Papers by Venugopal Ramalingam
Nanoparticles are extensively being used in modern life due to their distinctive properties such ... more Nanoparticles are extensively being used in modern life due to their distinctive properties such as small size and large surface area per mass. These unique features of large surface area may exhibit very high biological reactivity on living organisms. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in cosmetics, food additives, pharmaceuticals and engineering including electronics. Their wide applications may reveal high exposure to humans, so analysis of its reactivity and toxicity in the body is important. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rutile and anatase mixed TiO2 NPs (<100 nm) on the changes of haematological biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Findings showed most prominent changes in red blood cells (P<0.001), haemoglobin (P<0.001), haematocrit (P<0.001), mean corpuscular volume (P<0.001), platelets (P<0.001) and total platelet crit (P<0.001) of TiO2 NPs intoxicated rats. Our findings indicate that reticulo-endothelial system...
Toxicology Letters, 2011
S125 were analyzed in extreme genotypes, whose fitness was compared along a gradient of growing N... more S125 were analyzed in extreme genotypes, whose fitness was compared along a gradient of growing NaCl concentrations. While EC 50 values demonstrated an overlap of the sensitivity of genotypes to NaCl, ST supported the idea of population differentiation. All tolerant genotypes (in terms of ST) to high levels of NaCl, except one, originated from the brackish population. On the contrary, life-history assays of extreme genotypes showed that fitness under saline stress was overall unrelated to environmental context. Furthermore, lifehistory experiments showed that tolerance to salinity is present in freshwater populations, thus demonstrating their potential to adapt to salinity increases.
Pesticides usage is one of the major-concern for aquatic pollution. Pesticides enter the aquatic ... more Pesticides usage is one of the major-concern for aquatic pollution. Pesticides enter the aquatic ecosystem through various routes and exert its effects to aquatic biota. Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid widely used to control many insect pests. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sub-lethal effect of cypermethrin on the biochemical changes in the tissues such as gills, muscle, brain, liver and kidney of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1/10 of LC ) of th 50 cypermethrin for four different durations, 1, 10, 20 and 30 days. The activities of Adenosine Triphosphatases (ATPases) were evaluated. A significant decrease was observed in Ca , Mg and Na /K ATPases activities + + + + in almost all the organs of experimental groups when compared with the control group. However, the observed changes were found to be in a duration dependent manner. The obtained results from the present study indicate a marked toxic effect o...
Nanoparticles are extensively being used in modern life due to their distinctive properties such ... more Nanoparticles are extensively being used in modern life due to their distinctive properties such as small size and large surface area per mass. These unique features of large surface area may exhibit very high biological reactivity on living organisms. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in cosmetics, food additives, pharmaceuticals and engineering including electronics. Their wide applications may reveal high exposure to humans, so analysis of its reactivity and toxicity in the body is important. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rutile and anatase mixed TiO2 NPs (<100 nm) on the changes of haematological biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Findings showed most prominent changes in red blood cells (P<0.001), haemoglobin (P<0.001), haematocrit (P<0.001), mean corpuscular volume (P<0.001), platelets (P<0.001) and total plateletcrit (P<0.001) of TiO2 NPs intoxicated rats. Our findings indicate that reticulo-endothelial system ...
Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 2014
Background: In recent years, the use of chemicals in agriculture, industry, and public health has... more Background: In recent years, the use of chemicals in agriculture, industry, and public health has become so common that the environment is continuously contaminated by the toxic substance-like metals. Aluminum released due to anthropogenic activities such as mining and industrial uses. Aluminium has several industrial uses. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the testis and epididymis of rats. Methods: Adult male rats were administered with aluminium chloride at two different doses, 50 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight, orally, daily for 45 days. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and their testis and the epididymis were removed. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were assayed. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), vitamin C, and vitamin E levels...
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013
In this study, freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was exposed to sub lethal concentration of synthet... more In this study, freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was exposed to sub lethal concentration of synthetic pyrethroids insecticide cypermethrin to evaluate the impact on nucleic acids in different organs. Fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentration (1/10th of LC50 value) of cypermethrin for three different durations, 7, 14 and 21 days. In seven day exposed fishes, DNA and RNA contents were not altered by cypermethrin. Whereas in 14 day and 21 day exposed fishes the DNA and RNA content decreased significantly in brain, gills and liver. However, the decrease was more in 21 day exposed fishes. The reduction in the DNA and RNA content in cypermethrin exposed fishes is comparatively less in liver when compared to the brain and gills. Cypermethrin treatment diminished RNA/DNA ratio in all the fish organs tested. In all the three organs studied, the influence of cypermethrin was found to be exposure time dependent.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, Jul 7, 2018
Objective: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmeceut... more Objective: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, biomedical and industrial applications. The adverse effects of TiO2 NPs are also increasing alarmingly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs on biochemical and histological changes in different regions of brain in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Two different doses of TiO2 NPs (50 mg/kg b. w and 100 mg/kg b. w) administered orally for 14 d along with one control group, each group consisting of six animals. Standard biochemical methods were adopted for the estimation of enzymes alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, ATPases and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Trace elements calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium as well as metals like iron, zinc and copper were also estimated. Results: When compared with the control group, the enzymes ATPases, ALP, 5'-NT and GGT activities were significantly decreased in both the TiO2 NPs treated groups. Ca, Na, Fe, Cu and TiO2 contents were significantly increased in both the experimental groups, while the K, Mg and Zn contents decreased. However, the changes in the parameters studied were more in 100 mg treated group (p<0.001) when compared to the 50 mg treated group (p<0.05and p<0.01). Moreover, it is also evident that different regions responded differently due to TiO2 NPs exposure. The changes were maximum in the cerebral hemisphere (p<0.001) followed by medulla oblongata (p<0.001) and cerebrum (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results clearly imply that TiO2 NPs could impair the electrochemical gradient, ionic homeostasis and membrane stability in different regions of the rat brain.
