Background Influenza is a significant pathogen for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. As p... more Background Influenza is a significant pathogen for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. As part of a randomized controlled trial to assess early detection of influenza in LTCFs, we deployed rapid influenza detection tests (RIDTs) at intervention LTCFs. Our primary objectives for this interim analysis were to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Quidel Sofia® Influenza A+B Fluorescent Immunoassay RIDT in a high-risk, nontraditional population, and to describe the virology of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in LTCF residents. Methods Personnel at LCTFs identified cases of ARI, collected nasal specimens, and ran RIDTs from 10/21/2016 to 4/28/2017. The residual nasal swab and leftover lysis buffer were placed into a viral transport medium tube and sent to the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene for confirmatory influenza RT-PCR testing. In addition, all specimens were tested for other viruses using the Luminex NxTAG® Respiratory Pathogen Panel. Sensitivity and speci...
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by the severe acut... more Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, China and has since become pandemic. As part of initial response activities in the United States, enhanced contact investigations were conducted to enable early identification and isolation of additional cases and to learn more about risk factors for transmission. Methods Close contacts of nine early travel-related cases in the United States were identified. Close contacts meeting criteria for active monitoring were followed, and selected individuals were targeted for collection of additional exposure details and respiratory samples. Respiratory samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results There were 404 close contacts who underwent active monitoring in the response jurisdictions; 338 had a...
Background Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are commonly associated with acute respiratory illness. HAd... more Background Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are commonly associated with acute respiratory illness. HAdV outbreaks are well documented in congregate military training settings, but less is known about outbreaks on college campuses. During fall 2018 and spring 2019, five U.S. colleges reported increases in HAdV-associated respiratory illness. Investigations were performed to better understand HAdV epidemiology in this setting. Methods A case was a student at one of the five colleges with acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed HAdV infection during October 2018–December 2018 or March–May 2019. Available respiratory specimens were typed by HAdV type-specific real-time PCR assays, and for a subset, whole genome sequencing was performed. We reviewed available medical records and cases were invited to complete a questionnaire, which included questions on symptom presentation, social history, and absenteeism. Results We identified 168 HAdV cases. Median age was 19 (range: 17–22) year...
Introduction: More than 93,000 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported worldwi... more Introduction: More than 93,000 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported worldwide. We describe the epidemiology, clinical course, and virologic characteristics of the first 12 U.S. patients with COVID-19. Methods: We collected demographic, exposure, and clinical information from 12 patients confirmed by CDC during January 20-February 5, 2020 to have COVID-19. Respiratory, stool, serum, and urine specimens were submitted for SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR testing, virus culture, and whole genome sequencing. Results: Among the 12 patients, median age was 53 years (range: 21-68); 8 were male, 10 had traveled to China, and two were contacts of patients in this series. Commonly reported signs and symptoms at illness onset were fever (n=7) and cough (n=8). Seven patients were hospitalized with radiographic evidence of pneumonia and demonstrated clinical or laboratory signs of worsening during the second week of illness. Three were treated with the investigational antiviral remdesivi...
ObjectiveThe Oregon Child Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) was implemented... more ObjectiveThe Oregon Child Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) was implemented to assess the relationships between cause-specific absenteeism within a school district and medically attended influenza visits within the same community.IntroductionTransmission and amplification of influenza within schools has been purported as a driving mechanism for subsequent outbreaks in surrounding communities. However, the number of studies assessing the utility of monitoring school absenteeism as an indicator of influenza in the community is limited. ORCHARDS was initiated to evaluate the relationships between all-cause (a-Tot), illness-related (a-I), and influenza-like illness (ILI)-related absenteeism (a-ILI) within a school district and medically attended influenza A or B visits within the same community.MethodsORCHARDS was based at the Oregon School District (OSD), which enrolls 3,640 students at six schools in south-central Wisconsin. Parents reported influenza-like sympto...
