En Que Se Diferencia La Danza De La Lluvia Del Barometro Y De Las Bajas Presiones Una Investigacion Sobre Como Aprendemos a Explicar Predecir Y Controlar Nuestro Entorno 2007 Isbn 978 84 9830 116 8 Pags 287 311, 2007
Several studies have shown that predictive and causal judgments vary depending on whether the que... more Several studies have shown that predictive and causal judgments vary depending on whether the question used to assess the relationship between events is presented after each piece of information or only after all the available information has been observed. This effect could be understood by assuming that in the two cases people perceive that the test question requires that different sets of evidence be taken into account. This hypothesis is tested in the present experiments through contextual manipulations that take place at the time of training and at the time of test. Our results show that people use this contextual information to infer which set of events should be considered when making their subjective assessments. The results are at odds with current theoretical approaches, but it is possible to develop mechanisms that would allow these models to account for the observed evidence.
En Que Se Diferencia La Danza De La Lluvia Del Barometro Y De Las Bajas Presiones Una Investigacion Sobre Como Aprendemos a Explicar Predecir Y Controlar Nuestro Entorno 2007 Isbn 978 84 9830 116 8 Pags 133 142, 2007
Depressive realism consists of the lower personal control over uncontrollable events perceived by... more Depressive realism consists of the lower personal control over uncontrollable events perceived by depressed as compared to nondepressed individuals. In this article, we propose that the realism of depressed individuals is caused not by an increased accuracy in perception, but by their more comprehensive exposure to the actual environmental contingencies, which in turn is due to their more passive pattern of responding. To test this hypothesis, dysphoric and nondysphoric participants were exposed to an uncontrollable task and both their probability of responding and their judgment of control were assessed. As was expected, higher levels of depression correlated negatively with probability of responding and with the illusion of control. Implications for a therapy of depression are discussed.
The present study aimed to replicate an associative learning effect, overshadowing, both in the t... more The present study aimed to replicate an associative learning effect, overshadowing, both in the traditional laboratory conditions and over the internet. The experimental task required participants to predict an outcome based on the presence of several cues. When a cue that was always trained together with a second cue was presented on isolation at test, the expectancy of the outcome was impaired, which revealed overshadowing. This experimental task was performed by undergraduate students (N = 106) in the laboratory and by a different set of anonymous participants over the internet (N = 91). Similar levels of overshadowing were obtained in both locations. These similarities show that web-delivered experiments can be used as a complement of traditional experiments.
Many theories of causal learning and causal induction differ in their assumptions about how peopl... more Many theories of causal learning and causal induction differ in their assumptions about how people combine the causal impact of several causes presented in compound. Some theories propose that when several causes are present, their joint causal impact is equal to the linear sum of the individual impact of each cause. However, some recent theories propose that the causal impact of several causes needs to be combined by means of a noisy-OR integration rule. In other words, the probability of the effect given several causes would be equal to the sum of the probability of the effect given each cause in isolation minus the overlap between those probabilities. In the present series of experiments, participants were given information about the causal impact of several causes and then they were asked what compounds of those causes they would prefer to use if they wanted to produce the effect. The results of these experiments suggest that participants actually use a variety of strategies, in...
En Que Se Diferencia La Danza De La Lluvia Del Barometro Y De Las Bajas Presiones Una Investigacion Sobre Como Aprendemos a Explicar Predecir Y Controlar Nuestro Entorno 2007 Isbn 978 84 9830 116 8 Pags 287 311, 2007
Several studies have shown that predictive and causal judgments vary depending on whether the que... more Several studies have shown that predictive and causal judgments vary depending on whether the question used to assess the relationship between events is presented after each piece of information or only after all the available information has been observed. This effect could be understood by assuming that in the two cases people perceive that the test question requires that different sets of evidence be taken into account. This hypothesis is tested in the present experiments through contextual manipulations that take place at the time of training and at the time of test. Our results show that people use this contextual information to infer which set of events should be considered when making their subjective assessments. The results are at odds with current theoretical approaches, but it is possible to develop mechanisms that would allow these models to account for the observed evidence.
En Que Se Diferencia La Danza De La Lluvia Del Barometro Y De Las Bajas Presiones Una Investigacion Sobre Como Aprendemos a Explicar Predecir Y Controlar Nuestro Entorno 2007 Isbn 978 84 9830 116 8 Pags 133 142, 2007
Depressive realism consists of the lower personal control over uncontrollable events perceived by... more Depressive realism consists of the lower personal control over uncontrollable events perceived by depressed as compared to nondepressed individuals. In this article, we propose that the realism of depressed individuals is caused not by an increased accuracy in perception, but by their more comprehensive exposure to the actual environmental contingencies, which in turn is due to their more passive pattern of responding. To test this hypothesis, dysphoric and nondysphoric participants were exposed to an uncontrollable task and both their probability of responding and their judgment of control were assessed. As was expected, higher levels of depression correlated negatively with probability of responding and with the illusion of control. Implications for a therapy of depression are discussed.
The present study aimed to replicate an associative learning effect, overshadowing, both in the t... more The present study aimed to replicate an associative learning effect, overshadowing, both in the traditional laboratory conditions and over the internet. The experimental task required participants to predict an outcome based on the presence of several cues. When a cue that was always trained together with a second cue was presented on isolation at test, the expectancy of the outcome was impaired, which revealed overshadowing. This experimental task was performed by undergraduate students (N = 106) in the laboratory and by a different set of anonymous participants over the internet (N = 91). Similar levels of overshadowing were obtained in both locations. These similarities show that web-delivered experiments can be used as a complement of traditional experiments.
Many theories of causal learning and causal induction differ in their assumptions about how peopl... more Many theories of causal learning and causal induction differ in their assumptions about how people combine the causal impact of several causes presented in compound. Some theories propose that when several causes are present, their joint causal impact is equal to the linear sum of the individual impact of each cause. However, some recent theories propose that the causal impact of several causes needs to be combined by means of a noisy-OR integration rule. In other words, the probability of the effect given several causes would be equal to the sum of the probability of the effect given each cause in isolation minus the overlap between those probabilities. In the present series of experiments, participants were given information about the causal impact of several causes and then they were asked what compounds of those causes they would prefer to use if they wanted to produce the effect. The results of these experiments suggest that participants actually use a variety of strategies, in...
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Papers by Miguel Vadillo