The article offers an overview on the forms and contents of the declarations accepting the compul... more The article offers an overview on the forms and contents of the declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ made under Article 36. para. 2. of the Statute. The author examines first the provisions of the Statutes of the two world courts, than the forms of declarations and the practice of the two International Courts on the validity and the entry into force of the declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction. Since the states are free to choose what form they please one can find a great variety of the forms and wording of the declarations. According to the Statute the only formality required is that a declaration should be deposited to the UN Secretary General and the intention of the state clearly results from a declaration. The ICJ dealt in several cases with the problem of the entry into force of the declarations and according to the wellestablished practice of the Court the data of the entry into force of these instruments corresponds to their deposit to the Secretary General.
The paper analyses the role and importance of the principle of reciprocity in the optional clause... more The paper analyses the role and importance of the principle of reciprocity in the optional clause system of the International Court of Justice. After a short description of the Statute provisions on reciprocity of the two International Courts the author deals with the stipulation of reciprocity in declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. The main part of the paper is devoted to the legal practice of the two International Courts on the matters of reciprocity. As a conclusion the author says that, by virtue of the principle of reciprocity, reservations to the acceptances of compulsory jurisdiction tend, in practice, to make their effect felt more often than not, precisely against the State or States making a reservation.
Time and again in the centuries-old history of interstate relations there have emerged ideas argu... more Time and again in the centuries-old history of interstate relations there have emerged ideas arguing that states have to submit their disputes for third party settlement, especially to adjudication as an alternative to war. Such conceptions can be traced to old legends, according to which disputes between states or sovereigns were settled by arbitration. The records that have come down to us suggest that in more than one case bitter disputes were submitted to arbitration and the majority of arbitral awards were executed by the parties. In other words, it seems that recourse to arbitration was for centuries a rare but successful means of settling interstate disputes. Arbitration between ancient Greeks was rather widespread. Relying on cases treated by various authors, Taube estimates that over five hundred years, from the 7th to the middle of the 2nd century B.C., the number of cases settled by arbitration between the city-states (polis) ran to about 110. 1 Some sort of arbitration was practised in theory by the Senate between allies (socii) in the Roman Empire, but one cannot speak of genuine arbitration at the time of the Roman Empire as Rome sought to have even the institution of arbitration serve its own expansionist aspirations. 2 As Nicolas Politis rightly points out 'Rome considered itself 1
Az Ukrajna elleni orosz agresszió és az azóta történt katonai cselekmények nemcsak a nemzetközi j... more Az Ukrajna elleni orosz agresszió és az azóta történt katonai cselekmények nemcsak a nemzetközi jog számos alapvető fontosságú szerződéses és szokásjogi szabályának súlyos sérelmét jelentik, hanem egyben a mai nemzetközi jogrend alapjait is megrengetik. Oroszország agressziója olyan univerzális nemzetközi szerződéseket sért, amelyeknek kidolgozásában a mai Oroszország elődállama, a Szovjetunió meghatározó szerepet játszott, ezen túlmenően pedig, kifejezetten Ukrajna függetlenségének és szuverenitásának tiszteletben tartására vonatkozó orosz vállalásokat. Miután ebben az esetben az agresszor állam a Biztonsági Tanács egyik állandó tagja, így a Uniting for Peace alapján a tanács helyett az ENSZ rendkívüli közgyűlése jár el, s tesz kollektív intézkedésekre vonatkozó ajánlásokat a tagállamok számára. A cikk részletesen tárgyalja az agressziót, a háború során megsértett legfontosabb nemzetközi szabályokat, az ENSZ rendkívüli közgyűlésének határozatait, valamint a háború befejezése utáni helyzetet és az Ukrajnának járó jóvátétel és kártérítés kérdését.
This analysis discusses the advisory opinion requested by the UN General Assembly from the Intern... more This analysis discusses the advisory opinion requested by the UN General Assembly from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in April 2023 on the obligations of states in respect of climate change. Although the ICJ’s decision cannot be expected before the autumn of 2024, important procedural anomalies have arisen, which require due regard to ensure that the ICJ can provide its advisory opinion in possession of sufficient information. In particular, firstly, not all Small Island Developing States have been notified by the ICJ and invited to submit written statements and, secondly, the amicus curiae provided by NGOs will be not accessible to the public. This analysis argues that all Small Island Developing States should have the opportunity to take part in the proceedings and the amicus curiae submitted by NGOs to the ICJ should receive proper publicity.
Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. Une décision récente de la Cour constitutionnelle hongroise sur le r... more Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. Une décision récente de la Cour constitutionnelle hongroise sur le rapport entre le droit international et le droit interne. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 46 N°3, Juillet-septembre 1994. pp. 905-909
Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. L'affaire du passage des ressortissants est-allemands à travers ... more Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. L'affaire du passage des ressortissants est-allemands à travers la Hongrie : commencement de la fin du droit international socialiste. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 36, 1990. pp. 125-143
In the Middle Ages, the arbitral settlement of disputes between souvereigns was relatively freque... more In the Middle Ages, the arbitral settlement of disputes between souvereigns was relatively frequently used and serving as sole arbitrators were, besides the Pope, sovereigns, kings, emperors and, not infrequently, certain institutions, law professors and lawyers acting on their behalf. By the 18th century, arbitration had practically disappeared from interstate relations, a fact which seems to be strange and incomprehensible, especially because the retreat of arbitration was witnessed precisely in the decades subsequent to the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, even though the foundation of contemporary international law was, in point of fact, laid by that Treaty. The idea of international arbitration was throughout centuries closely linked to different rather illusoryprojects of federation between states of the 'civilized' world, often with plans for 'perpetual peace' related thereto. 4 Among the various projects for 'perpetual peace' 2 On arbitration in the Graeco-Roman word see id., 24-56. 3 '… se considérant comme arbitre du monde, elle acceptait d'être juge, non justiciable'. Nicolas Politis, La Justice Internationale (2nd edn, Librairie Hachette, 1924), 27. 4 Such a conception was formulated in Pierre Dubois's work, 'De recuperatione Terrae Sanctae', probably of 1306, in the proposal of King George of Pogebrady of Bohemia and his advisor (the humanist, Antonio Marini from Geneva) concerning the alliance of Christian States in the second part of the 15th century, and in the perceptions of King Henry IV of France and presumably his Minister Sully about a federation of European States. For more detail, see, Ernst Reibstein, Völkerrecht, eine Geschichte seiner Ideen in Lehre und Praxis
The article offers an overview on the forms and contents of the declarations accepting the compul... more The article offers an overview on the forms and contents of the declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ made under Article 36. para. 2. of the Statute. The author examines first the provisions of the Statutes of the two world courts, than the forms of declarations and the practice of the two International Courts on the validity and the entry into force of the declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction. Since the states are free to choose what form they please one can find a great variety of the forms and wording of the declarations. According to the Statute the only formality required is that a declaration should be deposited to the UN Secretary General and the intention of the state clearly results from a declaration. The ICJ dealt in several cases with the problem of the entry into force of the declarations and according to the wellestablished practice of the Court the data of the entry into force of these instruments corresponds to their deposit to the Secretary General.
The paper analyses the role and importance of the principle of reciprocity in the optional clause... more The paper analyses the role and importance of the principle of reciprocity in the optional clause system of the International Court of Justice. After a short description of the Statute provisions on reciprocity of the two International Courts the author deals with the stipulation of reciprocity in declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. The main part of the paper is devoted to the legal practice of the two International Courts on the matters of reciprocity. As a conclusion the author says that, by virtue of the principle of reciprocity, reservations to the acceptances of compulsory jurisdiction tend, in practice, to make their effect felt more often than not, precisely against the State or States making a reservation.