Advanced Materials Letters
Nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively being used in modern life due to their distinctive properties... more Nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively being used in modern life due to their distinctive properties like small size having large surface area. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are mostly used in cosmetic products, food additives, pharmaceuticals and electronics. They are capable of inducing oxidative stress in both animals and human. The intention of this study was to find out the hepatotoxic effect of TiO2 NPs on the male Wistar rats. The animals were divided in to three groups. First group received normal saline; Second group received TiO2 NPs (50 mg/kg/bw) for 14 days continuously, while third group received TiO2 NPs (100 mg/kg/bw) for the same duration. The increased levels of specific markers AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and GGT along with the TBARS, LOOH, CD and PC in the liver clearly shows the hepatotoxic action of TiO2. The hepatotoxic nature of TiO2 NPs was more evidenced by the diminished activity of antioxidant enzymes levels and also showed augmented DNA damage and fragmentation in hepatocytes. In conclusion, the data indicated that TiO2 NPs induced oxidative stress which produces hepatotoxicity in the rat liver.
Biology of Reproduction, 2011
Nanomedicine Journal, 2015
Objective(s): Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in commercial food addi... more Objective(s): Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in commercial food additives and cosmetics worldwide. Uptake of these nanoparticulate into humans by different routes and may exhibit potential side effects, lags behind the rapid development of nanotechnology. Thus, the present study designed to evaluate the toxic effect of mixed rutile and anatase TiO2 NPs on serum biochemical changes in rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, adult male Wistar rats were randomly allotted into the experimental and control groups (n=6), which were orally administered with 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of TiO2 NPs. Toxic effects were assessed by the changes of serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine. All the serum biochemical markers were experimented in rats, after 14-days of post exposure. Results: Changes of the serum specific parameters indicated that liver and kidney were significantly affected in both experimental groups. The changes between the levels of total protein, glucose, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase indicate that TiO2 NPs induces liver damage. Significant increase in the blood urea nitrogen and uric acid indicates the renal damage in the TiO2 NPs treated rats. Conclusion: The data shows that the oral administration of TiO2 NPs (&lt;100nm) may lead to hepatic and renal toxicity in experimental rats.
Asian Journal of Andrology
To study the effect of mercuric chloride on the membrane-bound enzymes. The effect of mercuric ch... more To study the effect of mercuric chloride on the membrane-bound enzymes. The effect of mercuric chloride at two different doses, 1 mg/kg (low dose) and 2 mg/kg (high dose), orally for 30 days, was observed on the membrane-bound enzymes in the testis of adult albino rats. Mercuric chloride significantly decreased the body weight and testis weight in the high dose group (P< 0.05), but not in the low dose group. The activities of 5'nucleotidase and adenosine triphosphatases were markedly decreased (P< 0.01) in the testis of both groups. Alkaline phosphatase and ggr-glutamyl transferase activities were significantly increased (P< 0.01) in both groups. However, the effect was more pronounced in the high than in the low dose groups. The dose dependent effect of mercuric chloride on these enzymes may affect the membrane characteristics and thereby the fertility of the animal.
Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India, 2003
The effect of mercuric chloride at two different doses, 0.5 mg/kg body weight (low dose), 1 mg/kg... more The effect of mercuric chloride at two different doses, 0.5 mg/kg body weight (low dose), 1 mg/kg body weight (high dose), for 30 days, was seen on the circulating hormones in the mature male albino rats. Testosterone level was markedly decreased in the low dose (P < 0.01) and high dose (P < 0.001) treated animals. The level of luteinizing hormone (LH) was also reduced in the low dose (P < 0.01) as well as in the high dose (P < 0.001) treated animals. However, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) levels were found to be decreased only in the high dose (P < 0. 05) treated animals and no change was observed in the low dose treated animals. The changes in the hormone levels caused by the mercuric chloride treatment suggest the dysfunction of pituitary-testicular axis.
Neoplasma, 1994
The enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and their relationship with circulating estradiol... more The enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and their relationship with circulating estradiol (ET2) and prolactin (Prl) were studied in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with fibroadenoma and carcinoma of breast. The activities of all the glycolytic enzymes studied were increased in breast carcinoma tissues except for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which showed decreased activity. Among the glycolytic enzymes studied, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found to be stimulated by elevated levels of serum ET2 and further stimulated by a simultaneous increase in Prl. However, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was more specifically stimulated by Prl rather than ET2. None of the glycolytic enzymes studied was altered in fibroadenoma breast tissues.
Neoplasma, 1993
Alkaline phosphatase, 5'nucleotidase and gammaglutamyl transferase were studied in premenopau... more Alkaline phosphatase, 5'nucleotidase and gammaglutamyl transferase were studied in premenopausal and post-menopausal women with fibroadenoma and breast carcinoma tissues. The relationship of circulating estradiol (E2) and prolactin (Prl) with these enzymes was also investigated. All the three enzyme activities were found to be elevated in the breast carcinoma tissues of both pre- and postmenopausal groups. None of the membrane bound enzymes studied was altered in fibroadenoma breast tissues. The activities of all the three enzymes in breast carcinoma tissues were stimulated by the elevated level of serum Prl and further stimulated by a simultaneous increase in E2.
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Papers by Venugopal Ramalingam