Thesis Chapters by Venant IYAKAREMYE
The research on the factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine was ... more The research on the factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine was Conducted in Musasa sector, Rutsiro District, Western Province in Rwanda for the period between 2013 and 2015. The idea of this research raised from the confusion and Doubts about the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in their therapeutic services to the patients. These two medicines should have the same Mission to Maintain and improve the population health of Musasa sector. Repeatedly, various authorities (WHO in 1978 in Alma Ata, and Rusaka in 1985 the Ministry of Health of Rwanda, TSRI in 1980, the AGA Rwanda in 2011) raised the problem of disagreement and Lack of complementarity between providers in modern and traditional medicine. Based on the complaints of people beneficiaries of the services offered by these two medicines, WHO recommended all member countries (Including Rwanda) that primary health care must be available to everyone through the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine and the person must be regarded as a whole organism and should be Treated in the light of Each components (physical body and mind), living in a Particular context to be taken into account When developing a treatment. Unfortunately, in Musasa sector, Where complementarity of traditional and modern medicine is not applied, we Noted the growing number of patients Who died in the puzzle / mystery . Among the patients 0.115% in 2012 and 0, 42% in 2013 consulted traditional practitioners did not obtained effective action on their health. The main suspected poisoning complications were post-medication, and abdomens and stomach surgery where counted 2 cases in 2013, 1 case of maternal Death in 2013 due to family conflict. Indeed, this study was Conducted to answer the questions of what to do to Promote the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine and what could reduce the consequence of divergence of these two kinds of medicines working in Musasa sector. This study adopted an ontology philosophy and epistemological subjectivism. In general, the adopted philosophy allowed the researcher to-have details on the condition under study and to understand the reality which could be interpreted.
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The adopted Methodological approach is based on "mixed Methods". This method of investigation is by the way a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approach which helped the research to master the phenomenon in its all dimensions. In a specific Manner, our combined research and technical procedures of analyzing quantitative and qualitative data also combines quantitative and qualitative Approaches. This means that in clustering the researcher took quantitative data and qualitative and transform them into narrative so that they could be analyzed qualitatively. Alternatively, the researcher has analyzed quantitatively quantitative and qualitative data. On one hand, this research is exploratory, because it tries to discover all factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine as well as to sufficiently understand the elements that can constitute the model of complementarity and coordination of the activities of traditional and modern medicine. On the other hand, this research is explicatory because the researcher tried to know why there are factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. On basis of the adopted research strategies "Case study and archival or historical study" like exploratory and explicatory case studies linked with two strategies were used in the technology of data collection which was based on interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The used technical analysis of documentary was extensively exploited within archival or historical research strategy. It allowed the researcher to collect documentary secondary data in related with research subject. The technical observation consisted with noticing and discovering all factors that makes or influences the complementarity. It was helped with the aid of perception senses or with specific instruments. The technology of interviews allowed the researcher to collect primary data. Furthermore the exploratory and explicatory kind of the study exploited "non-standardized interviews." in general In fact, the researcher used individual interviews and testimonies for 38 persons to discover the factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. Among whom30 were traditional practitioners, 8 were modern health providers working in Musasa sector.
vii
Data provided by interviews and testimonies were verified by cross-checking to insure their accuracy or correctness and check of inconsistency. Data were analyzed by using excel software. They were treated in form of diagrams, bar charts and pictures leading to the contribution model of the work. Qualitative data were quantitatively Analyzed (under numerical form: Percentages and frequencies) and quantitative data qualitatively were analyzed (under narrative form) in an interpretative process. And finally, we arrived to following results: Concerning socio-cultural factors i) 70% of traditional Practitioners, 87% modern health care providers have affirmed that the level of understanding / knowledge of the disease is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. ii) 100% of traditional Practitioners and 93.3% of modern health care providers affirmed that the low level of study for traditional Practitioners in Musasa sector is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. iii) 100% of modern health care providers interviewed stated that, the imagination of disease in diagnosis by traditional Practitioners is a factor affecting the complementarity between traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. iv) 70% of modern health care providers interviewed confirmed that traditional Practitioners offer services in hidden of their houses without showing how they detect and treat diseases. This is also a factor that Prevents the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. v) 57% of traditional Practitioners, 50% of modern health care providers interviewed confirmed that traditional Practitioners have a conservative spirit that prevents them from divulging / their traditional healing forces. Indeed, the tradition is a factor that prevents the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. Concerning economic factoring vi) 75% of modern health care providers interviewed often said that, traditional practitioners aimed to gain money / personal interest (individual profit orientation) when delivering their services. Indeed, their desire to stretch money is a factor that affects the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. vii) 93% of traditional practitioners, 100% of modern health care providers interviewed have sufficiently confirmed that the lack of appropriate tools and equipment for traditional medicine is
viii
a factor that affects complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. viii) In the interview, 87% of traditional practitioners, 88% of modern health care providers interviewed said that the lack of appropriate infrastructure in traditional medicine is a factor that affect the complementarity between modern and traditional medicine in Musasa sector; Regarding political factors ix) 90% of traditional practitioners, 88% of modern health care providers interviewed said that the lack of organic law governing traditional medicine is a factor that affect the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector; x) 80% of traditional practitioners, 75% of modern health care providers interviewed remarked that the lack of organization in traditional medicine as a factor affecting the complementary between activities of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector; xi) 100% of traditional practitioners, 100% of modern health providers interviewed said that there is no National policy for traditional medicine appeared in the official gazette of the State, is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector.
