A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philoso... more A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy I deem utmost pleasure in expressing thanks to Dr. Khalid Mahmood Ch., Associate Professor, IAERD, UAF, for his valuable support in accomplishment of this study. I am also verbalizing thanks to Prof. Dr. Riaz Ahmad, Chairman Department of Agronomy, UAF. My lips are trembling and my eyes are going wet to acknowledge Prof. Dr. Ehsanullah Chahal (Late), (Ex-Chairman, Dept. of Agronomy, UAF) for his fatherly guidance and direction during my stay at UAF (2006-2015) and particularly in this study. I am also thankful to Prof. (R) Dr. Sher Muhammad (Ex-Director IAERD, UAF) for his scholarly criticism, step by step guidance and direction in accomplishment of this study. I'm grateful to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for giving me opportunity to study the most successful cooperative extension system of USA and I have no words to express gratitude to Dr. Robert Agunga, my foreign supervisor at Agricultural Communication, Education and Leadership (ACEL) Department, Ohio State University (OSU), USA for his worthwhile patience and guidance in completion of this thesis. I am also thankful to Dr. Tracy Kitchel (Chair, ACEL, OSU) and whole ACEL Faculty who provided me conducive environment and necessary materials to complete this thesis write-up. I genuinely hope that this experience will be a valuable step to my expertise. I'm greatly indebted and submit my earnest thank to my parents, adoring brothers, sweet sisters, beloved nephew & nieces, as they potentially tolerated agony and all miseries to provide me the opportunity to complete this study.
Olericulture or vegetable production is an important subsector in developing countries, like Paki... more Olericulture or vegetable production is an important subsector in developing countries, like Pakistan. Pakistan's agro-climatic conditions are very favorable for vegetables cultivation but post-harvest losses are much higher and also after harvest, farmers lose a substantial amount of its merchandise in developing countries especially in Pakistan. About 40 to 50% vegetables are lost before consumption in the developing countries. Potato growers are facing a lot of problems regarding production and harvesting, the purpose of study was to identify the marketing issues which potato growers are facing after harvesting the crop. District Gujranwala was selected as study area as it is one of the main vegetable growing district of the province. From the district, a sample size of 144 potato growers was selected purposively. Well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule was used for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analyses. Results revealed the most prominent marketing issues of potato growers were no contact or entrance to the international market; expensive transportation; fluctuation in price; poor roads; lack of established market; vegetable market is ignored by the government; loss of quality during movement of produce; unawareness about market rates; double-dealing of dealers and unfamiliarity regarding marketing system are the major restrictions which make it difficult for the improvement of vegetable sector. Therefore, it is suggested that government should pay attention on these problems. There should be a strong linkage between extension agencies and potato growers. These are necessary for eradicating marketing problems of potato growers.
Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural and Social Sciences ), 2016
Pakistan is a country where agriculture is the major source of revenue (21%) and employment (43%)... more Pakistan is a country where agriculture is the major source of revenue (21%) and employment (43%) generation. Nevertheless, it is very significant but majority of farmer's still use obsolete agri. practices. The Govt. has incepted various prorammes to minimize communication gap through improved agri. technology transfer means i.e. Village AID, BDs, T&V, FFS and Hub programme. The present study was conducted in district Faisalabad. Through multistage sampling technique 120 farmers were selected from two tehsils. Interview schedule and key informant interviews were used as research instruments. Psychological analysis of data revealed that the farmer group meeting and the farmer days were least applied contact interventions. Helpline and internet among the advertisement means were lowest rated advertisement means in-spite of being the most advanced way to transfer agricultural technologies. Extension field staff used books & booklets as an information dissemination pathway in very low category. It was concluded after key informant interviews that there was a great difference between famers psyche and applied extension means. Therefore, it is recommended that government should include end users in programme planning, dissemination and execution of agricultural work. All the public and private stakeholders have to extend the infrastructure of modern communication means i.e. telephone & internet. It is also quite significant to induce self-help sense among them.
Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Univers... more Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2018 in order to explore the effectiveness of different chemical and non-chemical weed management practices adopted by the farmers under cotton-wheat cropping system. Weeds are unwanted plants that compete with the crops grown and responsible for severe losses in crop production. Weed infestation is one of the major among various factors that result in reducing crop production and responsible for economic losses to the farming community. Multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of sample of 130 respondents. The data were collected through a reliable and validated interview schedule. And were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Results indicate that among non-chemical weed management practices under cotton-wheat croppi...
Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Univers... more Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2017 in order to explore the awareness level of the farmers of district Sahiwal regarding different weeds of cotton-wheat cropping system and their damage extent. Weeds are unwanted plants that compete with the crops grown and responsible for ANALYSIS Vol. 4, 2018 Agriculture ISSN 2347–3819 EISSN 2347–386X DISCOVERY
Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops... more Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops, fruits and vegetables. Globally, it has a considerable share in crop production especially in quality rice and cotton production. It has been many years that country is experiencing decline in rice and cotton production due to natural and farmers associated factors. Therefore, the present study has been designed to identify damages caused by environmental degradation and what strategies have been used by farmers to cope these damages. Two well known districts having maximum rice and cotton growers were selected as a study population. The respondents of the research were limited to 120 (60 from each district) due to unavailability of sufficient funds. Interview and Focus Group Discussion were used for data collection from the selected respondents. The collected data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings indicate that majority of the farmers we...
Pesticides are toxic chemicals used for controlling of insects and pests which caused harms to pl... more Pesticides are toxic chemicals used for controlling of insects and pests which caused harms to plants or animals. Pesticides also effect the environment as well as human health. They play a vital role in securing of food but they require a number of risks and problems. Therefore, present study is designed to know the pesticide usage and its harmful effects on environment and health of cotton growers. There are 19 rural union councils out of which 4 were selected through simple random sampling. From each selected union council, 2 villages were selected at random and from each selected village, 20 cotton growers were selected randomly thus making a sample size of 160 respondents. A well planned pre-tested and validated interview schedule was prepared for the collection of data from the selected respondents. The collected data were examined by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for illustration conclusions and making recommendations. A vast majority (90%) of the respo...
Crop farming is the key source of revenue (12%) as well as livelihood (45%) generation in Pakista... more Crop farming is the key source of revenue (12%) as well as livelihood (45%) generation in Pakistan. Although it is the mainstay of national rural economy, there are certain factors impede its actual potential. Environment and soil degradation are the most significant among these factors. Therefore, it is dire need to mitigate their adverse impact on crop management to combat the food insecurity. The present study was conducted in mix cropping zone of Punjab. Through multistage sampling technique 120 farmers were selected and data were collected through interview schedule and focus group discussion. Psychoanalysis of data revealed that among environmental factors the rain variation has the most adverse effect on crop management followed by flood, temperature variation and hailstorm respectively. Qualitative data illustrated that from last few year’s variation in time and frequency of rainfall become fashion of the day due to usage of huge amount of ammunition in successive operations...
Commercial poultry farming is one of the key sector around the world especially in Pakistan due t... more Commercial poultry farming is one of the key sector around the world especially in Pakistan due to its adaptability in different factors such as, low investment per unit, high growth rate, and agro-climatic conditions and also due to short generation interval. Unfortunately its progress is not enough to meet the demanding level due to the rate of high population. Therefore, the study was proposed to assess the farm and diseases management by commercial poultry farmers. Tehsil Faisalabad was selected purposively and the data were collected from randomly selected 120 commercial poultry farmers. The findings of the study revealed that majority of poultry farmers showed high level of knowledge on poultry housing management about spacing and watering equipment's (70.0%). However their awareness of bedding or litter management (52.5%) and its changing was low. They also had low level of knowledge about quality of feed and water (52.5%), identification of affected birds (54.2%) but they were well known about the vaccination of birds (60.8%) with the help of their traditional experiences. They were also well known about common diseases like bird flu (68.3%) and gumboro (65.0%) however they had lower level of knowledge about Vent gleet (53.3%) and Coccidiosis (41.7%). Therefore, it is recommended that the private extension agents should be encouraged to focus their extension activities on the poultry farmers who are not getting proper and relevant information about the management of housing, disease and their control. vibrant role in the national economy and food security of the country. The investment in poultry sector increased day by day currently it is about Rs.200 billion [1].
Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Dec 15, 2017
About 60% population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for getting its livelihoods.... more About 60% population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for getting its livelihoods. As it is the main source of foreign exchange earnings, it accounts for 21 percent of the GDP and absorbs 45% of total labour force. It is direst need to train farmers about farm management and new technologies. This requisite is executed through extension services. It builds the capacity of farming community for advanced agricultural practices. It is unique service in the sense that it provides access to small farmers and rural poor living far from the urban areas in addition to technology transfer. Present study was conducted in district Faisalabad. The data reveal that poor assessment psychological assessment of local talent and observation of resource poor farmer by the trainer are the most deleterious elements affecting the training meetings while farmer less interest and illiteracy are the trainee based serious factors causing training meetings less fruitful. The focus group discussions concluded that reveal that normally the EFS select the resource rich person like feudal, lord or Choudhary as a focal person. The agriculture department selects a biased focal farmer who is not venerable among the entire village farming community. The biased hub farmer does not call all the farmers for farmers meeting. The relaying of trainees on their previous knowledge reduces the farmer's interest in training meetings. It is indirectly defying of sole purpose of this maneuver. Therefore, it is suggested that agriculture sector should select the focal persons on merit or unbiased bases. The farmer should also join the meeting with perceptive minds so that dream of agricultural prosperity becomes true.
Pakistan is one of the largest citrus producer and leading exporter of Kinnow in world. Average p... more Pakistan is one of the largest citrus producer and leading exporter of Kinnow in world. Average production of this vital fruit comparatively lower than potential and in result, minor contributions comes to national economy and livelihoods of the growers. Present study was designed to analyze factors impeding citrus supply chain in Toba Tek Singh District of the Punjab province. Through multistage sampling technique 120 citrus growers were selected. Data were collected through face to face interview technique with the help of structured, validated, reliable and pre-tested questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings unveiled that black marketing of fertilizers, shortage of labor; lack of technical knowledge and shortage of finance were major factors impeding production of citrus crop. Monopoly of middle-man; late payments by the dealers; lack of storage facilities; high storage cost and less price of citrus set by the g...
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philoso... more A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy I deem utmost pleasure in expressing thanks to Dr. Khalid Mahmood Ch., Associate Professor, IAERD, UAF, for his valuable support in accomplishment of this study. I am also verbalizing thanks to Prof. Dr. Riaz Ahmad, Chairman Department of Agronomy, UAF. My lips are trembling and my eyes are going wet to acknowledge Prof. Dr. Ehsanullah Chahal (Late), (Ex-Chairman, Dept. of Agronomy, UAF) for his fatherly guidance and direction during my stay at UAF (2006-2015) and particularly in this study. I am also thankful to Prof. (R) Dr. Sher Muhammad (Ex-Director IAERD, UAF) for his scholarly criticism, step by step guidance and direction in accomplishment of this study. I'm grateful to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for giving me opportunity to study the most successful cooperative extension system of USA and I have no words to express gratitude to Dr. Robert Agunga, my foreign supervisor at Agricultural Communication, Education and Leadership (ACEL) Department, Ohio State University (OSU), USA for his worthwhile patience and guidance in completion of this thesis. I am also thankful to Dr. Tracy Kitchel (Chair, ACEL, OSU) and whole ACEL Faculty who provided me conducive environment and necessary materials to complete this thesis write-up. I genuinely hope that this experience will be a valuable step to my expertise. I'm greatly indebted and submit my earnest thank to my parents, adoring brothers, sweet sisters, beloved nephew & nieces, as they potentially tolerated agony and all miseries to provide me the opportunity to complete this study.
