Learning new knowledge has been regarded as one of the most important objectives of corporate ven... more Learning new knowledge has been regarded as one of the most important objectives of corporate venturing (e.g. Keil, 2002; McNally, 1997; Schildt, Maula, & Keil, 2005). In particular, CVC investments enable firms to monitor the development of markets and technologies (Keil, 2002; McNally, 1997), to assimilate technologies previously used by the portfolio companies (Dushnitsky, 2004), and more generally to become more innovative (Chesbrough & Tucci, 2003; Dushnitsky & Lenox, 2005a, 2005b). On the other hand, the interorganizational learning is not unidirectional in a CVC investment. To add value and create wealth for both the entrepreneurs and VC fund investors, venture capitalists should act as advisors in addition to risk financial sponsors (e.g. Norton, 1995). Besides general business knowledge, corporate venture capitalists are superior in providing technology and marketing supports (Maula, Autio, & Murray, 2003). Although interorganizational learning is bilateral throughout CVC i...
Corporate venture capital (CVC) activity exposes firms to new technologies and markets. An import... more Corporate venture capital (CVC) activity exposes firms to new technologies and markets. An important but as yet unexplored question is the relationship of the industry diversification profile of the portfolio of venture companies to corporate value creation. Insights from options and diversification perspectives support our hypothesis that diversification of a corporate investor's portfolio of venture companies is related to corporate wealth creation in a U-shaped relationship. We also propose that a corporate investor's financial constraints moderate the relationship between the diversification profile of its CVC portfolio and value creation. When we tested our hypotheses using a sample of CVC investments across multiple industries, we found support for them, and these findings may inform the CVC activities of corporate investors.
Causal Mapping for Research in Information Technology, 2005
In this chapter, I provide an historical overview of the use of causal mapping, and its migration... more In this chapter, I provide an historical overview of the use of causal mapping, and its migration from political science to organization theory, and more recently into research efforts in Information Technology (IT). Since this migration has brought in its wake a diversity of perspectives and approaches, a secondary objective of this chapter is to sketch this diversity. I discuss the diversity in perspectives, research contexts and focus. Three perspectives (social constructionist, objectivist, and expert-anchored), four research contexts (discovery, hypothesis testing, evocative and intervention) and three types of foci (content, structure and behavior) are summarized.
ABSTRACT We argue that the collective assumptions of firms drive their actions and practices, and... more ABSTRACT We argue that the collective assumptions of firms drive their actions and practices, and create the conditions of industry velocity. In our view, cognitive construction by firms is the primary driver of industry velocity. This is in contrast to the contingency views common in the literature, which hold that industry velocity plays a role by constraining and shaping firm strategies. Specifically, we suggest that firms develop unique assumptions, social networks, and feedback mechanisms; that these mechanisms perpetuate patterns of changes in collective beliefs and aggregate actions; and that these patterns in turn shape high-and low-velocity conditions. We examine these assertions by tracing the collective beliefs of three aircraft (low-velocity) and semiconductor (high-velocity) firms over a 20-year period (1977--1997). Our results suggest that the cognitive construction view of industry velocity is reasonable.
Recently, text-based causal maps (TBCMs) have generated enthusiasm as a methodological tool becau... more Recently, text-based causal maps (TBCMs) have generated enthusiasm as a methodological tool because they provide a way of accessing large, untapped sources of data generated by organizations. Although TBCMs have been used extensively in organizational behavior and strategic management research, studies assessing the psychometric properties of TBCM measures are virtually nonexistent. With the intention of facilitating large-sample substantive research using TBCMs, the authors examine the construct validity of two most frequently employed structural properties of TBCMs: complexity and centrality. In assessing construct validity, they examine the internal consistency, dimensionality, and predictive validity of the structural properties. The results suggest that complexity is not a general cognitive attribute. Rather, it is indicative of domain knowledge. On the other hand, centrality, which reflects the degree of hierarchy characterizing the TBCM, is related to cognitive ability and ma...
In this field study, we examine the differences between fast cycle and regular team members on th... more In this field study, we examine the differences between fast cycle and regular team members on their learning and transition from project teams to functional departments. We track six projects draw...