Conclusion. Granger causality tests are commonly used in economic modeling but have not been rout... more Conclusion. Granger causality tests are commonly used in economic modeling but have not been routinely applied to infectious diseases. Using this test, we found a strong correlation between weekly cases of hospitalized influenza and iGAS cases, with a 1-week lag between influenza and iGAS septic shock or pneumonia. This approach can provide insight into the potential impact of developing prevention interventions for infections with strong correlation. Further exploration of Granger tests in infectious disease modeling should be considered. Disclosures. All authors: No reported disclosures.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Jan 30, 2018
During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents ... more During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sor...
We document the second known case of Cache Valley virus disease in a human. Cache Valley virus di... more We document the second known case of Cache Valley virus disease in a human. Cache Valley virus disease is rarely diagnosed in North America, in part because laboratories rarely test for it. Its true incidence, effect on public health, and full clinical spectrum remain to be determined. C ache Valley virus (CVV), a mosquitoborne member of the Bunyamwera serogroup, family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, is geographically widespread in North America, where it circulates between mosquitoes and mammals (1). It has previously been associated with only a single case of human disease, a fatal case of acute encephalitis in the southeastern United States (2). We describe the second documented human case of CVV disease.
The Wisconsin Division of Public Health and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH) repo... more The Wisconsin Division of Public Health and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH) reported that a recent cluster of cryptosporidiosis cases in a three-county area in southeastern Wisconsin was the result of false-positive tests. During December 1, 2001--February 1, 2002, approximately 30 cases of cryptosporidiosis were diagnosed at a laboratory in southeastern Wisconsin using the Becton, Dickinson, and Company (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey) ColorPACTMCryptosporidium/Giardia rapid assay (lot number 219370, expiration date 2002-06-05). Seventeen stool specimens, which were collected from 11 patients and tested positive by the rapid assay, were re-evaluated at WSLH. Six of these stool specimens were in EcoFix (Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio), eight were in Cary-Blair transport media, and three were formalin fixed. All 17 specimens tested negative for Cryptosporidium at WSLH using the hot safranin stain and MeriFluor (Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) Cryp...
BACKGROUND: Delays in reporting are inherent in syndromic, mechanistic and laboratory surveillanc... more BACKGROUND: Delays in reporting are inherent in syndromic, mechanistic and laboratory surveillance of influenza. Consequently, public health acquisition of information and response to influenza outbreaks is typically offset by two-to-three weeks. The feasibility of creating and operating a statewide array of rapid influenza detection test (RIDT) analyzers that report results in real time was assessed. The analyzers use wireless connectivity to communicate results to a cloud-based server. METHODS: The primary outcome was the feasibility of a real-time primary care influenza surveillance network, including the time to recruit, engage, and train practices and for installation and implementation of analyzers. Secondary objectives included the assessment of performance in the initial influenza season for detection of influenza as compared to existing surveillance programs. For our array of clinical surveillance sites, we used the Quidel Sofia Influenza A+B FIA—a RIDT with wireless connec...
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Jan 30, 2018
During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents ... more During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sor...
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Jan 30, 2018
During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents ... more During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sor...
On March 25, 2015, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health was notified of a possible respiratory... more On March 25, 2015, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health was notified of a possible respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection outbreak among infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). On March 23, the index patient (neonate A), aged 3 days, had feeding intolerance and apnea. A nasopharyngeal swab specimen collected from neonate A was tested using a single-manufacturer rapid RSV antigen detection test (RRADT) at the hospital laboratory; the result was positive. The following day, because of concern about the possibility of more widespread RSV infection, RRADT was used to test nasopharyngeal swab specimens from neonate B, aged 1 month, who had resided in a different hospital room in the NICU and had developed an increased oxygen requirement, apnea, and poor feeding that day, as well as from two asymptomatic neonates who were hospitalized in the same room with neonate A; all three were positive. Later that day, nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the remaining 16 asymptomatic NICU patients were tested using the same RRADT; seven tests were positive, making a total of 11 positives. All 20 RRADTs were performed at the hospital laboratory.