After having determined the socio-cultural, economic and political factors that prevent the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine the researcher elaborated a model encouraging the complementarity of these two kinds of medicine working in sector of Musasa. He tested the applicability of the results of his research and their contribution to the complementarity of the traditional and modern medicine as well as to the related complications and mortality reduction of the patients seeking the help at traditional practitioners. Finally, the researcher suggested other further researchers on the impact of socio-sanitary complementarity between traditional and modern medicine in health system. Also, he recommended to the Ministry of Health to advocate traditional practitioner for developing the national politics and the law governing the traditional medicine. The Rwanda's, Provinces, Districts and Sectors should initiate the coordination body of the traditional and modern medicine activities from the peripheral level to central level. The traditional practitioners have been recommended to follow instructions ordered by the Ministry of Health, State, District and Sectors. The modern health care providers have been recommended to create the discussion forum and the exchange committee of monitoring and assessing of the therapeutic activities of traditional practitioners.
Papers by Venant IYAKAREMYE
OALib, 2021
Background: Vaginal microbiota dysbiosis could lead to the vaginal health conditions. This imbala... more Background: Vaginal microbiota dysbiosis could lead to the vaginal health conditions. This imbalance in vaginal microbiota can be due to a number of factors including contraceptive methods. Objective: This study was carrried out to investigate the vaginal microbiota dysbiosis and associated vaginal health outcomes among women under contraception at Musasa health Center. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study. 56 vaginal swab samples were collected from women enrolled in a family planning program, and transported to INES Ruhengeri clinical microbiology laboratory for vaginal microbial community analysis. The outcomes were evaluated by scheduled interviews. Chi square test was used to evaluate association of microbiota imbalances in the vagina and the vaginal health outcomes. Results: Lactobacilli (92.85%) was the most predominant microorganism observed in the vagina. Outcomes of the vaginal microbiota dysbiosis under different contraceptive regimes were observed. Vag...
This book covers basic knowledge of epidemiology which can help the readers to know what epidemio... more This book covers basic knowledge of epidemiology which can help the readers to know what epidemiology is, it describes also some epidemics, and some measures of disease frequency. It comes also on tropical diseases which are diseases found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world; here the readers will require many different things concerning some tropical diseases. You know prevention is better than treatment; this book will help in some procedures used in preventing some tropical diseases and different epidemics. If defeat for prevention it will support you to identify different kinds of disease by clinical features of each disease found from here.
This book covers basic knowledge of epidemiology which can help the readers to know what epidemio... more This book covers basic knowledge of epidemiology which can help the readers to know what epidemiology is, it describes also some epidemics, and some measures of disease frequency. It comes also on tropical diseases which are diseases found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world; here the readers will require many different things concerning some tropical diseases. You know prevention is better than treatment; this book will help in some procedures used in preventing some tropical diseases and different epidemics. If defeat for prevention it will support you to identify different kinds of disease by clinical features of each disease found from here.
