Coralline red algae (Rhodophyta, orders Corallinales, Hapalidiales, and Sporolithales) are consid... more Coralline red algae (Rhodophyta, orders Corallinales, Hapalidiales, and Sporolithales) are considered ecosystem engineers for the functional roles they perform, including providing habitats and niches that support a high diversity and abundance of marine animals and algae. As calcifying organisms, coralline algae are vulnerable to global climate change, particularly to the impacts of ocean acidification, and also vulnerable to the impacts of a range of human activities including physical disruption from trawling, dredging, anchoring, as well as people trampling over rocky reefs, and from reductions in water quality, alterations to water movement, and aquaculture installations. Research funded through the Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (ZBD200105, ZBD200407, ZBD200903, ZBD201407) has built baseline information on the diversity and distribution of coralline algae of New Zealand, contributing specimens and data to national herbaria to enable further systematic research. The research has revealed very high species and generic diversity within the New Zealand region with 141 species predicted to occur in the region, and particularly high diversity in the south (99 species predicted). Significant progress has been made on documenting and understanding distributions of corallines in New Zealand (e.g., geographic: northern, central and southern; ecological: rhodoliths, Foveaux Strait oyster beds), although more information is needed about regional differences, habitat requirements at a species level, and the ecological services that individual species provide.
A taxonomic revision is presented of the New Zealand genera of the Chordariaceae (Phaeophyta) —Ca... more A taxonomic revision is presented of the New Zealand genera of the Chordariaceae (Phaeophyta) —Caepidium, Chordaria, Myriogloia, Papenfussiella, Scytothamnus, Tinocladia. Chordariopsis capensis (C. Ag.) Kyhn (Chordanopsidaceae) is reported from the Auckland Islands. This is the first record of this monotypic family in the New Zealand botanical region.
ABSTRACT This is the first report of the growth in culture of Porphyra subtumens J. Agardh ex Lai... more ABSTRACT This is the first report of the growth in culture of Porphyra subtumens J. Agardh ex Laing (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), an obligate epiphyte of Durvillaea species and endemic to New Zealand waters. Archeospores, previously observed on field material, develop directly into the blade phase. Spores released from field collected blades form conchocelis. Conchospores develop into new blades, completing the life history in culture. Earlier reports of reproduction in P. subtumens gave conflicting accounts with some authors citing this species as having an asexual, monophasic life history with an unusual form of spore production, while others described spermatangia and carposporangia on the blade phase.
Sixteen marine macroalgae from New Zealand were described by Tore Levring in two papers in 1949 a... more Sixteen marine macroalgae from New Zealand were described by Tore Levring in two papers in 1949 and 1955. From the time of publication there has been confusion about the location and the identity of type material of the taxa Levring described. Although a number of attempts have been made to locate these types, the majority have remained effectively lost until two recent studies that revealed the location and identity of these specimens. This paper documents the status of type material of taxa of New Zealand macroalgae described by Levring and their current location in order that this material becomes publicly accessible. Lectotypes are selected for six species.
A new species, Marginariella parsonsii (Seirococcaceae, Phaeophyta), is described from the Bounty... more A new species, Marginariella parsonsii (Seirococcaceae, Phaeophyta), is described from the Bounty and Antipodes Islands, southern New Zealand. The genus Marginariella is endemic to New Zealand, with two widespread species, M boryana and M. urvilliana. This new species can be distinguished from the other members of the genus as it lacks vesicles, possesses very narrow, strap-like fronds, and is restricted to the Bounty and Antipodes Islands to the southeast of the New Zealand mainland.
The purpose of this note is to record the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew... more The purpose of this note is to record the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew et Ross (Porphyridiales, Rhodophyceae) from a marine site in New Zealand. This is the first New Zealand record of a marine unicellular red alga. P. purpureum has a cosmopolitan distribution and is found characteristically in brackish inland salt marshes, limestone areas and in terrestrial habitats on soil with a rich supply of organic matter. There have also been reports of this alga from marine habitats in Europe and North America (Kylin, 1937; Ott, 1972; Moestrup et al., 1975). In New Zealand there have been two records of unicellular red algae identified as P. purpureum: Lindsay (1865), as Palmella cruenta Ag., from limestone caves, and Chapman et al. (1957), as Porphyridium cruentum Naegeli, in a greenhouse. Neither account gives any details about the organism, and no reference specimens are designated, so that it is not possible to verify these records, although the habitats given are typical of P. purpureum.