Human coronaviruses are one of the main causes of upper respiratory tract infections in humans. W... more Human coronaviruses are one of the main causes of upper respiratory tract infections in humans. While more often responsible for mild illness, they have been associated with illnesses that require hospitalization. In this study, an assay for one of the human coronaviruses, OC43, was developed using a truncated recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein antigen in an enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and evaluated using serum collected from HCoV-OC43-infected patients, healthy adults, and patients with other respiratory virus infections. Results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 90.9% (10/11) and 82.9% (39/47), respectively. To evaluate the clinical utility of the ELISA, serum samples collected from patients during an outbreak of HCoV-OC43 infection and previously identified as positive by HCoV-OC43 whole N ELISA were screened resulting in 100% diagnosis agreement between the testing methods. These results suggest that this assay offers a reliable method to detect HCoV-OC43 infection and may be a useful tool in coronavirus seroepidemiological studies.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
From December 1987 through August 2004, lung tissue, nasopharyngeal swabs, and colon swab specime... more From December 1987 through August 2004, lung tissue, nasopharyngeal swabs, and colon swab specimens obtained during 1263 autopsies of infants and young children were examined to assess the role of viruses in deaths of children aged <2 years. Multiple cell cultures were used to isolate viruses. With 4 exceptions, virus isolates were identified by neutralization, immunofluorescence assay, or enzyme immunoassay. RNA extracted from these 4 isolates and associated autopsy specimens was tested using parechovirus-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing assays. Specimens from 426 (34%) autopsies were positive for at least 1 virus; enteroviruses and adenoviruses were the most commonly identified. Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) were identified antigenically in isolates from 18 decedents (all HPeV type 1) and by RT-PCR in isolates and multiple autopsy specimens from 4 decedents with untypeable virus isolates. Sequencing of the VP1 region identified these 4 HPeVs as HPeV type 3 (n = 3) and HPeV type 6 (n = 1). Despite the detection of HPeV, the deaths of decedents 3 and 4 were determined to have been from noninfectious causes. These are the first confirmed HPeV type 3 and HPeV type 6 detections in the United States. This is also the initial report of fatal cases with associated HPeV type 3 infection. These results support prior findings associating HPeVs with serious disease in young children. Clinical testing for HPeVs and routine HPeV surveillance by public health laboratories will help determine the burden of disease caused by HPeVs.
Background Influenza is a significant pathogen for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. As p... more Background Influenza is a significant pathogen for long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. As part of a randomized controlled trial to assess early detection of influenza in LTCFs, we deployed rapid influenza detection tests (RIDTs) at intervention LTCFs. Our primary objectives for this interim analysis were to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Quidel Sofia® Influenza A+B Fluorescent Immunoassay RIDT in a high-risk, nontraditional population, and to describe the virology of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in LTCF residents. Methods Personnel at LCTFs identified cases of ARI, collected nasal specimens, and ran RIDTs from 10/21/2016 to 4/28/2017. The residual nasal swab and leftover lysis buffer were placed into a viral transport medium tube and sent to the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene for confirmatory influenza RT-PCR testing. In addition, all specimens were tested for other viruses using the Luminex NxTAG® Respiratory Pathogen Panel. Sensitivity and speci...
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by the severe acut... more Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, China and has since become pandemic. As part of initial response activities in the United States, enhanced contact investigations were conducted to enable early identification and isolation of additional cases and to learn more about risk factors for transmission. Methods Close contacts of nine early travel-related cases in the United States were identified. Close contacts meeting criteria for active monitoring were followed, and selected individuals were targeted for collection of additional exposure details and respiratory samples. Respiratory samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results There were 404 close contacts who underwent active monitoring in the response jurisdictions; 338 had a...
Background Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are commonly associated with acute respiratory illness. HAd... more Background Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are commonly associated with acute respiratory illness. HAdV outbreaks are well documented in congregate military training settings, but less is known about outbreaks on college campuses. During fall 2018 and spring 2019, five U.S. colleges reported increases in HAdV-associated respiratory illness. Investigations were performed to better understand HAdV epidemiology in this setting. Methods A case was a student at one of the five colleges with acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed HAdV infection during October 2018–December 2018 or March–May 2019. Available respiratory specimens were typed by HAdV type-specific real-time PCR assays, and for a subset, whole genome sequencing was performed. We reviewed available medical records and cases were invited to complete a questionnaire, which included questions on symptom presentation, social history, and absenteeism. Results We identified 168 HAdV cases. Median age was 19 (range: 17–22) year...
