related investments in the 13 States and with Central agencies. The coverage of existing states under the project is to help these agencies from moving over from development of HIS (as in HP-I) towards use of HIS in water resources planning and management. The PDO will be achieved by : (a) strengthening the capacity of hydrology departments (surface and groundwater) to develop and sustain the use of the HIS for hydrological designs and decision tools thus creating enabling environment for improved integrated water resources planning and management; (b) improving the capabilities of implementing agencies at State/ Central level in using HIS for efficient water resource planning and management reducing vulnerability floods and droughts and thereby meeting the country's poverty reduction objectives; (c) establishing and enhancing user-friendly, demand responsive and easy accessible HIS to improve shared vision and transparency of HIS between all users; and (d) improving access to the HIS by public agencies, civil society organization and the private sector through awareness building supporting outreach services. Greater use of an improved HIS is expected to have a broad but definite impact on the planning and design of water resources schemes, from which the rural and urban poor will have secure and sustainable access to water for multipurpose livelihood uses. The conceptual framework of outcome and output indicators is outlined below. Specific measurable indicators will be developed by the project's Management Consultants in consultation with the participating agencies, during the design of the project monitoring system. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? Yes No Component(s)
The State of Bihar, India experienced substantial flooding in the Ganges Basin as a result of lev... more The State of Bihar, India experienced substantial flooding in the Ganges Basin as a result of levee (embankment) non performance. As a result of the 2008 failures the Bihar Water Resources Department is examining, as a programmatic model, the US experience in establishing and conducting the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Levee Safety Program. This case model examination is intended to structure a new program for managing the Bihari embankment infrastructure. Similar to many historical flood control initiatives throughout the world, India’s embankment infrastructure shows the effects of aging and multi-purpose use of the facilities. To examine what practices that could be employed to increase the reliable performance of the embankment system; the World Bank facilitated a detailed case history examination of the USACE Levee Safety Program. The case study included a trial application of elements of the US approach to Indian Levee systems in order to stimulate discussion ...
Much of the literature on China's successful adaptation to the policy challenges posed by eco... more Much of the literature on China's successful adaptation to the policy challenges posed by economic development credits two principle approaches, gradualism and local experimentation. However, the extent to which these approaches aid policy adaptation to environmental policy challenges is less well explored. This article examines how these approaches have shaped policy adaptation in water resources management by presenting data on ambitious water policy reforms that are, to our knowledge, new to the English-language scholarly literature. While gradualism and local experimentation have aided in the adoption of economic mechanisms like water pricing reform and water rights trading to regulate water use, institutional reforms have been undermined by an over-reliance on central control and direction. This phenomenon, which we call hierarchy, constrains China's ability to address diffuse, inter-jurisdictional and multi-sectoral water management challenges like nonpoint source poll...
View the article online for updates and enhancements. Recent citations Integrative Groundwater St... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. Recent citations Integrative Groundwater Studies in a Small-Scale Urban Area: Case Study from the Municipality of Penafiel (NW Portugal) Liliana Freitas et al-Quenching the thirst of rapidly growing and water-insecure cities in sub-Saharan Africa Madiodio Niasse and Olli Varis-Integrating the Water Planetary Boundary With Water Management From Local to Global Scales Samuel C. Zipper et al
Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh 5.5 Percentage change (versus the baseline f... more Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh 5.5 Percentage change (versus the baseline flood-affected simulation) in national potential production with the combined effects of CO 2 , temperature and precipitation, and basin flooding of a) aus, b) aman, c) boro and d) wheat 55 5.6 Regional production changes from baseline (per cent) for 2050s (a) aman, (b) aus, (c) boro and (d) wheat 57 6.1 Losses in total national rice production due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 66 6.2 Losses in national rice production by crop due to existing climate variability, 2005-50, (a) aus, (b) aman, (c) boro 67 6.3 Decomposing regional rice production losses due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 69 6.4 Losses in national agricultural GDP due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 69 6.5 Losses in national total GDP due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 71 6.6 Losses in total national rice production due to climate change, 2005-50 73 6.7 Losses in national rice production by crop due