This study explores the differences in organizational climate perceptions by managers and employe... more This study explores the differences in organizational climate perceptions by managers and employers of two divisions of a large multinational corporation, located in the U.S. and Europe respectivel...
Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, 2014
Canonical analysis; Canonical variate analysis; External factor analysis Glossary Canonical corre... more Canonical analysis; Canonical variate analysis; External factor analysis Glossary Canonical correlation Correlation between two canonical variates of the same pair. This is the criterion optimized by CCA Canonical loadings Correlation between the original variables and the canonical variates. Sometimes used as a synonym for canonical vectors (because these quantities differ only by their normalization) Canonical variates The latent variables (one per data table) computed in CCA (also called canonical variables, canonical variable scores, or canonical factor scores). The canonical variates have maximal correlation Canonical vectors The set of coefficients of the linear combinations used to compute the canonical variates, also called canonical weights. Canonical vectors are also sometimes called canonical loadings
This article integrates the literature on strategic cognition (SC) within a framework that links ... more This article integrates the literature on strategic cognition (SC) within a framework that links the antecedents, structure, and process of SC with outcomes. Reviewing the literature from 1993 (two years prior to Walsh's review of managerial and organizational cognition) until 2007, this article identifies three elements of SC structure (organizational identity, strategy frames, and organizational routines) and four SC processes (strategy formulation, strategy implementation, strategic change, and organizational learning). The literature portrays strategy formulation as a complex activity consisting of scanning, sensemaking, and decision making. Strategy implementation is composed of sensegiving, sensemaking, and issue selling. This review identifies five streams of empirical research with three well-developed themes (the antecedents and outcomes of strategy frames, determinants and consequences of strategy formulation, and cognitive construction of competitive/industry dynamics) and two emerging themes (the determinants and consequences of strategy implementation and the antecedents and outcomes of organizational identity). This review identifies several opportunities to extend the literature and outlines key methodological implications. Finally, the review addresses the need to build linkages to the ongoing theoretical conversations within strategic management literature.
... 46 Gerard P. Hodgkinson, The University of Leeds, UK Gail P. Clarkson, The University of Leed... more ... 46 Gerard P. Hodgkinson, The University of Leeds, UK Gail P. Clarkson, The University of Leeds, UK Section II: Advances in Causal Mapping Methods ChapterIV Revealing ... 263 Fran Ackermann, Strathclyde Business School, UK Colin Eden, Strathclyde Business School, UK ...
Purpose – Transition to a digital economy and the pervasiveness of IT in a firm’s operations toge... more Purpose – Transition to a digital economy and the pervasiveness of IT in a firm’s operations together has brought the IT function in corporations to the threshold of a needed transformation: from an orientation that prizes technical excellence to one that achieves continuous innovation by finding new opportunities to provide value to customers. Design/methodology/approach – The author believes that companies need to adopt customer-focused IT, this requires a shift in organizational culture, from considering technical excellence as an end in itself, to respecting customers as the centrally important stakeholder of an organization. Findings – In many companies, rethinking the IT function to focus it on providing value to the customer presents an opportunity to empower frontline employees, to make innovations in the company value chain and to maintain and to enhance competitive advantage. Practical implications – Changing to a customer focus requires dedicated continuous innovation to ...
This is the first book to provide an integrated, strategic view of management of technology. Focu... more This is the first book to provide an integrated, strategic view of management of technology. Focusing on both theory and practice, it addresses the contemporary challenges general managers face today--eg, globalization, time compression, technology integration--and explores several ...
ABSTRACTWe introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship... more ABSTRACTWe introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship. The theorizing and research on incubators have been primarily anchored in market failure perspective and carry over the assumptions about a free market economy, mostly implicitly into the empirical work. This ignores the influence of the institutional context and obscures processes that may come into play in emerging economies like India. Using Scott's model (2008) of institutional context, we argue how the institutional context provides a complementary perspective that may reveal a richer picture of incubator operation in emerging economies. We illustrate this in the case of academic incubators in India.
