Papers by Tharwat Mohamed
Veterinary Record, 2004
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) tumours in cattle are rare. In 1·3 million animals examined at slaughter in... more GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) tumours in cattle are rare. In 1·3 million animals examined at slaughter in the UK, only three tumours occurred specifically in the GI tract (Anderson and Snadison 1969). Among 1400 cattle examined postmortem in New York, neoplasms were found in the forestomachs of eight animals (0·6 per cent), the only forms being fibroma and lymphosarcoma (Bertone and others 1985). Other reports of GI tumours in cattle include papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma in Kenya (Plowright 1955, Plowright and others 1971) and northern England (Jarrett 1973). Smooth muscle tumours of the GI tract have been found to develop mostly in the small intestine in dogs and cats (Engle and Brodey 1969, ter Haar and others 1998) and cows (Bertone 1990); none has been reported in the forestomachs of cows. Ultrasonography has proved to be the most effective and least invasive diagnostic method of detecting GI tumours in dogs and cats (Paoloni and others 2002), and it has also been used increasingly as part of the diagnostic evaluation of cattle with a variety of GI disorders, such as traumatic reticuloperitonitis (Braun and others 1993). However, the ultrasonographic features of GI tumours in cattle have not yet been delineated. This short communication describes the ultrasonographic, laboratory and clinicopathological findings of an omasal leiomyoma in a cow. A six-year-old Holstein cow, weighing 534 kg, presented with intermittent fever and a one-month history of inappetence. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression and ataxia. The cow remained thin and frequently ran a rectal temperature of 38·8 to 39·5°C; but heart and respiratory rates were within normal ranges (55 bpm and 16 breaths per minute, respectively). Rumen movements were inaudible. The back grip test, pain percussion test on the reticulum and pole test on the sternum elicited only a mild reaction. The left and right sides of the thorax and the right side of the abdomen were clipped and shaved. Ultrasonic coupling gel was liberally applied to the wet skin to ensure good contact and a 3·5 MHz linear transducer was firmly held against the body wall with the cow in a standing position. With the transducer placed over the left ventral thorax, the reticular contractions were monitored for three minutes, as described by Braun and Götz (1994). The entire ventral thorax right and left of the sternum and the right and left thoracic walls were then scanned up to the elbow joints. The outer contours of the reticulum were visualised and the echogenic changes recorded. The omasum was scanned medially and to the right of the ventral midline. The reticular biphasic contractions were not detectable, the reticular contour was uneven and a loss of normal layering was observed. Deposits of echogenic material appeared on the reticular wall, cavitated by hypoechogenic fluid, and a space-occupying mass was identified within the lumen of the omasum. The echotexture of the lesion was inconsistent and echogenic, and the margins were asymmetric (Fig 1). Blood gas analysis showed no abnormalities. Echocardiographic tracings demonstrated atrial fibrillation, a deep QRS complex and irregular T waves. Haematology showed leucocytosis (21,300 leucocytes/μl, reference range 4000 to 12,000/μl) and neutrophilia (18,851 neutrophils/μl, reference range 600 to 4000/μl). Serum chemistry revealed hypoalbuminaemia (8·6 g/litre, reference range 30·3 to 35·3 g/litre) and hyperproteinaemia (100 g/litre, reference range 21 to 36 g/litre), attributed to hypergammaglobulinaemia (73·4 g/litre, reference range 16·9 to 22·5 g/litre), which suggested a chronic inflammatory disease or neoplasia. These findings supported differential diagnoses of traumatic reticuloperitonitis, reticular abscess, reticular adhesions, pleuritis, and pulmonary and hepatic diseases. Ultrasonography of the forestomachs and liver narrowed the diagnosis to either traumatic reticuloperitonitis or a space-occupying mass in the omasum. The results also revealed a high activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (62 U/litre, reference value 6·1 to 17·4 U/litre), indicating a degree of liver impairment, which may have also accounted for the hypoalbuminaemia. All laboratory values were referenced from Kaneko and others (1997). The cow had a poor prognosis and was euthanased. Postmortem examination revealed fibrinous, thick-walled inflammatory deposits interspersed with jelly-like serous fluid adhering to the reticulum, omasum and abomasum, as well as to the rumen. A pedunculated, grape-like mass (18 x 14 cm) was attached to the ventral omasal wall (Fig 2). No ulceration or abrasions were observed on the surface of the mass and the cut surface had a lobulated appearance. Neither a diaphragmatic reticular adhesion nor any metallic foreign body or trace was observed. A specimen from the omasal mass was fixed in buffered 10 per cent formalin, embedded in paraffin, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined histologically. There was a…
Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho, 2002
ChemInform, 2010
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was e... more ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 2007
SummarySix cows and five buffaloes with abdominal and thoracic abscesses were examined clinically... more SummarySix cows and five buffaloes with abdominal and thoracic abscesses were examined clinically and ultrasonographically. There was a wide range of clinical signs and at least 50% of the animals exhibited dull demeanour, anorexia, abdominal pain, recurrent tympany and/or weight loss. Three cases of abdominal abscesses were imaged in the left ventral abdomen between the rumen and abdominal wall, two cases were imaged at the xiphoid cartilage near the reticular wall and one case was imaged on the right ventral abdomen between the jejunum and right abdominal wall. Four cases of thoracic abscesses were imaged in the third intercostal space on the left side; however, one case of abscess was imaged in the fourth intercostal space, also on the left side. The content of the abscess was echogenic in eight animals and anechoic in three. In three animals, the content of the abscess was partitioned by echogenic septae. In two cows, the echogenic content of the abscess was surrounded by a narr...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 2004
SummaryThis study was designed to monitor lipid profile in the portal and hepatic blood of cows w... more SummaryThis study was designed to monitor lipid profile in the portal and hepatic blood of cows with fasting‐induced hepatic lipidosis, and to compare the results with those in the jugular blood. The work was also carried out to investigate bile acid (BA) in these vessels, and further to investigate BA extraction rate in the liver. Five cows were equipped with catheters in the portal, hepatic and jugular veins (day 0), fasted for 4 days (day 1–day 4) and then refed (day 5–day 11). Before morning feeding, blood was sampled before, during and after fasting from the catheterized vessels. In the portal blood, the concentration of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) showed a progressive increase and at day 5 there was an approximate twofold rise. Increased NEFA concentrations were also found similarly in the other two veins. At day 5, β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in the portal, hepatic and jugular blood rose to 197, 190 and 186% of the pre‐fasting value, respectively. However, the concentratio...
The Veterinary Journal, 2004
The Veterinary Journal, 2003
This study describes a free-hand technique for percutaneous pancreatic biopsy in cattle with ultr... more This study describes a free-hand technique for percutaneous pancreatic biopsy in cattle with ultrasound-guidance using a 14G spinal biopsy needle. Its safety was evaluated based on 36 consecutive procedures. To assess the immediate effects of pancreatic biopsy, 31 cows were necropsied shortly after the procedure and examined. The remaining five cows were examined daily for eight days and then necropsied and examined. No life-threatening complications nor clinically detectable abnormalities were observed. Changes indicative of inflammation were not apparent in total and differential WBC counts or in total protein and fibrinogen concentrations. A small increase of amylase activity was detected in only one cow kept for the eight-day observation period. Serum lipase activity increased significantly on day four after biopsy. Urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and c-glutamyltransferase remained within reference ranges. Changes in the peritoneum and pancreas observed at necropsy were negligible. We conclude that percutaneous ultrasound-guided pancreatic biopsy did not appear to influence the cowÕs condition adversely and the procedure provided an excellent method of obtaining a pancreatic specimen for histological examination. The procedure was considered safe, fast, cost-effective, and practical when performed properly. We believe that the technique can be used in cows with suspected pancreatic disease for making an ante mortem diagnosis.