Lessonia variegata J. Agardh (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) is endemic to New Zealand, where it occur... more Lessonia variegata J. Agardh (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) is endemic to New Zealand, where it occurs in subtidal kelp forests on wave exposed coasts in the North, South and Stewart Islands. This is the first account of the growth in culture and life history of L. variegata. Microscopic gametophytes alternate with macroscopic sporophytes, characteristic of members of the order Laminariales. The life
The monotypic genus Caepidium antarcticum J. Ag. is found in subantarctic waters. It has been rec... more The monotypic genus Caepidium antarcticum J. Ag. is found in subantarctic waters. It has been recorded from Fuegia, Falkland Islands (the type locality), South Georgia, lies Kerguelen, and Campbell Island, New Zealand (Papenfuss 1964). This brown alga consists of a crustose System from which arise both upright axes and wartor bladder-like proliferations. The upright Chordaria-\ike axes are percurrent and clothed with short, numerous laterals which bear unilocular sporangia. These erect shoots develop from cup-like depressions found at the tips of the branching prostrate thallus. The bladders develop out of the crust and form plurilocular organs in sori. Thus, an individual of this species can possess three morphological phases. This distinctive morphology has posed a problem in Interpretation, and Caepidium has been treated by taxonomists in basically two ways; classified on the basis of the upright System into the Chordariaceae (e.g. Agardh 1882, Skottsberg 1921, Kylin 1933, 1940, Lindauer 1947, Lindauer et al. 1961, Papenfuss 1964, Kim 1971), or placed in the Encoeliaceae or Punctariaceae on the basis of crust and bladder characteristics (e.g. Skottsberg 1907, Reinbold 1908, Levring 1945, 1960).
Endosporangia have been discovered in natural populations of a New Zealand species of Porphym. An... more Endosporangia have been discovered in natural populations of a New Zealand species of Porphym. An endosporangium develops in one of two ways: either it breaks open to release spores which develop directly into blades, or the endosporangium remains intact, becomes polarised and develops a rhizoidal basal region and a blade. Previously, endosporangia have been found only in members of two of the four orders in the subclass Bangiophydicae, the Porphyridiales and the Compsopogonales, and have not been recorded for any species of Porphyra or for other members of the order Bangiales.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2007
The red alga Grateloupia turuturu is recorded from New Zealand waters for the first time. This sp... more The red alga Grateloupia turuturu is recorded from New Zealand waters for the first time. This species, native to Japan, is considered to be invasive in western Europe, North America, and Tasmania. The occurrence of G. turuturu is confirmed by molecular analysis of chloroplastencoded rbcL and mitochondrial cox2-3 spacer sequences as well as the vegetative and reproductive anatomy of both tetrasporophyte and gametophyte specimens.
Commercial interest in harvesting wild stocks ofPorphyra and concern for this prized resource by ... more Commercial interest in harvesting wild stocks ofPorphyra and concern for this prized resource by the Maori community highlighted the need to investigate the impact of harvest method and timing onPorphyra beds. Harvesting trials were carried out at two locations near Kaikoura (South Island) and one in Wellington (southern North Island) between June 1987 and September 1987. At each of five sampling sites, ten replicate sets of four quadrats were used to test the effects of harvest method and timing on yield and regeneration. The method of harvest had a major effect on the extent of regeneration: in quadrats in which thePorphyra had been cut with basal portions left intact there were harvestable plants within two months, whereas in quadrats which were cleared of allPorphyra there was very little growth after the same period. Harvests in the latter half of thePorphyra growing season gave greater yields at all sites except Wellington. Several species ofPorphyra were found to exist at the Kaikoura sampling sites and a single, different, species at the Wellington site. There were site to site differences in the yields.
An examination of the specific terms used to describe reproduction and life history in the red al... more An examination of the specific terms used to describe reproduction and life history in the red algal genus Porphyra is undertaken to clarify the subject. It is recommended that the terms carpospore and carposporangium are no longer used for this genus. The term phyllospore is proposed for spores produced in spore packets by the blade phase, unless the ploidy or subsequent development of the spores is known, in which case, the terms zygotospore, agamospore or neutral spore can be applied. It is recommended that the terms spermatia and spermatangia are used for male reproductive structures. Archeospores, endospores, protothalli, conchospores and neutral conchospores are also defined.