Olericulture or vegetable production is an important subsector in developing countries, like Paki... more Olericulture or vegetable production is an important subsector in developing countries, like Pakistan. Pakistan's agro-climatic conditions are very favorable for vegetables cultivation but post-harvest losses are much higher and also after harvest, farmers lose a substantial amount of its merchandise in developing countries especially in Pakistan. About 40 to 50% vegetables are lost before consumption in the developing countries. Potato growers are facing a lot of problems regarding production and harvesting, the purpose of study was to identify the marketing issues which potato growers are facing after harvesting the crop. District Gujranwala was selected as study area as it is one of the main vegetable growing district of the province. From the district, a sample size of 144 potato growers was selected purposively. Well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule was used for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analyses. Results revealed the most prominent marketing issues of potato growers were no contact or entrance to the international market; expensive transportation; fluctuation in price; poor roads; lack of established market; vegetable market is ignored by the government; loss of quality during movement of produce; unawareness about market rates; double-dealing of dealers and unfamiliarity regarding marketing system are the major restrictions which make it difficult for the improvement of vegetable sector. Therefore, it is suggested that government should pay attention on these problems. There should be a strong linkage between extension agencies and potato growers. These are necessary for eradicating marketing problems of potato growers.
Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural and Social Sciences ), 2016
Pakistan is a country where agriculture is the major source of revenue (21%) and employment (43%)... more Pakistan is a country where agriculture is the major source of revenue (21%) and employment (43%) generation. Nevertheless, it is very significant but majority of farmer's still use obsolete agri. practices. The Govt. has incepted various prorammes to minimize communication gap through improved agri. technology transfer means i.e. Village AID, BDs, T&V, FFS and Hub programme. The present study was conducted in district Faisalabad. Through multistage sampling technique 120 farmers were selected from two tehsils. Interview schedule and key informant interviews were used as research instruments. Psychological analysis of data revealed that the farmer group meeting and the farmer days were least applied contact interventions. Helpline and internet among the advertisement means were lowest rated advertisement means in-spite of being the most advanced way to transfer agricultural technologies. Extension field staff used books & booklets as an information dissemination pathway in very low category. It was concluded after key informant interviews that there was a great difference between famers psyche and applied extension means. Therefore, it is recommended that government should include end users in programme planning, dissemination and execution of agricultural work. All the public and private stakeholders have to extend the infrastructure of modern communication means i.e. telephone & internet. It is also quite significant to induce self-help sense among them.
Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Univers... more Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2018 in order to explore the effectiveness of different chemical and non-chemical weed management practices adopted by the farmers under cotton-wheat cropping system. Weeds are unwanted plants that compete with the crops grown and responsible for severe losses in crop production. Weed infestation is one of the major among various factors that result in reducing crop production and responsible for economic losses to the farming community. Multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of sample of 130 respondents. The data were collected through a reliable and validated interview schedule. And were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Results indicate that among non-chemical weed management practices under cotton-wheat croppi...
Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Univers... more Present study was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2017 in order to explore the awareness level of the farmers of district Sahiwal regarding different weeds of cotton-wheat cropping system and their damage extent. Weeds are unwanted plants that compete with the crops grown and responsible for ANALYSIS Vol. 4, 2018 Agriculture ISSN 2347–3819 EISSN 2347–386X DISCOVERY
Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops... more Pakistan is blessed with different seasons making it favorable for production of variety of crops, fruits and vegetables. Globally, it has a considerable share in crop production especially in quality rice and cotton production. It has been many years that country is experiencing decline in rice and cotton production due to natural and farmers associated factors. Therefore, the present study has been designed to identify damages caused by environmental degradation and what strategies have been used by farmers to cope these damages. Two well known districts having maximum rice and cotton growers were selected as a study population. The respondents of the research were limited to 120 (60 from each district) due to unavailability of sufficient funds. Interview and Focus Group Discussion were used for data collection from the selected respondents. The collected data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings indicate that majority of the farmers we...
Pesticides are toxic chemicals used for controlling of insects and pests which caused harms to pl... more Pesticides are toxic chemicals used for controlling of insects and pests which caused harms to plants or animals. Pesticides also effect the environment as well as human health. They play a vital role in securing of food but they require a number of risks and problems. Therefore, present study is designed to know the pesticide usage and its harmful effects on environment and health of cotton growers. There are 19 rural union councils out of which 4 were selected through simple random sampling. From each selected union council, 2 villages were selected at random and from each selected village, 20 cotton growers were selected randomly thus making a sample size of 160 respondents. A well planned pre-tested and validated interview schedule was prepared for the collection of data from the selected respondents. The collected data were examined by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for illustration conclusions and making recommendations. A vast majority (90%) of the respo...