The Veterinary Journal, 2003
This study was conducted to determine the ultrasonographic patterns of pancreatitis evoked in cat... more This study was conducted to determine the ultrasonographic patterns of pancreatitis evoked in cattle, with reference to laboratory and pathological findings. Using ultrasonographic guidance, acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in six cows by injecting chloroform into the pancreatic tissue. Ultrasonographic examination was then performed once daily for nine days. Pancreatic lesions were visible 24 h after induction of pancreatitis, as represented by a uniform increase in echogenicity and by intralobular and subcapsular fluid accumulation. As the experiment progressed, patchy hypoechogenic foci appeared within the gland parenchyma. Amylase and lipase activities showed rapid increases. Post mortem examination revealed gross and microscopic necrotic and haemorrhagic lesions in the body and right lobe of the pancreas, accompanied by oedema and fibrosis. Ultrasonography was found to be extremely useful for the detection and characterization of experimentally induced pancreatitis and to monitor its progression in the cow. These findings are of potential value as a reference for the diagnostic workup of bovine pancreatitis, and ultrasonography is seen as a promising non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of suspected pancreatitis in cattle.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2004
To elucidate possible relationships between triglyceride (TG) levels and fatty acid composition i... more To elucidate possible relationships between triglyceride (TG) levels and fatty acid composition in bovine liver, hepatic TG and seven individual fatty acids were measured in 23 Holstein dairy cows, of them 6 are healthy. Liver TG level was greater than 3 % in 12 cows which were ruled fatty liver. Palmitic and oleic acid proportions were significantly higher in fatty liver cows than in the healthy cows, while stearic acid was lower in fatty liver cows. With increased liver TG, stearic acid proportions decreased dramaticall y. Results indicate that hepatic lipidosis markedly alters the proportions of the various fatty acids in the liver of dairy cows.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2004
To monitor the serum concentration of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), one of the functional apop... more To monitor the serum concentration of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), one of the functional apoproteins in lipid metabolism, in cows with ethionine-induced fatty liver, and to investigate the association of apoC-III with liver triglyceride (TG) content and serum biochemical variables, seven nonpregnant nonlactating Holstein cows (3 to 6 years old) were used. Five cows were treated with e thionine, an analogue of methionine, (days 0, 7 and 14). The remaining two controls received saline as the vehicle. Liver TG contents in the treated cows were increased markedly whenever administered, and significant increases were observed at days 14 (666.4%, 85.3 mg/ g) and 21 (675.0%, 86.4 mg/g) compared with day 0. In controls, no significant changes in liver TG content and serum biochemical variables were observed during this experiment. The serum apoC-III concentration in the treated cows was decreased drastically after the first administration and fell to the lowest value at day 10 (76.2 µg/ml, 32% of day 0). The apoC-III was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with non-esterified fatty acids (r=-0.526), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (r=-0.407), total bilirubin (r=-0.464), positively with apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100, r=0.601) and cholesterol ester (r=0.449). Although apoB-100 concentrations were also reduced by the administrations, the concentrations tended to recover smoothly toward the next administration. The distinct difference in change between apoC-III and apoB-100 suggests that apoC-III may be regulated by other pathways, in addition to inhibiting the synthesis of apop roteins by ethionine.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2004
A 6-month-old female Holstein calf was referred with a history of respiratory distress, anorexia ... more A 6-month-old female Holstein calf was referred with a history of respiratory distress, anorexia and dehydration. When first examined, a loud harsh murmur was clearly audible from both sides of the thorax. Two-dimentional echocardiography demonstrated a markedly dilated right ventricle and right atrium, hypertrophied myocardium, prominent papillary muscles and a thickened interventricular septum (IVS). A large-sized ventricular septal defect was imaged at the top of the IVS. The aorta was dextrally located and overriding both ventricles. The diagnosis was confirmed as tetralogy of fallot on postmortem examination. KEY WORDS: calf, tetralogy of fallot, ultrasonography.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2003
A new method for catheterization of the portal and hepatic veins in cattle by means of the over-t... more A new method for catheterization of the portal and hepatic veins in cattle by means of the over-the-wire system was investigated to maintain more reliable long-term patency of catheters. Four cattle were used to evaluate the success rate, patency and safety of the procedure. The catheters, coated by urokinase were patent as long as they were in situ. In addition, the introducer was useful to prevent the catheter from being broken. No complications developed during the10 days after the procedure. Two cows were then euthanized. Post mortem findings were minimal. The results of the study reported here are promising, the benefits are significant and there is no apparent disadvantage to its use.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2002
