Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research, 2017
Fasciolosis is one of the major constraint factors for ovine production development in Ethiopia b... more Fasciolosis is one of the major constraint factors for ovine production development in Ethiopia by inflecting direct and indirect loss at different parts of the country. Ovine fasciolosis is an economically important parasitic disease of sheep caused by tr ematodes species of the genus Fasciola , which migrate in the hepatic parenchyma and establish and develops in the bile ducts. In Ethiopia, both species co - exist at different altitudes. The snails of the genus lymnae are mainly involved as an intermediate host in the life cycle of fasciolosis. Ovine fascioliasis in Ethiopia were losses annually estimated at 48.4 million Ethiopian birr due to mortality, productivity (weight loss and reproductive wastage), and liver condemnation at slaughter. This fasciola di sease has three phases of clinical sign acute, sub - acute and chronic forms. Acute fasciolosis occurs as disease outbreak following a massive, but relatively short - term, intake of metacercariae. Death usually results from ...
Leech therapy has been practiced for long time and it is still practiced in both human and Veteri... more Leech therapy has been practiced for long time and it is still practiced in both human and Veterinary Medicine Hirudotherapy is used in Veterinary Medicine especially when traditional treatment is not effective after surgery and when the tissue is threatened by venous congestion The main objective of this seminar paper is to overview importance and prevalence of Leeches in Veterinary Medicine The most common species of medicinal Leech are includes Hirudo medicinalis Hirudo asiatica Hirudomanellensis Hirudo Orientals Hirudo michaelseni Hirudo nipponia Hirudo granulose and Macrobdelladecora Saliva of Leech contains various bioactive compounds such as hirudin hyaluronidase calin destabilase apyrase eglins bdellins decorsin hirustatin tryptase inhibitors and histamine like substances complement inhibitors carboxypeptidase A inhibitors and acetylcholine Biochemical compound which secreted from saliva of Leech have various effects such as anticoagulant vasodilator thrombolytic anti inflam...
Tick infestation is one of the major economic problems in the production of livestock in Ethiopia... more Tick infestation is one of the major economic problems in the production of livestock in Ethiopia. Ticks are the obligate parasite and belong to the suborder Ixodida, which contains a single super family, the Ixodoidea, which is divided into two major families, Argasidae (soft ticks) and Ixodidae (hard ticks), and the rare family Nuttalliellidae, with a single African species. The main tick genera found in domestic animals of Ethiopia are Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Haemaphysalis. Ticks bites can transmit the viral, bacterial and protozoal disease to livestock and also it can cause irritation to the livestock while biting. Tick can be controlled by applying the acaricid especially organophosphates, amidines and synthetipyrithroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons and arsenicals and ivermectin which are expensive to buy. However, Ethnoveterinary practices may provide very good alternatives since they are cheap and easily accessible and It can replace modern practices especially ...
Bovine Anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne diseases of ruminants worldwide causi... more Bovine Anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne diseases of ruminants worldwide causing significant economic losses in the livestock industries due to the high morbidity and mortality in susceptible cattle herds. The main aim of this paper is to review the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis. Bovine Anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is an infectious but non-contagious disease. The mode of transmission of Bovine anaplasmosis includes mechanical (blood contaminated fomites (needles, ear tagging, dehorning and castration equipment), biological (tick bites) and transplcenta (mother to fetus). Bovine Anaplasmosis occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection with A. marginale, but the severity of disease increases with age. The common clinical sign of bovine anaplsmosis includes; Fever (41), anorexia, rapid loss of body condition, severe decrease in milk production, pale and icteric mucous membranes, increased...
Epizootic lymphangitis is one of the major chronic contagious disease of equine which cause pyoge... more Epizootic lymphangitis is one of the major chronic contagious disease of equine which cause pyogenic, ulcerative, and generalized spreading pyogranulomatous, multifocal dermatitis with lymphadenitis, and a cord like appearance of the subcutaneous lymphatic vessels. It is caused by dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum species. Equine Epizootic lymphangitiscan be seen commonly in the extremities along front and hind legs, chest wall, belly and the neck. The disease is endemic in some countries of West, North, North east Africa, East Africa (Ethiopia) and Asia including India, Pakistan and Japan, where it is mostly diffused in areas characterized by humid and hot climates. The incidence of epizootic lymphangitis disease will become high only when large numbers of animal’s population were collected together such as seen in military situations or congregation for racing, in addition mortalities were low. The mode of transmission of Epizootic lymphangitis disease inc...
