Plants have long been thought to contribute to health promotion due to their fiber and phenolic c... more Plants have long been thought to contribute to health promotion due to their fiber and phenolic content, as well as their inherent biological potential. The bioactive derivatives of medicinal plants are a valuable resource in the fight against serious diseases all around the world. The present review focuses on the current state of knowledge on the usage and medicinal applications of plant bioactives. Issues concerning the effect of aromatic plant derivatives on human gut microbiota and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potentials are discussed and worth further exploring.
Journal of Turkish Science Education, Sep 15, 2011
ÖZET Bu çalışmada; yaptıkları görev itibarı ile Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (GDO) ile ilg... more ÖZET Bu çalışmada; yaptıkları görev itibarı ile Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (GDO) ile ilgisi olduğu düşünülen sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin GDO konusunda eğitim ihtiyaçları analiz edilerek bu konu ile ilgili algıları ve tercihleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırma Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu"nda Tıbbi Laboratuar Teknikleri ve Çevre Sağlığı programlarının birinci ve ikinci sınıfına devam eden toplam 111 öğrenci üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma tarama niteliğinde olup, bu amaçla araştırmacılar tarafından öğrencilerin bazı demografik özelliklerini ve GDO ile ilgili eğitim ihtiyaçlarını ölçmek üzere bir anket hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; öğrencilerin neredeyse tamamının bu konuda ders dışında herhangi bir faaliyete katılmadığı, yaklaşık üçte birinin bu konu ile ilgili olarak daha önce bir ders kapsamında eğitim aldığı, %64"ünün bu konuda yeterli bilgiye sahip olduğunu düşündüğü ve %80"den fazlasının bu konuda eğitim almak istediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bulgular yanında, öğrencilerin yaklaşık %86"sının bu bilgileri mesleklerinde kullanacaklarına inandığı, yarıdan fazlasının öncelikli olarak GDO"ların yarar ve zararlarını öğrenmek istediği ve bu eğitimleri grup aktiviteleri veya seminerler şeklinde almak istediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
In the last decade, ready-to-eat (RTE) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in huma... more In the last decade, ready-to-eat (RTE) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in human diet. However, since they are consumed fresh, inadequate washing during processing can bring on some foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, since these food items have natural contamination from soil and water. During 2009-2010, a total of 81 samples were purchased arbitrarily from local mar-kets in Ankara, and were examined for Salmonella contamination. Salmonella screening was per-formed by using anti-Salmonella magnetic beads system and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of the suspected colonies. Then, the antibiotic resistance profiles of four Salmonella strains identified (strains RTE-1, RTE-2, RTE-3, and RTE-4) were also investigated, since the mech-anism by which Salmonella spp. have accumulated antibiotic resistance genes is of interest. All strains showed resistance against sulfonamides (MIC> 128 mg/L). Further results suggested that as-sociated sulfonamide r...
ABSTRACT The recent emergence of LA-MRSA and their identification in people in contact with lives... more ABSTRACT The recent emergence of LA-MRSA and their identification in people in contact with livestock has increased their importance for dairy sector and has led to the need to check MRSA presence in dairy foods. Therefore, a total of 285 dairy food samples were analyzed for the presence of MRSA. The 285 samples included raw milk (50 samples), traditional cheeses consisting of white-pickled cheese (50 samples) and Tulum cheese (50 samples), yogurt (25 samples), butter (25 samples), traditional clotted cream (20 samples), pastry cream (50 samples), and traditional Maras ice-cream (15 samples). The isolation procedure of S. aureus followed the EN/ISO 6888–1 (01/2004) method. Out of 99 presumptive isolates, 27 S. aureus isolate were identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and PCR. Overall, 15 out of 285 samples (5.26%) were contaminated by S. aureus; however, mean contamination level of S. aureus between different types of foods was observed as the highest in pastry creams with 6.4 × 103 CFU/g No S. aureus was isolated in yogurt, butter, traditional clotted cream, and traditional Maras ice-cream samples. Strains with MRSA characteristics were investigated by real-time PCR (RTiPCR)-targeting mecA and mecC genes. Out of 27 S. aureus strains, 4 strains carried one gene [mecA gene in 2 strains, isolated from raw milk (sample no: 27) and a White-pickled cheese (sample no: 46); 2 strains carried mecC gene, isolated from two different pastry creams (sample no: 33 and 44)], and only a strain isolated from a pastry cream (sample no: 21) harbored both mecA and mecC genes. None of the strains from Tulum cheeses were positive with either mec genes. This study revealed the relationship of MRSA with raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy products. Extra preventive measures to avoid MRSA-contaminated dairy foods must be applied as their consumption poses a potential risk to public health.