The objectives of the present study were (1) to establish and maintain catheters non-surgically i... more The objectives of the present study were (1) to establish and maintain catheters non-surgically in the portal and hepatic veins of cattle for long-term monitoring of postprandially absorbed metabolites, and (2) to assess the safety of the technique used. Aspiration and catheterization were not performed if there was risk of bleeding, as determined by hemostatic data and enlargement of portal and hepatic veins. In five Holstein cattle, before and 60-min after feeding, percutaneous ultrasound-guided aspiration of portal and hepatic blood, together with jugular blood, was performed utilizing 17G × 17.5 cm needles. Concentration of ammonia nitrogen tended to be higher after feeding, but that of urea nitrogen and glucose were not significantly changed. In five other Holstein cows liver veins were catheterized with 14 × 16.5 cm guide-needles attached with 50 cm polyethylene tubes and blood samples were collected from portal, hepatic and jugular veins at 30-min intervals for 4.5 hr. The concentration of plasma acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) were significantly increased after feeding, while that of lactate was not changed. Catheters in the portal and hepatic veins enabled the collection of blood samples up to 15 days (mean, 7 days). After a 7-day observation period, five cows were euthanised and necropsied. Changes in the intercostal musculature, peritoneum and liver were negligible. During the observation period, clinical profiles, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and total and differential WBC counts were within normal ranges.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2008
The purpose of the present study was to develop a technique for biopsy of the kidneys of cattle a... more The purpose of the present study was to develop a technique for biopsy of the kidneys of cattle and to evaluate its usefulness and safety based on 25 consecutive biopsies. Using a handheld 14G spinal biopsy needle, the right kidney was biopsied under ultrasound control by one operator. To assess the immediate effects of renal biopsy, twenty cattle were necropsied shortly after the procedure and examined. The remaining five animals were biopsied and examined daily for nine days and then necropsied. One pass was made for biopsy of the right kidney. No immediate or delayed macroscopic hematuria was observed post-biopsy. Six animals had a thin subcapsular hematoma (less than 2 cm in diameter). We conclude that percutaneous ultrasound-guided biopsy of the right kidney is safe, fast, cost-effective and practical as long as it is performed properly.
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 2002
The purposes of this study are to assess the responses of increased supplemental dietary fat in t... more The purposes of this study are to assess the responses of increased supplemental dietary fat in the cow, without upsetting rumen fermentation, on the bile acid (BA) extraction rate in the liver and to determine whether this diet would affect the postprandial lipid profiles in the portal and hepatic venous blood. Six Holstein cows were equipped with catheters fitted in the portal and hepatic veins. Two cows each were assigned randomly to a sequence of three dietary treatments of 21-day period. The methodology of this study was based on the supplementation of the basal concentrate diet with 0 (control), 5, or 10% calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA). The total bile acids were significantly increased in the portal and hepatic veins with the 5% CSFA diet, whereas no increase occurred with the 10% CSFA diet. Data obtained in this study showed that 10% CSFA diet failed to stimulate BA secretion to exceed the values obtained with 5% CSFA-diet. Moreover, there was no change in the hepatic extraction rate of BA in animals fed either the 0 or 5% CSFA diets which ranged from 2.4 to 6.5fold and 3.1 to 7.3-fold, respectively. However, the extraction rate increased sharply with the 10% CSFA diet (27-fold). The median portal and hepatic concentrations of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipids and non-esterified fatty acids did not show any significant increase during feeding of the control diet. Moreover, feeding either the 5 or 10% CSFA diet did not significantly increase these values in either vein.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2004
A 30-month-old Holstein heifer presented with a history of decreased appetite and respiratory sig... more A 30-month-old Holstein heifer presented with a history of decreased appetite and respiratory signs. Sonographic examination of the liver incidentally revealed an area of increased echogenicity between the portal vein and the gallbladder. The lesion was nonspherical and had no mass effect or displacement of the adjacent vessels. Its boundaries, to the liver, were geographic. The liver specimen was histologically compatible with a diagnosis of focal fatty liver change (FFLC). The sonographic features of focal fatty infiltration of the liver are characteristic. Recognition of the ultrasonographic data is important to differentiate FFLC from other lesions.
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Papers by Tharwat Mohamed