Leech therapy (Hirudotherapy) has been practiced for long time and it is known from the time of e... more Leech therapy (Hirudotherapy) has been practiced for long time and it is known from the time of extreme antiquity and still practiced in both human and veterinary medicine.1 Hirudotherapy is coined from Latin word which mean Leech therapy or treatment used by physician for patient.2 Hippocrates introduced Leech therapy in Greece but the method was also known to ancient Mesopotamians, Egyptians and Aztecs, and Mayans. Medical Leech therapy is part of the concept of Greko-Arab Unani System of Medicine.3 Leeches were named Hirudo medicinalis by Linnaeus in 1758.4 Hirudotherapy is used in many countries such as; in German, America, China, Russia, England, Africa and ancient Egyptian from 1500 BC.5 The bioactive substance present in mouth and throat of Leech was discovered by Hay craft (1857-1922), as he studied that the substance could prevented blood coagulation and it named this substance as hirudin in 1904.6,7 Hirudin is still regarded as the most potent natural inhibitor of thrombin...
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has the great role in diagnosing medical testing for infecti... more The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has the great role in diagnosing medical testing for infectious agents, toxins, and other causes of disease in animal diagnostic samples which submitted by veterinary practitioners serving animal owners, public health offi cials, wildlife management, and scientists with research projects. This Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory guidance focused on the discipline of special veterinary faculty like pathology, clinical pathology, microbiology, virology, immunology, parasitology, and serology.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Anti-microbial susceptibility test is useful to guide the clinician in the selection of antimicro... more Anti-microbial susceptibility test is useful to guide the clinician in the selection of antimicrobial agents to which clinical condition being treated will respond. There are three principal methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing like disc diffusion, brothy dilution and agar dilution.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Milk production potential is a function of the number of mammary epithelial cells in the, gland, ... more Milk production potential is a function of the number of mammary epithelial cells in the, gland, as well as the secretory activity of those cells [1,2]. Therefore, improved lactation performance can be achieved under conditions that enhance mammary cell proliferation (or decrease apoptosis), biochemical and structural differentiation of mammary epithelium, and synthesis and secretion of milk components [1].
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Urinalysis usually is performed as a screening technique for acquiring a large amount of informat... more Urinalysis usually is performed as a screening technique for acquiring a large amount of information about several body systems. It is studying the kidneys related to the detection of abnormal component in urine that may be of renal origins and relation of urine concentration ability to kidney function. Analysis of urine is conducted through collection of samples. Urine is normally yellow in all domestic animals.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
The body condition of a livestock is generally assessed by visual observation. The references to ... more The body condition of a livestock is generally assessed by visual observation. The references to an animal being too thin, in good fl esh, or obese all relate to the animal’s weight. Therefore, the weight of an animal can be used as a measurement tool to determine its well-being, or the presence of problems which may threaten the health of the horse. The weight of small animalsand poultry may be carried out by balance by automatic balance machine several methods can be used to determine the body weight of livestock in an approximate scale.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
The clinical examination of head and neck can be undergone by further visual inspections and obse... more The clinical examination of head and neck can be undergone by further visual inspections and observations, before examination of head and neck the following question could be asked: [1]:
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Molecular biological techniques are the best dimensions to diagnosis the disease process and its ... more Molecular biological techniques are the best dimensions to diagnosis the disease process and its causative agents. The molecular biology technique is performed with sophisticated instruments or equipment’s required specialized trained personnel and undertaken in routine diagnosistic laboratories.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Clinical examination is a fundamental part veterinary diagnosis. It provides the veterinarian wit... more Clinical examination is a fundamental part veterinary diagnosis. It provides the veterinarian with the information to determine the disease or diseases producing the clinical abnormalities. Additionally, the information derived from the clinical examination should assist the veterinarian in determining the severity of the pathophysiological processes.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Physical examination is the methods of examination by means of applying general inspection, palpa... more Physical examination is the methods of examination by means of applying general inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of animals to detect clinical signs of patient animals. General inspection is done some distance away from the animal; sometimes go round the animal or herd/fl ock, in order to get the general impression about the case1