Learning new knowledge has been regarded as one of the most important objectives of corporate ven... more Learning new knowledge has been regarded as one of the most important objectives of corporate venturing (e.g. Keil, 2002; McNally, 1997; Schildt, Maula, & Keil, 2005). In particular, CVC investments enable firms to monitor the development of markets and technologies (Keil, 2002; McNally, 1997), to assimilate technologies previously used by the portfolio companies (Dushnitsky, 2004), and more generally to become more innovative (Chesbrough & Tucci, 2003; Dushnitsky & Lenox, 2005a, 2005b). On the other hand, the interorganizational learning is not unidirectional in a CVC investment. To add value and create wealth for both the entrepreneurs and VC fund investors, venture capitalists should act as advisors in addition to risk financial sponsors (e.g. Norton, 1995). Besides general business knowledge, corporate venture capitalists are superior in providing technology and marketing supports (Maula, Autio, & Murray, 2003). Although interorganizational learning is bilateral throughout CVC i...
Corporate venture capital (CVC) activity exposes firms to new technologies and markets. An import... more Corporate venture capital (CVC) activity exposes firms to new technologies and markets. An important but as yet unexplored question is the relationship of the industry diversification profile of the portfolio of venture companies to corporate value creation. Insights from options and diversification perspectives support our hypothesis that diversification of a corporate investor's portfolio of venture companies is related to corporate wealth creation in a U-shaped relationship. We also propose that a corporate investor's financial constraints moderate the relationship between the diversification profile of its CVC portfolio and value creation. When we tested our hypotheses using a sample of CVC investments across multiple industries, we found support for them, and these findings may inform the CVC activities of corporate investors.
Causal Mapping for Research in Information Technology, 2005
In this chapter, I provide an historical overview of the use of causal mapping, and its migration... more In this chapter, I provide an historical overview of the use of causal mapping, and its migration from political science to organization theory, and more recently into research efforts in Information Technology (IT). Since this migration has brought in its wake a diversity of perspectives and approaches, a secondary objective of this chapter is to sketch this diversity. I discuss the diversity in perspectives, research contexts and focus. Three perspectives (social constructionist, objectivist, and expert-anchored), four research contexts (discovery, hypothesis testing, evocative and intervention) and three types of foci (content, structure and behavior) are summarized.
ABSTRACT We argue that the collective assumptions of firms drive their actions and practices, and... more ABSTRACT We argue that the collective assumptions of firms drive their actions and practices, and create the conditions of industry velocity. In our view, cognitive construction by firms is the primary driver of industry velocity. This is in contrast to the contingency views common in the literature, which hold that industry velocity plays a role by constraining and shaping firm strategies. Specifically, we suggest that firms develop unique assumptions, social networks, and feedback mechanisms; that these mechanisms perpetuate patterns of changes in collective beliefs and aggregate actions; and that these patterns in turn shape high-and low-velocity conditions. We examine these assertions by tracing the collective beliefs of three aircraft (low-velocity) and semiconductor (high-velocity) firms over a 20-year period (1977--1997). Our results suggest that the cognitive construction view of industry velocity is reasonable.
Recently, text-based causal maps (TBCMs) have generated enthusiasm as a methodological tool becau... more Recently, text-based causal maps (TBCMs) have generated enthusiasm as a methodological tool because they provide a way of accessing large, untapped sources of data generated by organizations. Although TBCMs have been used extensively in organizational behavior and strategic management research, studies assessing the psychometric properties of TBCM measures are virtually nonexistent. With the intention of facilitating large-sample substantive research using TBCMs, the authors examine the construct validity of two most frequently employed structural properties of TBCMs: complexity and centrality. In assessing construct validity, they examine the internal consistency, dimensionality, and predictive validity of the structural properties. The results suggest that complexity is not a general cognitive attribute. Rather, it is indicative of domain knowledge. On the other hand, centrality, which reflects the degree of hierarchy characterizing the TBCM, is related to cognitive ability and ma...
In this field study, we examine the differences between fast cycle and regular team members on th... more In this field study, we examine the differences between fast cycle and regular team members on their learning and transition from project teams to functional departments. We track six projects draw...