Although the diverse uses of Gelidium as food and in the production of agar and paper pulp have i... more Although the diverse uses of Gelidium as food and in the production of agar and paper pulp have increased research interest in this genus, the taxonomy and biogeography of several species of Gelidium remain largely unstudied. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cox1 and plastid rbcL sequences of selected species of Gelidium. The data revealed that Gelidium allanii, Gelidium johnstonii, and Gelidium koshikianum, species that share a similar morphology, formed a monophyletic clade with a wide distribution around the Pacific rim. Because G . johnstonii Setchell & Gardner has nomenclatural priority over G . allanii V.J. Chapman and G. koshikianum Shimada et al., we synonymize the latter two species with the former. Based on the extremely low genetic divergences (0.0-0.2 % for rbcL and 0.0-0.4 % for cox 1) between Korean and Mexican specimens of G . johnstonii and its sister relationship with Asian species, we consider that G. johnstonii may have been recently dispersed by anthropogenic agents. The New Zealand endemic Gelidium longipes and Gelidium crinale from Australia were compared with both rbcL and cox1, and were found to be identical. Although the transfer of G. logipes to G. crinale is necessary, the Australasian group within G. crinale is separated from other populations of the species, and we therefore recognize it as a subspecies. Biogeography of Gelidium on the basis of rbcL phylogeny of the 59 Gelidium species is briefly discussed.
The genetic diversity of the green algal genus Ulva sensu lato in the New Zealand region was surv... more The genetic diversity of the green algal genus Ulva sensu lato in the New Zealand region was surveyed, examining rbc L sequences of 581 samples from a wide geographical range. Twenty-four genetically distinct taxa were discovered in New Zealand waters, belonging to ...
We examined three species of diminutive Porphyra, Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman from the North ... more We examined three species of diminutive Porphyra, Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman from the North Pacific, Porphyra lilliputiana W. A. Nelson, G. A. Knight et M. W. Hawkes from the South Pacific, and Porphyra carolinensis Coll et J. Cox from the western North Atlantic. These taxa were compared in terms of morphology, habitat data and sequence haplotypes of nuclear small subunit rDNA (SSU) and internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rDNA cistron (ITS). These three species have similar morphologies and growth habits, and share very similar type descriptions and habitat records. Haplotype variation was found within the 11 samples of P. lilliputiana we examined and within P. suborbiculata samples from two locations, but the single P. carolinensis haplotype (from collections from two separate locations) was identical to one found in several widespread P. lilliputiana samples. Unrooted phylogenetic trees based on sequence data do not support any of the three species as being a monophyletic group. We conclude that these three taxa represent a single species with the oldest name P. suborbiculata having nomenclatural priority. It is likely that P. suborbiculata has recently been introduced to the western Atlantic from the Pacific region.
Coralline red algae (Rhodophyta, orders Corallinales, Hapalidiales, and Sporolithales) are consid... more Coralline red algae (Rhodophyta, orders Corallinales, Hapalidiales, and Sporolithales) are considered ecosystem engineers for the functional roles they perform, including providing habitats and niches that support a high diversity and abundance of marine animals and algae. As calcifying organisms, coralline algae are vulnerable to global climate change, particularly to the impacts of ocean acidification, and also vulnerable to the impacts of a range of human activities including physical disruption from trawling, dredging, anchoring, as well as people trampling over rocky reefs, and from reductions in water quality, alterations to water movement, and aquaculture installations. Research funded through the Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (ZBD200105, ZBD200407, ZBD200903, ZBD201407) has built baseline information on the diversity and distribution of coralline algae of New Zealand, contributing specimens and data to national herbaria to enable further systematic research. The research has revealed very high species and generic diversity within the New Zealand region with 141 species predicted to occur in the region, and particularly high diversity in the south (99 species predicted). Significant progress has been made on documenting and understanding distributions of corallines in New Zealand (e.g., geographic: northern, central and southern; ecological: rhodoliths, Foveaux Strait oyster beds), although more information is needed about regional differences, habitat requirements at a species level, and the ecological services that individual species provide.
A taxonomic revision is presented of the New Zealand genera of the Chordariaceae (Phaeophyta) —Ca... more A taxonomic revision is presented of the New Zealand genera of the Chordariaceae (Phaeophyta) —Caepidium, Chordaria, Myriogloia, Papenfussiella, Scytothamnus, Tinocladia. Chordariopsis capensis (C. Ag.) Kyhn (Chordanopsidaceae) is reported from the Auckland Islands. This is the first record of this monotypic family in the New Zealand botanical region.
ABSTRACT This is the first report of the growth in culture of Porphyra subtumens J. Agardh ex Lai... more ABSTRACT This is the first report of the growth in culture of Porphyra subtumens J. Agardh ex Laing (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), an obligate epiphyte of Durvillaea species and endemic to New Zealand waters. Archeospores, previously observed on field material, develop directly into the blade phase. Spores released from field collected blades form conchocelis. Conchospores develop into new blades, completing the life history in culture. Earlier reports of reproduction in P. subtumens gave conflicting accounts with some authors citing this species as having an asexual, monophasic life history with an unusual form of spore production, while others described spermatangia and carposporangia on the blade phase.