Crop farming is the key source of revenue (12%) as well as livelihood (45%) generation in Pakista... more Crop farming is the key source of revenue (12%) as well as livelihood (45%) generation in Pakistan. Although it is the mainstay of national rural economy, there are certain factors impede its actual potential. Environment and soil degradation are the most significant among these factors. Therefore, it is dire need to mitigate their adverse impact on crop management to combat the food insecurity. The present study was conducted in mix cropping zone of Punjab. Through multistage sampling technique 120 farmers were selected and data were collected through interview schedule and focus group discussion. Psychoanalysis of data revealed that among environmental factors the rain variation has the most adverse effect on crop management followed by flood, temperature variation and hailstorm respectively. Qualitative data illustrated that from last few year’s variation in time and frequency of rainfall become fashion of the day due to usage of huge amount of ammunition in successive operations...
Commercial poultry farming is one of the key sector around the world especially in Pakistan due t... more Commercial poultry farming is one of the key sector around the world especially in Pakistan due to its adaptability in different factors such as, low investment per unit, high growth rate, and agro-climatic conditions and also due to short generation interval. Unfortunately its progress is not enough to meet the demanding level due to the rate of high population. Therefore, the study was proposed to assess the farm and diseases management by commercial poultry farmers. Tehsil Faisalabad was selected purposively and the data were collected from randomly selected 120 commercial poultry farmers. The findings of the study revealed that majority of poultry farmers showed high level of knowledge on poultry housing management about spacing and watering equipment's (70.0%). However their awareness of bedding or litter management (52.5%) and its changing was low. They also had low level of knowledge about quality of feed and water (52.5%), identification of affected birds (54.2%) but they were well known about the vaccination of birds (60.8%) with the help of their traditional experiences. They were also well known about common diseases like bird flu (68.3%) and gumboro (65.0%) however they had lower level of knowledge about Vent gleet (53.3%) and Coccidiosis (41.7%). Therefore, it is recommended that the private extension agents should be encouraged to focus their extension activities on the poultry farmers who are not getting proper and relevant information about the management of housing, disease and their control. vibrant role in the national economy and food security of the country. The investment in poultry sector increased day by day currently it is about Rs.200 billion [1].
Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Dec 15, 2017
About 60% population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for getting its livelihoods.... more About 60% population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for getting its livelihoods. As it is the main source of foreign exchange earnings, it accounts for 21 percent of the GDP and absorbs 45% of total labour force. It is direst need to train farmers about farm management and new technologies. This requisite is executed through extension services. It builds the capacity of farming community for advanced agricultural practices. It is unique service in the sense that it provides access to small farmers and rural poor living far from the urban areas in addition to technology transfer. Present study was conducted in district Faisalabad. The data reveal that poor assessment psychological assessment of local talent and observation of resource poor farmer by the trainer are the most deleterious elements affecting the training meetings while farmer less interest and illiteracy are the trainee based serious factors causing training meetings less fruitful. The focus group discussions concluded that reveal that normally the EFS select the resource rich person like feudal, lord or Choudhary as a focal person. The agriculture department selects a biased focal farmer who is not venerable among the entire village farming community. The biased hub farmer does not call all the farmers for farmers meeting. The relaying of trainees on their previous knowledge reduces the farmer's interest in training meetings. It is indirectly defying of sole purpose of this maneuver. Therefore, it is suggested that agriculture sector should select the focal persons on merit or unbiased bases. The farmer should also join the meeting with perceptive minds so that dream of agricultural prosperity becomes true.
Pakistan is one of the largest citrus producer and leading exporter of Kinnow in world. Average p... more Pakistan is one of the largest citrus producer and leading exporter of Kinnow in world. Average production of this vital fruit comparatively lower than potential and in result, minor contributions comes to national economy and livelihoods of the growers. Present study was designed to analyze factors impeding citrus supply chain in Toba Tek Singh District of the Punjab province. Through multistage sampling technique 120 citrus growers were selected. Data were collected through face to face interview technique with the help of structured, validated, reliable and pre-tested questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings unveiled that black marketing of fertilizers, shortage of labor; lack of technical knowledge and shortage of finance were major factors impeding production of citrus crop. Monopoly of middle-man; late payments by the dealers; lack of storage facilities; high storage cost and less price of citrus set by the g...
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