to climate change, 2005-50 75 6.8 Deviation in average final year rice production from the Existing Variability Scenario under the Average Climate Change Scenario, 2050 76 6.9 Deviation in average final year rice production from the Existing Variability Scenario under different emissions scenarios, 2050 76 6.10 Losses in national agricultural GDP due to climate change, 2005-50 77 6.11 Losses in national total GDP due to climate change, 2005-50 79 6.12 Cumulative discounted losses due to climate change as a share of total GDP, 2005-50 80 7.1 Layout of modified sorjan system 88 5.8 Carbon dioxide concentrations (ppm) for baseline period and future climate scenarios 51 5.9 Median integrated production change (per cent) for the 2030s and 2050s 54 5.10 Sub-regional average production changes (per cent) disaggregated by crop (aman, aus, boro, wheat) and climate risk for 2050s-all scenarios 58 6.1 Summary of the Optimal Climate Scenario 65 6.2 National rice production losses due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 66 6.3 Regional rice production losses due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 68 6.4 Losses in GDP due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 70 6.5 Losses in national households' consumption spending due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 72 6.6 National rice production losses due to climate change, 2005-50 74 6.7 Average GDP losses due to climate change, 2005-50 78 6.8 GDP losses under different climate change scenarios, 2005-50 78 6.9 Losses in national households' consumption spending due to climate change, 2005-50 80 6.10 Losses in regional farm households' consumption spending due to climate change, 2005-50 81 7.1 Sample of past and present programmes on adaptation in the agriculture sector 84 7.2 Sample adaptation options in the agriculture sector 84 7.3 Estimated costs and benefits of selected adaptation options 85 7.4 Common vegetable cultivation patterns 101 7.5 Common vegetable cropping patterns for sorjan system 104 A1.1 Cultivars available in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Rice model A1.2 Genetic coefficients in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Rice model A1.3 Cultivars available in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Wheat model A1.4 Genetic coefficients in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Wheat model A1.5 Planting method options in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.6 Tillage implements available in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.7 Irrigation options in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.8 Fertilizer types in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.9 Fertilizer and organic amendment application options in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.10 Organic amendments available in the DSSAT v4.5 models A2.1 Simple CGE model equations A2.2 Simple CGE model variables and parameters A2.3 Summary of climate impact channels in economy-wide model simulations A3.1 Basic structure of a SAM A3.2 Sectors in the 2005 Bangladesh SAM A3.3 Average cultivated crop land allocation across divisions and scale of production A3.4 National and divisional per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) A3.5 Household factor income shares from the 2005 Bangladesh SAM A3.6 Household factor income shares from the 2005 Household Income and Expenditure Survey A3.7 Household consumption A3.8 2005 macro SAM for Bangladesh (millions of Taka) A3.9 Cross-entropy SAM estimation equations List of Figures and Tables ix This report was prepared by a team led by Winston H. Yu (Task Team Leader, World Bank). Specific team contributions included: Mozaharul Alam, Rabi Uzzaman, Aminur Rahman (Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies) and Sk. Ghulam Hussain (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council), who identified and evaluated the adaptation options present in this study and provided agricultural information for crop models;
Sustainable and resilient food systems depend on sustainable and resilient water management. Resi... more Sustainable and resilient food systems depend on sustainable and resilient water management. Resilience is characterised by overlapping decision spaces and scales and interdependencies among water users and competing sectors. Increasing water scarcity, due to climate change and other environmental and societal changes, makes putting caps on the consumption of water resources indispensable. Implementation requires an understanding of different domains, actors, and their objectives, and drivers and barriers to transformational change. We suggest a scale-specific approach, in which agricultural water use is embedded in a larger systems approach (including natural and human systems). This approach is the basis for policy coherence and the design of effective incentive schemes to change agricultural water use behaviour and, therefore, optimise the water we eat. No food and nutrition security without sustainable water management Over 2 billion people live in places with high water stress; 1 this number will continue to increase in the coming decades due to climate change, population growth, urbanisation, industrial demands, changing diets, and the drive to increase agricultural production. With agriculture being responsible for about 70% of global water withdrawals and more than 80% of withdrawals in agrarian economies, 2 business as usual will not be feasible in the future. A combination of ineffective policies and the absence of coordinated approaches across actors and scales are major barriers to systemic change in agricultural water use. This situation, combined with often insufficient monitoring and water accounting systems exacerbates the global water scarcity challenge 3 and hinders the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.4 to improve water use efficiency across all sectors. Many call for a great food transformation that includes a global shift to healthy diets produced by a sustainable food system. 