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Necropsy is the examination of animals after death and it helps in diagnosis of diseases. Necrops... more Necropsy is the examination of animals after death and it helps in diagnosis of diseases. Necropsy includes systemic examination of dead animals, recording pathological lesions and interpretation approach to diagnosis of disease. The knowledge of histopathology, microbiology, immunology and toxicology is required for confi rmation.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Fecal examination is indicated in diarrhoeic diseases, constipation, anorexia, jaundice, hepatiti... more Fecal examination is indicated in diarrhoeic diseases, constipation, anorexia, jaundice, hepatitis, lungworm infection, anemia, weakness, low milk production and in dysentery. Examination of feces is mainly carried out for the detection of parasites, their ova/larva/oocyst, blood and other foreign material.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Veterinary microbiology laboratory examination is required to establish the clinical samples, eti... more Veterinary microbiology laboratory examination is required to establish the clinical samples, etiology and line treatment through antibacterial sensitivity testing. Veterinarian should have to go for antimicrobial sensitive test before treatment of patient with antibacterial drugs, without testing of antimicrobial sensitive, the bacteria or microorganism may develop resistance to that drugs.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Some important characteristics of the organisms are given in each genera which may serve as key f... more Some important characteristics of the organisms are given in each genera which may serve as key for their identifi cation.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Skin scrapings are part of the basic database for all skin diseases. There are two types of skin ... more Skin scrapings are part of the basic database for all skin diseases. There are two types of skin scrapings, superfi cial and deep. Superfi cial scrapings do not cause capillary bleeding and provide information from the surface of the epidermis.
Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research, 2017
Fasciolosis is one of the major constraint factors for ovine production development in Ethiopia b... more Fasciolosis is one of the major constraint factors for ovine production development in Ethiopia by inflecting direct and indirect loss at different parts of the country. Ovine fasciolosis is an economically important parasitic disease of sheep caused by tr ematodes species of the genus Fasciola , which migrate in the hepatic parenchyma and establish and develops in the bile ducts. In Ethiopia, both species co - exist at different altitudes. The snails of the genus lymnae are mainly involved as an intermediate host in the life cycle of fasciolosis. Ovine fascioliasis in Ethiopia were losses annually estimated at 48.4 million Ethiopian birr due to mortality, productivity (weight loss and reproductive wastage), and liver condemnation at slaughter. This fasciola di sease has three phases of clinical sign acute, sub - acute and chronic forms. Acute fasciolosis occurs as disease outbreak following a massive, but relatively short - term, intake of metacercariae. Death usually results from ...
Leech therapy has been practiced for long time and it is still practiced in both human and Veteri... more Leech therapy has been practiced for long time and it is still practiced in both human and Veterinary Medicine Hirudotherapy is used in Veterinary Medicine especially when traditional treatment is not effective after surgery and when the tissue is threatened by venous congestion The main objective of this seminar paper is to overview importance and prevalence of Leeches in Veterinary Medicine The most common species of medicinal Leech are includes Hirudo medicinalis Hirudo asiatica Hirudomanellensis Hirudo Orientals Hirudo michaelseni Hirudo nipponia Hirudo granulose and Macrobdelladecora Saliva of Leech contains various bioactive compounds such as hirudin hyaluronidase calin destabilase apyrase eglins bdellins decorsin hirustatin tryptase inhibitors and histamine like substances complement inhibitors carboxypeptidase A inhibitors and acetylcholine Biochemical compound which secreted from saliva of Leech have various effects such as anticoagulant vasodilator thrombolytic anti inflam...