Introduction: More than 93,000 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported worldwi... more Introduction: More than 93,000 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported worldwide. We describe the epidemiology, clinical course, and virologic characteristics of the first 12 U.S. patients with COVID-19. Methods: We collected demographic, exposure, and clinical information from 12 patients confirmed by CDC during January 20-February 5, 2020 to have COVID-19. Respiratory, stool, serum, and urine specimens were submitted for SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR testing, virus culture, and whole genome sequencing. Results: Among the 12 patients, median age was 53 years (range: 21-68); 8 were male, 10 had traveled to China, and two were contacts of patients in this series. Commonly reported signs and symptoms at illness onset were fever (n=7) and cough (n=8). Seven patients were hospitalized with radiographic evidence of pneumonia and demonstrated clinical or laboratory signs of worsening during the second week of illness. Three were treated with the investigational antiviral remdesivi...
ObjectiveThe Oregon Child Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) was implemented... more ObjectiveThe Oregon Child Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) was implemented to assess the relationships between cause-specific absenteeism within a school district and medically attended influenza visits within the same community.IntroductionTransmission and amplification of influenza within schools has been purported as a driving mechanism for subsequent outbreaks in surrounding communities. However, the number of studies assessing the utility of monitoring school absenteeism as an indicator of influenza in the community is limited. ORCHARDS was initiated to evaluate the relationships between all-cause (a-Tot), illness-related (a-I), and influenza-like illness (ILI)-related absenteeism (a-ILI) within a school district and medically attended influenza A or B visits within the same community.MethodsORCHARDS was based at the Oregon School District (OSD), which enrolls 3,640 students at six schools in south-central Wisconsin. Parents reported influenza-like sympto...
Conclusion. Granger causality tests are commonly used in economic modeling but have not been rout... more Conclusion. Granger causality tests are commonly used in economic modeling but have not been routinely applied to infectious diseases. Using this test, we found a strong correlation between weekly cases of hospitalized influenza and iGAS cases, with a 1-week lag between influenza and iGAS septic shock or pneumonia. This approach can provide insight into the potential impact of developing prevention interventions for infections with strong correlation. Further exploration of Granger tests in infectious disease modeling should be considered. Disclosures. All authors: No reported disclosures.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Jan 30, 2018
During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents ... more During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sor...
We document the second known case of Cache Valley virus disease in a human. Cache Valley virus di... more We document the second known case of Cache Valley virus disease in a human. Cache Valley virus disease is rarely diagnosed in North America, in part because laboratories rarely test for it. Its true incidence, effect on public health, and full clinical spectrum remain to be determined. C ache Valley virus (CVV), a mosquitoborne member of the Bunyamwera serogroup, family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, is geographically widespread in North America, where it circulates between mosquitoes and mammals (1). It has previously been associated with only a single case of human disease, a fatal case of acute encephalitis in the southeastern United States (2). We describe the second documented human case of CVV disease.
The Wisconsin Division of Public Health and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH) repo... more The Wisconsin Division of Public Health and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH) reported that a recent cluster of cryptosporidiosis cases in a three-county area in southeastern Wisconsin was the result of false-positive tests. During December 1, 2001--February 1, 2002, approximately 30 cases of cryptosporidiosis were diagnosed at a laboratory in southeastern Wisconsin using the Becton, Dickinson, and Company (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey) ColorPACTMCryptosporidium/Giardia rapid assay (lot number 219370, expiration date 2002-06-05). Seventeen stool specimens, which were collected from 11 patients and tested positive by the rapid assay, were re-evaluated at WSLH. Six of these stool specimens were in EcoFix (Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio), eight were in Cary-Blair transport media, and three were formalin fixed. All 17 specimens tested negative for Cryptosporidium at WSLH using the hot safranin stain and MeriFluor (Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) Cryp...