4 Otherwise, food and nutrition security for the expected population of almost 10 billion people in 2050 cannot be achieved. Innovations across food systems are critical. 5 Agricultural production needs to increase sustainably and to minimise environmental impacts such as resource depletion (eg, land, soil, water, and phosphorous) and pollution. This is essential for achieving several of the SDGs (beyond target 6.4), the Paris Climate Agreement, and to stop the devastating loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable water management plays a vital role in these processes 1,6 and can also facilitate the achievement of other development objectives (eg, climate-resilient growth or job creation). 7,8 Water is not only essential in agricultural production itself but also needed along the entire food chain, ie, preproduction (eg, generation of farm inputs like fertiliser, seeds, and energy), postproduction (eg, transport and distribution), food preparation and consumption
High levels of arsenic in well water are causing widespread poisoning in Bangladesh. In a typical... more High levels of arsenic in well water are causing widespread poisoning in Bangladesh. In a typical aquifer in southern Bangladesh, chemical data imply that arsenic mobilization is associated with recent inflow of carbon. High concentrations of radiocarbon-young methane indicate that young carbon has driven recent biogeochemical processes, and irrigation pumping is sufficient to have drawn water to the depth where dissolved arsenic is at a maximum. The results of field injection of molasses, nitrate, and low-arsenic water show that organic carbon or its degradation products may quickly mobilize arsenic, oxidants may lower arsenic concentrations, and sorption of arsenic is limited by saturation of aquifer materials.
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imp... more The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
The Project Development Objective (PDO) will be to extend and promote the sustained and effective... more The Project Development Objective (PDO) will be to extend and promote the sustained and effective use of the HIS by all potential users concerned with water resources planning and management, both public and private, thereby contributing to improved productivity and cost-effectiveness of water related investments in the 13 States and with Central agencies. The coverage of existing states under the project is to help these agencies from moving over from development of HIS (as in HP-I) towards use of HIS in water resources planning and management. The PDO will be achieved by : (a) strengthening the capacity of hydrology departments (surface and groundwater) to develop and sustain the use of the HIS for hydrological designs and decision tools thus creating enabling environment for improved integrated water resources planning and management; (b) improving the capabilities of implementing agencies at State/ Central level in using HIS for efficient water resource planning and management reducing vulnerability floods and droughts and thereby meeting the country's poverty reduction objectives; (c) establishing and enhancing user-friendly, demand responsive and easy accessible HIS to improve shared vision and transparency of HIS between all users; and (d) improving access to the HIS by public agencies, civil society organization and the private sector through awareness building supporting outreach services. Greater use of an improved HIS is expected to have a broad but definite impact on the planning and design of water resources schemes, from which the rural and urban poor will have secure and sustainable access to water for multipurpose livelihood uses. The conceptual framework of outcome and output indicators is outlined below. Specific measurable indicators will be developed by the project's Management Consultants in consultation with the participating agencies, during the design of the project monitoring system. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? Yes No Component(s)
The State of Bihar, India experienced substantial flooding in the Ganges Basin as a result of lev... more The State of Bihar, India experienced substantial flooding in the Ganges Basin as a result of levee (embankment) non performance. As a result of the 2008 failures the Bihar Water Resources Department is examining, as a programmatic model, the US experience in establishing and conducting the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Levee Safety Program. This case model examination is intended to structure a new program for managing the Bihari embankment infrastructure. Similar to many historical flood control initiatives throughout the world, India’s embankment infrastructure shows the effects of aging and multi-purpose use of the facilities. To examine what practices that could be employed to increase the reliable performance of the embankment system; the World Bank facilitated a detailed case history examination of the USACE Levee Safety Program. The case study included a trial application of elements of the US approach to Indian Levee systems in order to stimulate discussion ...