Tick infestation is one of the major economic problems in the production of livestock in Ethiopia... more Tick infestation is one of the major economic problems in the production of livestock in Ethiopia. Ticks are the obligate parasite and belong to the suborder Ixodida, which contains a single super family, the Ixodoidea, which is divided into two major families, Argasidae (soft ticks) and Ixodidae (hard ticks), and the rare family Nuttalliellidae, with a single African species. The main tick genera found in domestic animals of Ethiopia are Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Haemaphysalis. Ticks bites can transmit the viral, bacterial and protozoal disease to livestock and also it can cause irritation to the livestock while biting. Tick can be controlled by applying the acaricid especially organophosphates, amidines and synthetipyrithroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons and arsenicals and ivermectin which are expensive to buy. However, Ethnoveterinary practices may provide very good alternatives since they are cheap and easily accessible and It can replace modern practices especially ...
Bovine Anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne diseases of ruminants worldwide causi... more Bovine Anaplasmosis is one of the most important tick borne diseases of ruminants worldwide causing significant economic losses in the livestock industries due to the high morbidity and mortality in susceptible cattle herds. The main aim of this paper is to review the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis. Bovine Anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is an infectious but non-contagious disease. The mode of transmission of Bovine anaplasmosis includes mechanical (blood contaminated fomites (needles, ear tagging, dehorning and castration equipment), biological (tick bites) and transplcenta (mother to fetus). Bovine Anaplasmosis occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection with A. marginale, but the severity of disease increases with age. The common clinical sign of bovine anaplsmosis includes; Fever (41), anorexia, rapid loss of body condition, severe decrease in milk production, pale and icteric mucous membranes, increased...
Epizootic lymphangitis is one of the major chronic contagious disease of equine which cause pyoge... more Epizootic lymphangitis is one of the major chronic contagious disease of equine which cause pyogenic, ulcerative, and generalized spreading pyogranulomatous, multifocal dermatitis with lymphadenitis, and a cord like appearance of the subcutaneous lymphatic vessels. It is caused by dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum species. Equine Epizootic lymphangitiscan be seen commonly in the extremities along front and hind legs, chest wall, belly and the neck. The disease is endemic in some countries of West, North, North east Africa, East Africa (Ethiopia) and Asia including India, Pakistan and Japan, where it is mostly diffused in areas characterized by humid and hot climates. The incidence of epizootic lymphangitis disease will become high only when large numbers of animal’s population were collected together such as seen in military situations or congregation for racing, in addition mortalities were low. The mode of transmission of Epizootic lymphangitis disease inc...
Leech therapy (Hirudotherapy) has been practiced for long time and it is known from the time of e... more Leech therapy (Hirudotherapy) has been practiced for long time and it is known from the time of extreme antiquity and still practiced in both human and veterinary medicine.1 Hirudotherapy is coined from Latin word which mean Leech therapy or treatment used by physician for patient.2 Hippocrates introduced Leech therapy in Greece but the method was also known to ancient Mesopotamians, Egyptians and Aztecs, and Mayans. Medical Leech therapy is part of the concept of Greko-Arab Unani System of Medicine.3 Leeches were named Hirudo medicinalis by Linnaeus in 1758.4 Hirudotherapy is used in many countries such as; in German, America, China, Russia, England, Africa and ancient Egyptian from 1500 BC.5 The bioactive substance present in mouth and throat of Leech was discovered by Hay craft (1857-1922), as he studied that the substance could prevented blood coagulation and it named this substance as hirudin in 1904.6,7 Hirudin is still regarded as the most potent natural inhibitor of thrombin...
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has the great role in diagnosing medical testing for infecti... more The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has the great role in diagnosing medical testing for infectious agents, toxins, and other causes of disease in animal diagnostic samples which submitted by veterinary practitioners serving animal owners, public health offi cials, wildlife management, and scientists with research projects. This Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory guidance focused on the discipline of special veterinary faculty like pathology, clinical pathology, microbiology, virology, immunology, parasitology, and serology.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Anti-microbial susceptibility test is useful to guide the clinician in the selection of antimicro... more Anti-microbial susceptibility test is useful to guide the clinician in the selection of antimicrobial agents to which clinical condition being treated will respond. There are three principal methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing like disc diffusion, brothy dilution and agar dilution.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Milk production potential is a function of the number of mammary epithelial cells in the, gland, ... more Milk production potential is a function of the number of mammary epithelial cells in the, gland, as well as the secretory activity of those cells [1,2]. Therefore, improved lactation performance can be achieved under conditions that enhance mammary cell proliferation (or decrease apoptosis), biochemical and structural differentiation of mammary epithelium, and synthesis and secretion of milk components [1].