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Thesis Chapters by Venant IYAKAREMYE
vi
The adopted Methodological approach is based on "mixed Methods". This method of investigation is by the way a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approach which helped the research to master the phenomenon in its all dimensions. In a specific Manner, our combined research and technical procedures of analyzing quantitative and qualitative data also combines quantitative and qualitative Approaches. This means that in clustering the researcher took quantitative data and qualitative and transform them into narrative so that they could be analyzed qualitatively. Alternatively, the researcher has analyzed quantitatively quantitative and qualitative data. On one hand, this research is exploratory, because it tries to discover all factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine as well as to sufficiently understand the elements that can constitute the model of complementarity and coordination of the activities of traditional and modern medicine. On the other hand, this research is explicatory because the researcher tried to know why there are factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. On basis of the adopted research strategies "Case study and archival or historical study" like exploratory and explicatory case studies linked with two strategies were used in the technology of data collection which was based on interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The used technical analysis of documentary was extensively exploited within archival or historical research strategy. It allowed the researcher to collect documentary secondary data in related with research subject. The technical observation consisted with noticing and discovering all factors that makes or influences the complementarity. It was helped with the aid of perception senses or with specific instruments. The technology of interviews allowed the researcher to collect primary data. Furthermore the exploratory and explicatory kind of the study exploited "non-standardized interviews." in general In fact, the researcher used individual interviews and testimonies for 38 persons to discover the factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. Among whom30 were traditional practitioners, 8 were modern health providers working in Musasa sector.
vii
Data provided by interviews and testimonies were verified by cross-checking to insure their accuracy or correctness and check of inconsistency. Data were analyzed by using excel software. They were treated in form of diagrams, bar charts and pictures leading to the contribution model of the work. Qualitative data were quantitatively Analyzed (under numerical form: Percentages and frequencies) and quantitative data qualitatively were analyzed (under narrative form) in an interpretative process. And finally, we arrived to following results: Concerning socio-cultural factors i) 70% of traditional Practitioners, 87% modern health care providers have affirmed that the level of understanding / knowledge of the disease is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. ii) 100% of traditional Practitioners and 93.3% of modern health care providers affirmed that the low level of study for traditional Practitioners in Musasa sector is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. iii) 100% of modern health care providers interviewed stated that, the imagination of disease in diagnosis by traditional Practitioners is a factor affecting the complementarity between traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. iv) 70% of modern health care providers interviewed confirmed that traditional Practitioners offer services in hidden of their houses without showing how they detect and treat diseases. This is also a factor that Prevents the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. v) 57% of traditional Practitioners, 50% of modern health care providers interviewed confirmed that traditional Practitioners have a conservative spirit that prevents them from divulging / their traditional healing forces. Indeed, the tradition is a factor that prevents the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. Concerning economic factoring vi) 75% of modern health care providers interviewed often said that, traditional practitioners aimed to gain money / personal interest (individual profit orientation) when delivering their services. Indeed, their desire to stretch money is a factor that affects the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. vii) 93% of traditional practitioners, 100% of modern health care providers interviewed have sufficiently confirmed that the lack of appropriate tools and equipment for traditional medicine is
viii
a factor that affects complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. viii) In the interview, 87% of traditional practitioners, 88% of modern health care providers interviewed said that the lack of appropriate infrastructure in traditional medicine is a factor that affect the complementarity between modern and traditional medicine in Musasa sector; Regarding political factors ix) 90% of traditional practitioners, 88% of modern health care providers interviewed said that the lack of organic law governing traditional medicine is a factor that affect the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector; x) 80% of traditional practitioners, 75% of modern health care providers interviewed remarked that the lack of organization in traditional medicine as a factor affecting the complementary between activities of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector; xi) 100% of traditional practitioners, 100% of modern health providers interviewed said that there is no National policy for traditional medicine appeared in the official gazette of the State, is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector.
After having determined the socio-cultural, economic and political factors that prevent the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine the researcher elaborated a model encouraging the complementarity of these two kinds of medicine working in sector of Musasa. He tested the applicability of the results of his research and their contribution to the complementarity of the traditional and modern medicine as well as to the related complications and mortality reduction of the patients seeking the help at traditional practitioners. Finally, the researcher suggested other further researchers on the impact of socio-sanitary complementarity between traditional and modern medicine in health system. Also, he recommended to the Ministry of Health to advocate traditional practitioner for developing the national politics and the law governing the traditional medicine. The Rwanda's, Provinces, Districts and Sectors should initiate the coordination body of the traditional and modern medicine activities from the peripheral level to central level. The traditional practitioners have been recommended to follow instructions ordered by the Ministry of Health, State, District and Sectors. The modern health care providers have been recommended to create the discussion forum and the exchange committee of monitoring and assessing of the therapeutic activities of traditional practitioners.