This study explores the differences in organizational climate perceptions by managers and employe... more This study explores the differences in organizational climate perceptions by managers and employers of two divisions of a large multinational corporation, located in the U.S. and Europe respectivel...
Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, 2014
Canonical analysis; Canonical variate analysis; External factor analysis Glossary Canonical corre... more Canonical analysis; Canonical variate analysis; External factor analysis Glossary Canonical correlation Correlation between two canonical variates of the same pair. This is the criterion optimized by CCA Canonical loadings Correlation between the original variables and the canonical variates. Sometimes used as a synonym for canonical vectors (because these quantities differ only by their normalization) Canonical variates The latent variables (one per data table) computed in CCA (also called canonical variables, canonical variable scores, or canonical factor scores). The canonical variates have maximal correlation Canonical vectors The set of coefficients of the linear combinations used to compute the canonical variates, also called canonical weights. Canonical vectors are also sometimes called canonical loadings
This article integrates the literature on strategic cognition (SC) within a framework that links ... more This article integrates the literature on strategic cognition (SC) within a framework that links the antecedents, structure, and process of SC with outcomes. Reviewing the literature from 1993 (two years prior to Walsh's review of managerial and organizational cognition) until 2007, this article identifies three elements of SC structure (organizational identity, strategy frames, and organizational routines) and four SC processes (strategy formulation, strategy implementation, strategic change, and organizational learning). The literature portrays strategy formulation as a complex activity consisting of scanning, sensemaking, and decision making. Strategy implementation is composed of sensegiving, sensemaking, and issue selling. This review identifies five streams of empirical research with three well-developed themes (the antecedents and outcomes of strategy frames, determinants and consequences of strategy formulation, and cognitive construction of competitive/industry dynamics) and two emerging themes (the determinants and consequences of strategy implementation and the antecedents and outcomes of organizational identity). This review identifies several opportunities to extend the literature and outlines key methodological implications. Finally, the review addresses the need to build linkages to the ongoing theoretical conversations within strategic management literature.
... 46 Gerard P. Hodgkinson, The University of Leeds, UK Gail P. Clarkson, The University of Leed... more ... 46 Gerard P. Hodgkinson, The University of Leeds, UK Gail P. Clarkson, The University of Leeds, UK Section II: Advances in Causal Mapping Methods ChapterIV Revealing ... 263 Fran Ackermann, Strathclyde Business School, UK Colin Eden, Strathclyde Business School, UK ...
Purpose – Transition to a digital economy and the pervasiveness of IT in a firm’s operations toge... more Purpose – Transition to a digital economy and the pervasiveness of IT in a firm’s operations together has brought the IT function in corporations to the threshold of a needed transformation: from an orientation that prizes technical excellence to one that achieves continuous innovation by finding new opportunities to provide value to customers. Design/methodology/approach – The author believes that companies need to adopt customer-focused IT, this requires a shift in organizational culture, from considering technical excellence as an end in itself, to respecting customers as the centrally important stakeholder of an organization. Findings – In many companies, rethinking the IT function to focus it on providing value to the customer presents an opportunity to empower frontline employees, to make innovations in the company value chain and to maintain and to enhance competitive advantage. Practical implications – Changing to a customer focus requires dedicated continuous innovation to ...
This is the first book to provide an integrated, strategic view of management of technology. Focu... more This is the first book to provide an integrated, strategic view of management of technology. Focusing on both theory and practice, it addresses the contemporary challenges general managers face today--eg, globalization, time compression, technology integration--and explores several ...
ABSTRACTWe introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship... more ABSTRACTWe introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship. The theorizing and research on incubators have been primarily anchored in market failure perspective and carry over the assumptions about a free market economy, mostly implicitly into the empirical work. This ignores the influence of the institutional context and obscures processes that may come into play in emerging economies like India. Using Scott's model (2008) of institutional context, we argue how the institutional context provides a complementary perspective that may reveal a richer picture of incubator operation in emerging economies. We illustrate this in the case of academic incubators in India.
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Papers by V.K. Narayanan