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Urinalysis usually is performed as a screening technique for acquiring a large amount of informat... more Urinalysis usually is performed as a screening technique for acquiring a large amount of information about several body systems. It is studying the kidneys related to the detection of abnormal component in urine that may be of renal origins and relation of urine concentration ability to kidney function. Analysis of urine is conducted through collection of samples. Urine is normally yellow in all domestic animals.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
The body condition of a livestock is generally assessed by visual observation. The references to ... more The body condition of a livestock is generally assessed by visual observation. The references to an animal being too thin, in good fl esh, or obese all relate to the animal’s weight. Therefore, the weight of an animal can be used as a measurement tool to determine its well-being, or the presence of problems which may threaten the health of the horse. The weight of small animalsand poultry may be carried out by balance by automatic balance machine several methods can be used to determine the body weight of livestock in an approximate scale.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
The clinical examination of head and neck can be undergone by further visual inspections and obse... more The clinical examination of head and neck can be undergone by further visual inspections and observations, before examination of head and neck the following question could be asked: [1]:
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Molecular biological techniques are the best dimensions to diagnosis the disease process and its ... more Molecular biological techniques are the best dimensions to diagnosis the disease process and its causative agents. The molecular biology technique is performed with sophisticated instruments or equipment’s required specialized trained personnel and undertaken in routine diagnosistic laboratories.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Clinical examination is a fundamental part veterinary diagnosis. It provides the veterinarian wit... more Clinical examination is a fundamental part veterinary diagnosis. It provides the veterinarian with the information to determine the disease or diseases producing the clinical abnormalities. Additionally, the information derived from the clinical examination should assist the veterinarian in determining the severity of the pathophysiological processes.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Physical examination is the methods of examination by means of applying general inspection, palpa... more Physical examination is the methods of examination by means of applying general inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of animals to detect clinical signs of patient animals. General inspection is done some distance away from the animal; sometimes go round the animal or herd/fl ock, in order to get the general impression about the case1
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Necropsy is the examination of animals after death and it helps in diagnosis of diseases. Necrops... more Necropsy is the examination of animals after death and it helps in diagnosis of diseases. Necropsy includes systemic examination of dead animals, recording pathological lesions and interpretation approach to diagnosis of disease. The knowledge of histopathology, microbiology, immunology and toxicology is required for confi rmation.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Fecal examination is indicated in diarrhoeic diseases, constipation, anorexia, jaundice, hepatiti... more Fecal examination is indicated in diarrhoeic diseases, constipation, anorexia, jaundice, hepatitis, lungworm infection, anemia, weakness, low milk production and in dysentery. Examination of feces is mainly carried out for the detection of parasites, their ova/larva/oocyst, blood and other foreign material.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Veterinary microbiology laboratory examination is required to establish the clinical samples, eti... more Veterinary microbiology laboratory examination is required to establish the clinical samples, etiology and line treatment through antibacterial sensitivity testing. Veterinarian should have to go for antimicrobial sensitive test before treatment of patient with antibacterial drugs, without testing of antimicrobial sensitive, the bacteria or microorganism may develop resistance to that drugs.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Some important characteristics of the organisms are given in each genera which may serve as key f... more Some important characteristics of the organisms are given in each genera which may serve as key for their identifi cation.
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018
Skin scrapings are part of the basic database for all skin diseases. There are two types of skin ... more Skin scrapings are part of the basic database for all skin diseases. There are two types of skin scrapings, superfi cial and deep. Superfi cial scrapings do not cause capillary bleeding and provide information from the surface of the epidermis.
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