Much of the literature on China's successful adaptation to the policy challenges posed by eco... more Much of the literature on China's successful adaptation to the policy challenges posed by economic development credits two principle approaches, gradualism and local experimentation. However, the extent to which these approaches aid policy adaptation to environmental policy challenges is less well explored. This article examines how these approaches have shaped policy adaptation in water resources management by presenting data on ambitious water policy reforms that are, to our knowledge, new to the English-language scholarly literature. While gradualism and local experimentation have aided in the adoption of economic mechanisms like water pricing reform and water rights trading to regulate water use, institutional reforms have been undermined by an over-reliance on central control and direction. This phenomenon, which we call hierarchy, constrains China's ability to address diffuse, inter-jurisdictional and multi-sectoral water management challenges like nonpoint source poll...
View the article online for updates and enhancements. Recent citations Integrative Groundwater St... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. Recent citations Integrative Groundwater Studies in a Small-Scale Urban Area: Case Study from the Municipality of Penafiel (NW Portugal) Liliana Freitas et al-Quenching the thirst of rapidly growing and water-insecure cities in sub-Saharan Africa Madiodio Niasse and Olli Varis-Integrating the Water Planetary Boundary With Water Management From Local to Global Scales Samuel C. Zipper et al
Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh 5.5 Percentage change (versus the baseline f... more Climate Change Risks and Food Security in Bangladesh 5.5 Percentage change (versus the baseline flood-affected simulation) in national potential production with the combined effects of CO 2 , temperature and precipitation, and basin flooding of a) aus, b) aman, c) boro and d) wheat 55 5.6 Regional production changes from baseline (per cent) for 2050s (a) aman, (b) aus, (c) boro and (d) wheat 57 6.1 Losses in total national rice production due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 66 6.2 Losses in national rice production by crop due to existing climate variability, 2005-50, (a) aus, (b) aman, (c) boro 67 6.3 Decomposing regional rice production losses due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 69 6.4 Losses in national agricultural GDP due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 69 6.5 Losses in national total GDP due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 71 6.6 Losses in total national rice production due to climate change, 2005-50 73 6.7 Losses in national rice production by crop due to climate change, 2005-50 75 6.8 Deviation in average final year rice production from the Existing Variability Scenario under the Average Climate Change Scenario, 2050 76 6.9 Deviation in average final year rice production from the Existing Variability Scenario under different emissions scenarios, 2050 76 6.10 Losses in national agricultural GDP due to climate change, 2005-50 77 6.11 Losses in national total GDP due to climate change, 2005-50 79 6.12 Cumulative discounted losses due to climate change as a share of total GDP, 2005-50 80 7.1 Layout of modified sorjan system 88 5.8 Carbon dioxide concentrations (ppm) for baseline period and future climate scenarios 51 5.9 Median integrated production change (per cent) for the 2030s and 2050s 54 5.10 Sub-regional average production changes (per cent) disaggregated by crop (aman, aus, boro, wheat) and climate risk for 2050s-all scenarios 58 6.1 Summary of the Optimal Climate Scenario 65 6.2 National rice production losses due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 66 6.3 Regional rice production losses due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 68 6.4 Losses in GDP due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 70 6.5 Losses in national households' consumption spending due to existing climate variability, 2005-50 72 6.6 National rice production losses due to climate change, 2005-50 74 6.7 Average GDP losses due to climate change, 2005-50 78 6.8 GDP losses under different climate change scenarios, 2005-50 78 6.9 Losses in national households' consumption spending due to climate change, 2005-50 80 6.10 Losses in regional farm households' consumption spending due to climate change, 2005-50 81 7.1 Sample of past and present programmes on adaptation in the agriculture sector 84 7.2 Sample adaptation options in the agriculture sector 84 7.3 Estimated costs and benefits of selected adaptation options 85 7.4 Common vegetable cultivation patterns 101 7.5 Common vegetable cropping patterns for sorjan system 104 A1.1 Cultivars available in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Rice model A1.2 Genetic coefficients in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Rice model A1.3 Cultivars available in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Wheat model A1.4 Genetic coefficients in the DSSAT v4.5 CERES-Wheat model A1.5 Planting method options in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.6 Tillage implements available in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.7 Irrigation options