BACKGROUND: Delays in reporting are inherent in syndromic, mechanistic and laboratory surveillanc... more BACKGROUND: Delays in reporting are inherent in syndromic, mechanistic and laboratory surveillance of influenza. Consequently, public health acquisition of information and response to influenza outbreaks is typically offset by two-to-three weeks. The feasibility of creating and operating a statewide array of rapid influenza detection test (RIDT) analyzers that report results in real time was assessed. The analyzers use wireless connectivity to communicate results to a cloud-based server. METHODS: The primary outcome was the feasibility of a real-time primary care influenza surveillance network, including the time to recruit, engage, and train practices and for installation and implementation of analyzers. Secondary objectives included the assessment of performance in the initial influenza season for detection of influenza as compared to existing surveillance programs. For our array of clinical surveillance sites, we used the Quidel Sofia Influenza A+B FIA—a RIDT with wireless connec...
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Jan 30, 2018
During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents ... more During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sor...
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Jan 30, 2018
During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents ... more During the 2014-2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1-4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0-90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sor...
On March 25, 2015, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health was notified of a possible respiratory... more On March 25, 2015, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health was notified of a possible respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection outbreak among infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). On March 23, the index patient (neonate A), aged 3 days, had feeding intolerance and apnea. A nasopharyngeal swab specimen collected from neonate A was tested using a single-manufacturer rapid RSV antigen detection test (RRADT) at the hospital laboratory; the result was positive. The following day, because of concern about the possibility of more widespread RSV infection, RRADT was used to test nasopharyngeal swab specimens from neonate B, aged 1 month, who had resided in a different hospital room in the NICU and had developed an increased oxygen requirement, apnea, and poor feeding that day, as well as from two asymptomatic neonates who were hospitalized in the same room with neonate A; all three were positive. Later that day, nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the remaining 16 asymptomatic NICU patients were tested using the same RRADT; seven tests were positive, making a total of 11 positives. All 20 RRADTs were performed at the hospital laboratory.
Human coronaviruses are one of the main causes of upper respiratory tract infections in humans. W... more Human coronaviruses are one of the main causes of upper respiratory tract infections in humans. While more often responsible for mild illness, they have been associated with illnesses that require hospitalization. In this study, an assay for one of the human coronaviruses, OC43, was developed using a truncated recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein antigen in an enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and evaluated using serum collected from HCoV-OC43-infected patients, healthy adults, and patients with other respiratory virus infections. Results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 90.9% (10/11) and 82.9% (39/47), respectively. To evaluate the clinical utility of the ELISA, serum samples collected from patients during an outbreak of HCoV-OC43 infection and previously identified as positive by HCoV-OC43 whole N ELISA were screened resulting in 100% diagnosis agreement between the testing methods. These results suggest that this assay offers a reliable method to detect HCoV-OC43 infection and may be a useful tool in coronavirus seroepidemiological studies.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, a... more JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
From December 1987 through August 2004, lung tissue, nasopharyngeal swabs, and colon swab specime... more From December 1987 through August 2004, lung tissue, nasopharyngeal swabs, and colon swab specimens obtained during 1263 autopsies of infants and young children were examined to assess the role of viruses in deaths of children aged <2 years. Multiple cell cultures were used to isolate viruses. With 4 exceptions, virus isolates were identified by neutralization, immunofluorescence assay, or enzyme immunoassay. RNA extracted from these 4 isolates and associated autopsy specimens was tested using parechovirus-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing assays. Specimens from 426 (34%) autopsies were positive for at least 1 virus; enteroviruses and adenoviruses were the most commonly identified. Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) were identified antigenically in isolates from 18 decedents (all HPeV type 1) and by RT-PCR in isolates and multiple autopsy specimens from 4 decedents with untypeable virus isolates. Sequencing of the VP1 region identified these 4 HPeVs as HPeV type 3 (n = 3) and HPeV type 6 (n = 1). Despite the detection of HPeV, the deaths of decedents 3 and 4 were determined to have been from noninfectious causes. These are the first confirmed HPeV type 3 and HPeV type 6 detections in the United States. This is also the initial report of fatal cases with associated HPeV type 3 infection. These results support prior findings associating HPeVs with serious disease in young children. Clinical testing for HPeVs and routine HPeV surveillance by public health laboratories will help determine the burden of disease caused by HPeVs.
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