Time and again in the centuries-old history of interstate relations there have emerged ideas argu... more Time and again in the centuries-old history of interstate relations there have emerged ideas arguing that states have to submit their disputes for third party settlement, especially to adjudication as an alternative to war. Such conceptions can be traced to old legends, according to which disputes between states or sovereigns were settled by arbitration. The records that have come down to us suggest that in more than one case bitter disputes were submitted to arbitration and the majority of arbitral awards were executed by the parties. In other words, it seems that recourse to arbitration was for centuries a rare but successful means of settling interstate disputes. Arbitration between ancient Greeks was rather widespread. Relying on cases treated by various authors, Taube estimates that over five hundred years, from the 7th to the middle of the 2nd century B.C., the number of cases settled by arbitration between the city-states (polis) ran to about 110. 1 Some sort of arbitration was practised in theory by the Senate between allies (socii) in the Roman Empire, but one cannot speak of genuine arbitration at the time of the Roman Empire as Rome sought to have even the institution of arbitration serve its own expansionist aspirations. 2 As Nicolas Politis rightly points out 'Rome considered itself 1
Az Ukrajna elleni orosz agresszió és az azóta történt katonai cselekmények nemcsak a nemzetközi j... more Az Ukrajna elleni orosz agresszió és az azóta történt katonai cselekmények nemcsak a nemzetközi jog számos alapvető fontosságú szerződéses és szokásjogi szabályának súlyos sérelmét jelentik, hanem egyben a mai nemzetközi jogrend alapjait is megrengetik. Oroszország agressziója olyan univerzális nemzetközi szerződéseket sért, amelyeknek kidolgozásában a mai Oroszország elődállama, a Szovjetunió meghatározó szerepet játszott, ezen túlmenően pedig, kifejezetten Ukrajna függetlenségének és szuverenitásának tiszteletben tartására vonatkozó orosz vállalásokat. Miután ebben az esetben az agresszor állam a Biztonsági Tanács egyik állandó tagja, így a Uniting for Peace alapján a tanács helyett az ENSZ rendkívüli közgyűlése jár el, s tesz kollektív intézkedésekre vonatkozó ajánlásokat a tagállamok számára. A cikk részletesen tárgyalja az agressziót, a háború során megsértett legfontosabb nemzetközi szabályokat, az ENSZ rendkívüli közgyűlésének határozatait, valamint a háború befejezése utáni helyzetet és az Ukrajnának járó jóvátétel és kártérítés kérdését.
This analysis discusses the advisory opinion requested by the UN General Assembly from the Intern... more This analysis discusses the advisory opinion requested by the UN General Assembly from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in April 2023 on the obligations of states in respect of climate change. Although the ICJ’s decision cannot be expected before the autumn of 2024, important procedural anomalies have arisen, which require due regard to ensure that the ICJ can provide its advisory opinion in possession of sufficient information. In particular, firstly, not all Small Island Developing States have been notified by the ICJ and invited to submit written statements and, secondly, the amicus curiae provided by NGOs will be not accessible to the public. This analysis argues that all Small Island Developing States should have the opportunity to take part in the proceedings and the amicus curiae submitted by NGOs to the ICJ should receive proper publicity.
Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. Une décision récente de la Cour constitutionnelle hongroise sur le r... more Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. Une décision récente de la Cour constitutionnelle hongroise sur le rapport entre le droit international et le droit interne. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 46 N°3, Juillet-septembre 1994. pp. 905-909
Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. L'affaire du passage des ressortissants est-allemands à travers ... more Lamm Vanda, Bragyova Andras. L'affaire du passage des ressortissants est-allemands à travers la Hongrie : commencement de la fin du droit international socialiste. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 36, 1990. pp. 125-143
In the Middle Ages, the arbitral settlement of disputes between souvereigns was relatively freque... more In the Middle Ages, the arbitral settlement of disputes between souvereigns was relatively frequently used and serving as sole arbitrators were, besides the Pope, sovereigns, kings, emperors and, not infrequently, certain institutions, law professors and lawyers acting on their behalf. By the 18th century, arbitration had practically disappeared from interstate relations, a fact which seems to be strange and incomprehensible, especially because the retreat of arbitration was witnessed precisely in the decades subsequent to the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, even though the foundation of contemporary international law was, in point of fact, laid by that Treaty. The idea of international arbitration was throughout centuries closely linked to different rather illusoryprojects of federation between states of the 'civilized' world, often with plans for 'perpetual peace' related thereto. 4 Among the various projects for 'perpetual peace' 2 On arbitration in the Graeco-Roman word see id., 24-56. 3 '… se considérant comme arbitre du monde, elle acceptait d'être juge, non justiciable'. Nicolas Politis, La Justice Internationale (2nd edn, Librairie Hachette, 1924), 27. 4 Such a conception was formulated in Pierre Dubois's work, 'De recuperatione Terrae Sanctae', probably of 1306, in the proposal of King George of Pogebrady of Bohemia and his advisor (the humanist, Antonio Marini from Geneva) concerning the alliance of Christian States in the second part of the 15th century, and in the perceptions of King Henry IV of France and presumably his Minister Sully about a federation of European States. For more detail, see, Ernst Reibstein, Völkerrecht, eine Geschichte seiner Ideen in Lehre und Praxis
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