in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.8 Fertilizer types in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.9 Fertilizer and organic amendment application options in the DSSAT v4.5 models A1.10 Organic amendments available in the DSSAT v4.5 models A2.1 Simple CGE model equations A2.2 Simple CGE model variables and parameters A2.3 Summary of climate impact channels in economy-wide model simulations A3.1 Basic structure of a SAM A3.2 Sectors in the 2005 Bangladesh SAM A3.3 Average cultivated crop land allocation across divisions and scale of production A3.4 National and divisional per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) A3.5 Household factor income shares from the 2005 Bangladesh SAM A3.6 Household factor income shares from the 2005 Household Income and Expenditure Survey A3.7 Household consumption A3.8 2005 macro SAM for Bangladesh (millions of Taka) A3.9 Cross-entropy SAM estimation equations List of Figures and Tables ix This report was prepared by a team led by Winston H. Yu (Task Team Leader, World Bank). Specific team contributions included: Mozaharul Alam, Rabi Uzzaman, Aminur Rahman (Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies) and Sk. Ghulam Hussain (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council), who identified and evaluated the adaptation options present in this study and provided agricultural information for crop models;
Sustainable and resilient food systems depend on sustainable and resilient water management. Resi... more Sustainable and resilient food systems depend on sustainable and resilient water management. Resilience is characterised by overlapping decision spaces and scales and interdependencies among water users and competing sectors. Increasing water scarcity, due to climate change and other environmental and societal changes, makes putting caps on the consumption of water resources indispensable. Implementation requires an understanding of different domains, actors, and their objectives, and drivers and barriers to transformational change. We suggest a scale-specific approach, in which agricultural water use is embedded in a larger systems approach (including natural and human systems). This approach is the basis for policy coherence and the design of effective incentive schemes to change agricultural water use behaviour and, therefore, optimise the water we eat. No food and nutrition security without sustainable water management Over 2 billion people live in places with high water stress; 1 this number will continue to increase in the coming decades due to climate change, population growth, urbanisation, industrial demands, changing diets, and the drive to increase agricultural production. With agriculture being responsible for about 70% of global water withdrawals and more than 80% of withdrawals in agrarian economies, 2 business as usual will not be feasible in the future. A combination of ineffective policies and the absence of coordinated approaches across actors and scales are major barriers to systemic change in agricultural water use. This situation, combined with often insufficient monitoring and water accounting systems exacerbates the global water scarcity challenge 3 and hinders the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.4 to improve water use efficiency across all sectors. Many call for a great food transformation that includes a global shift to healthy diets produced by a sustainable food system. 4 Otherwise, food and nutrition security for the expected population of almost 10 billion people in 2050 cannot be achieved. Innovations across food systems are critical. 5 Agricultural production needs to increase sustainably and to minimise environmental impacts such as resource depletion (eg, land, soil, water, and phosphorous) and pollution. This is essential for achieving several of the SDGs (beyond target 6.4), the Paris Climate Agreement, and to stop the devastating loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable water management plays a vital role in these processes 1,6 and can also facilitate the achievement of other development objectives (eg, climate-resilient growth or job creation). 7,8 Water is not only essential in agricultural production itself but also needed along the entire food chain, ie, preproduction (eg, generation of farm inputs like fertiliser, seeds, and energy), postproduction (eg, transport and distribution), food preparation and consumption
High levels of arsenic in well water are causing widespread poisoning in Bangladesh. In a typical... more High levels of arsenic in well water are causing widespread poisoning in Bangladesh. In a typical aquifer in southern Bangladesh, chemical data imply that arsenic mobilization is associated with recent inflow of carbon. High concentrations of radiocarbon-young methane indicate that young carbon has driven recent biogeochemical processes, and irrigation pumping is sufficient to have drawn water to the depth where dissolved arsenic is at a maximum. The results of field injection of molasses, nitrate, and low-arsenic water show that organic carbon or its degradation products may quickly mobilize arsenic, oxidants may lower arsenic concentrations, and sorption of arsenic is limited by saturation of aquifer materials.
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