Sixteen marine macroalgae from New Zealand were described by Tore Levring in two papers in 1949 a... more Sixteen marine macroalgae from New Zealand were described by Tore Levring in two papers in 1949 and 1955. From the time of publication there has been confusion about the location and the identity of type material of the taxa Levring described. Although a number of attempts have been made to locate these types, the majority have remained effectively lost until two recent studies that revealed the location and identity of these specimens. This paper documents the status of type material of taxa of New Zealand macroalgae described by Levring and their current location in order that this material becomes publicly accessible. Lectotypes are selected for six species.
A new species, Marginariella parsonsii (Seirococcaceae, Phaeophyta), is described from the Bounty... more A new species, Marginariella parsonsii (Seirococcaceae, Phaeophyta), is described from the Bounty and Antipodes Islands, southern New Zealand. The genus Marginariella is endemic to New Zealand, with two widespread species, M boryana and M. urvilliana. This new species can be distinguished from the other members of the genus as it lacks vesicles, possesses very narrow, strap-like fronds, and is restricted to the Bounty and Antipodes Islands to the southeast of the New Zealand mainland.
The purpose of this note is to record the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew... more The purpose of this note is to record the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew et Ross (Porphyridiales, Rhodophyceae) from a marine site in New Zealand. This is the first New Zealand record of a marine unicellular red alga. P. purpureum has a cosmopolitan distribution and is found characteristically in brackish inland salt marshes, limestone areas and in terrestrial habitats on soil with a rich supply of organic matter. There have also been reports of this alga from marine habitats in Europe and North America (Kylin, 1937; Ott, 1972; Moestrup et al., 1975). In New Zealand there have been two records of unicellular red algae identified as P. purpureum: Lindsay (1865), as Palmella cruenta Ag., from limestone caves, and Chapman et al. (1957), as Porphyridium cruentum Naegeli, in a greenhouse. Neither account gives any details about the organism, and no reference specimens are designated, so that it is not possible to verify these records, although the habitats given are typical of P. purpureum.
Lessonia variegata J. Agardh (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) is endemic to New Zealand, where it occur... more Lessonia variegata J. Agardh (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) is endemic to New Zealand, where it occurs in subtidal kelp forests on wave exposed coasts in the North, South and Stewart Islands. This is the first account of the growth in culture and life history of L. variegata. Microscopic gametophytes alternate with macroscopic sporophytes, characteristic of members of the order Laminariales. The life
The monotypic genus Caepidium antarcticum J. Ag. is found in subantarctic waters. It has been rec... more The monotypic genus Caepidium antarcticum J. Ag. is found in subantarctic waters. It has been recorded from Fuegia, Falkland Islands (the type locality), South Georgia, lies Kerguelen, and Campbell Island, New Zealand (Papenfuss 1964). This brown alga consists of a crustose System from which arise both upright axes and wartor bladder-like proliferations. The upright Chordaria-\ike axes are percurrent and clothed with short, numerous laterals which bear unilocular sporangia. These erect shoots develop from cup-like depressions found at the tips of the branching prostrate thallus. The bladders develop out of the crust and form plurilocular organs in sori. Thus, an individual of this species can possess three morphological phases. This distinctive morphology has posed a problem in Interpretation, and Caepidium has been treated by taxonomists in basically two ways; classified on the basis of the upright System into the Chordariaceae (e.g. Agardh 1882, Skottsberg 1921, Kylin 1933, 1940, Lindauer 1947, Lindauer et al. 1961, Papenfuss 1964, Kim 1971), or placed in the Encoeliaceae or Punctariaceae on the basis of crust and bladder characteristics (e.g. Skottsberg 1907, Reinbold 1908, Levring 1945, 1960).
Endosporangia have been discovered in natural populations of a New Zealand species of Porphym. An... more Endosporangia have been discovered in natural populations of a New Zealand species of Porphym. An endosporangium develops in one of two ways: either it breaks open to release spores which develop directly into blades, or the endosporangium remains intact, becomes polarised and develops a rhizoidal basal region and a blade. Previously, endosporangia have been found only in members of two of the four orders in the subclass Bangiophydicae, the Porphyridiales and the Compsopogonales, and have not been recorded for any species of Porphyra or for other members of the order Bangiales.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2007
The red alga Grateloupia turuturu is recorded from New Zealand waters for the first time. This sp... more The red alga Grateloupia turuturu is recorded from New Zealand waters for the first time. This species, native to Japan, is considered to be invasive in western Europe, North America, and Tasmania. The occurrence of G. turuturu is confirmed by molecular analysis of chloroplastencoded rbcL and mitochondrial cox2-3 spacer sequences as well as the vegetative and reproductive anatomy of both tetrasporophyte and gametophyte specimens.