Papers by Venant IYAKAREMYE
vi
The adopted Methodological approach is based on "mixed Methods". This method of investigation is by the way a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approach which helped the research to master the phenomenon in its all dimensions. In a specific Manner, our combined research and technical procedures of analyzing quantitative and qualitative data also combines quantitative and qualitative Approaches. This means that in clustering the researcher took quantitative data and qualitative and transform them into narrative so that they could be analyzed qualitatively. Alternatively, the researcher has analyzed quantitatively quantitative and qualitative data. On one hand, this research is exploratory, because it tries to discover all factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine as well as to sufficiently understand the elements that can constitute the model of complementarity and coordination of the activities of traditional and modern medicine. On the other hand, this research is explicatory because the researcher tried to know why there are factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. On basis of the adopted research strategies "Case study and archival or historical study" like exploratory and explicatory case studies linked with two strategies were used in the technology of data collection which was based on interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The used technical analysis of documentary was extensively exploited within archival or historical research strategy. It allowed the researcher to collect documentary secondary data in related with research subject. The technical observation consisted with noticing and discovering all factors that makes or influences the complementarity. It was helped with the aid of perception senses or with specific instruments. The technology of interviews allowed the researcher to collect primary data. Furthermore the exploratory and explicatory kind of the study exploited "non-standardized interviews." in general In fact, the researcher used individual interviews and testimonies for 38 persons to discover the factors affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. Among whom30 were traditional practitioners, 8 were modern health providers working in Musasa sector.
vii
Data provided by interviews and testimonies were verified by cross-checking to insure their accuracy or correctness and check of inconsistency. Data were analyzed by using excel software. They were treated in form of diagrams, bar charts and pictures leading to the contribution model of the work. Qualitative data were quantitatively Analyzed (under numerical form: Percentages and frequencies) and quantitative data qualitatively were analyzed (under narrative form) in an interpretative process. And finally, we arrived to following results: Concerning socio-cultural factors i) 70% of traditional Practitioners, 87% modern health care providers have affirmed that the level of understanding / knowledge of the disease is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. ii) 100% of traditional Practitioners and 93.3% of modern health care providers affirmed that the low level of study for traditional Practitioners in Musasa sector is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine. iii) 100% of modern health care providers interviewed stated that, the imagination of disease in diagnosis by traditional Practitioners is a factor affecting the complementarity between traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. iv) 70% of modern health care providers interviewed confirmed that traditional Practitioners offer services in hidden of their houses without showing how they detect and treat diseases. This is also a factor that Prevents the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. v) 57% of traditional Practitioners, 50% of modern health care providers interviewed confirmed that traditional Practitioners have a conservative spirit that prevents them from divulging / their traditional healing forces. Indeed, the tradition is a factor that prevents the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. Concerning economic factoring vi) 75% of modern health care providers interviewed often said that, traditional practitioners aimed to gain money / personal interest (individual profit orientation) when delivering their services. Indeed, their desire to stretch money is a factor that affects the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. vii) 93% of traditional practitioners, 100% of modern health care providers interviewed have sufficiently confirmed that the lack of appropriate tools and equipment for traditional medicine is
viii
a factor that affects complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector. viii) In the interview, 87% of traditional practitioners, 88% of modern health care providers interviewed said that the lack of appropriate infrastructure in traditional medicine is a factor that affect the complementarity between modern and traditional medicine in Musasa sector; Regarding political factors ix) 90% of traditional practitioners, 88% of modern health care providers interviewed said that the lack of organic law governing traditional medicine is a factor that affect the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector; x) 80% of traditional practitioners, 75% of modern health care providers interviewed remarked that the lack of organization in traditional medicine as a factor affecting the complementary between activities of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector; xi) 100% of traditional practitioners, 100% of modern health providers interviewed said that there is no National policy for traditional medicine appeared in the official gazette of the State, is a factor affecting the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine in Musasa sector.
After having determined the socio-cultural, economic and political factors that prevent the complementarity of traditional and modern medicine the researcher elaborated a model encouraging the complementarity of these two kinds of medicine working in sector of Musasa. He tested the applicability of the results of his research and their contribution to the complementarity of the traditional and modern medicine as well as to the related complications and mortality reduction of the patients seeking the help at traditional practitioners. Finally, the researcher suggested other further researchers on the impact of socio-sanitary complementarity between traditional and modern medicine in health system. Also, he recommended to the Ministry of Health to advocate traditional practitioner for developing the national politics and the law governing the traditional medicine. The Rwanda's, Provinces, Districts and Sectors should initiate the coordination body of the traditional and modern medicine activities from the peripheral level to central level. The traditional practitioners have been recommended to follow instructions ordered by the Ministry of Health, State, District and Sectors. The modern health care providers have been recommended to create the discussion forum and the exchange committee of monitoring and assessing of the therapeutic activities of traditional practitioners.