Commercial interest in harvesting wild stocks ofPorphyra and concern for this prized resource by ... more Commercial interest in harvesting wild stocks ofPorphyra and concern for this prized resource by the Maori community highlighted the need to investigate the impact of harvest method and timing onPorphyra beds. Harvesting trials were carried out at two locations near Kaikoura (South Island) and one in Wellington (southern North Island) between June 1987 and September 1987. At each of five sampling sites, ten replicate sets of four quadrats were used to test the effects of harvest method and timing on yield and regeneration. The method of harvest had a major effect on the extent of regeneration: in quadrats in which thePorphyra had been cut with basal portions left intact there were harvestable plants within two months, whereas in quadrats which were cleared of allPorphyra there was very little growth after the same period. Harvests in the latter half of thePorphyra growing season gave greater yields at all sites except Wellington. Several species ofPorphyra were found to exist at the Kaikoura sampling sites and a single, different, species at the Wellington site. There were site to site differences in the yields.
An examination of the specific terms used to describe reproduction and life history in the red al... more An examination of the specific terms used to describe reproduction and life history in the red algal genus Porphyra is undertaken to clarify the subject. It is recommended that the terms carpospore and carposporangium are no longer used for this genus. The term phyllospore is proposed for spores produced in spore packets by the blade phase, unless the ploidy or subsequent development of the spores is known, in which case, the terms zygotospore, agamospore or neutral spore can be applied. It is recommended that the terms spermatia and spermatangia are used for male reproductive structures. Archeospores, endospores, protothalli, conchospores and neutral conchospores are also defined.
Although the diverse uses of Gelidium as food and in the production of agar and paper pulp have i... more Although the diverse uses of Gelidium as food and in the production of agar and paper pulp have increased research interest in this genus, the taxonomy and biogeography of several species of Gelidium remain largely unstudied. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cox1 and plastid rbcL sequences of selected species of Gelidium. The data revealed that Gelidium allanii, Gelidium johnstonii, and Gelidium koshikianum, species that share a similar morphology, formed a monophyletic clade with a wide distribution around the Pacific rim. Because G . johnstonii Setchell & Gardner has nomenclatural priority over G . allanii V.J. Chapman and G. koshikianum Shimada et al., we synonymize the latter two species with the former. Based on the extremely low genetic divergences (0.0-0.2 % for rbcL and 0.0-0.4 % for cox 1) between Korean and Mexican specimens of G . johnstonii and its sister relationship with Asian species, we consider that G. johnstonii may have been recently dispersed by anthropogenic agents. The New Zealand endemic Gelidium longipes and Gelidium crinale from Australia were compared with both rbcL and cox1, and were found to be identical. Although the transfer of G. logipes to G. crinale is necessary, the Australasian group within G. crinale is separated from other populations of the species, and we therefore recognize it as a subspecies. Biogeography of Gelidium on the basis of rbcL phylogeny of the 59 Gelidium species is briefly discussed.
The genetic diversity of the green algal genus Ulva sensu lato in the New Zealand region was surv... more The genetic diversity of the green algal genus Ulva sensu lato in the New Zealand region was surveyed, examining rbc L sequences of 581 samples from a wide geographical range. Twenty-four genetically distinct taxa were discovered in New Zealand waters, belonging to ...
We examined three species of diminutive Porphyra, Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman from the North ... more We examined three species of diminutive Porphyra, Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman from the North Pacific, Porphyra lilliputiana W. A. Nelson, G. A. Knight et M. W. Hawkes from the South Pacific, and Porphyra carolinensis Coll et J. Cox from the western North Atlantic. These taxa were compared in terms of morphology, habitat data and sequence haplotypes of nuclear small subunit rDNA (SSU) and internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rDNA cistron (ITS). These three species have similar morphologies and growth habits, and share very similar type descriptions and habitat records. Haplotype variation was found within the 11 samples of P. lilliputiana we examined and within P. suborbiculata samples from two locations, but the single P. carolinensis haplotype (from collections from two separate locations) was identical to one found in several widespread P. lilliputiana samples. Unrooted phylogenetic trees based on sequence data do not support any of the three species as being a monophyletic group. We conclude that these three taxa represent a single species with the oldest name P. suborbiculata having nomenclatural priority. It is likely that P. suborbiculata has recently been introduced to the western Atlantic from the Pacific region.
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Papers by Wendy Nelson