The objective of this study was to monitor Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of... more The objective of this study was to monitor Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of leafy green vegetables produced in urban and periurban agricultural fields with natural water irrigation. A total of 164 samples comprising of different leafy green vegetables (8 basils, 15 dills, 20 garden cresses, 16 kales, 12 lettuces, 19 mints, 19 parsleys, 18 purslanes, 1 radish, 20 rockets, 14 scallions and 2 spinaches) were randomly collected from nearby agricultural fields in the close vicinity of Ankara Stream over an 8-month period between April 2007 and November 2007. Samples were examined for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes using ISO methods with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and then polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No Salmonella and L. monocytogenes was detected from the 25-g radish, spinach and scallion samples tested. However, 23 samples (1 basil, 2 dills, 1 garden cress, 1 kale, 2 lettuces, 4 mints, 3 parsleys, 5 purslanes and 4 rockets) were positive for Salmonella a...
Kontamine olmus tavuk etlerinin, Salmonellalarin insanlara bulasmasina neden olan baslica gida ka... more Kontamine olmus tavuk etlerinin, Salmonellalarin insanlara bulasmasina neden olan baslica gida kaynagi olmalari ve kulturel belirleme yontemlerinin zaman alici olmalari nedenleri ile, tavuk etlerinde hizli ve yuksek duyarlilikta sonuc verebilecek bir Salmonella spp. belirleme yonteminin gelistirilmesi uzerine yapilan bu calismada, ilk olarak ISO 6579 referans yontemi kullanilarak Salmonella kontaminasyonu olmadigi belirlenen tavuk eti ornekleri, Salmonella Enteritidis kulturu ile inokule edilmis ve 16 saatlik secici olmayan bir on-zenginlestirme isleminin ardindan immunomanyetik ayirma-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (IMA-PZR) yontemi kullanilarak, yaklasik 1 veya 10 kob/25 gram tavuk eti seviyesindeki hedef bakterinin, toplam 20 saat gibi kisa bir surede belirlenebilmesi saglanmistir.
Growth patterns and some technological performances of five Streptococcus thermophilus and seven ... more Growth patterns and some technological performances of five Streptococcus thermophilus and seven Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains isolated from yogurt samples which were collected from remote rural areas of Anatolia, Turkey were assessed. The single isolates were screened for milk acidification performances, production of volatile organic compounds and texture developing properties, and selected isolates were combined to use in yogurt-making. Yogurt samples were subjected to sensory evaluations as well as fermentation profiles. Finally, the combinations of one Streptococcus thermophilus isolate with all Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains were found to have potentials for further evaluations regarding their suitability for commercial applications.
The present study aims to characterize twenty-seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates among a total ... more The present study aims to characterize twenty-seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates among a total of forty-four Staphylococci recovered from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods (n = 285) in Central Anatolia and the Mediterranean Regions of Turkey, using MALDI-TOF MS-based phyloproteomic principal component analysis (PCA). The data shown by the spectra were analyzed, followed by composite correlation index (CCI), virtual gel, and cluster analysis for validation. The correlation between standard strain S. aureus 25,923 THL (SA-18) and all strains was significant since protein peak of m/z 5305 ± 2 Da was common in all strains, including SA-18. Twenty-six (9.12%) and fifteen (5.26%) out of all samples were found as contaminated by Staphylococci and S. aureus, respectively. The findings suggest that MALDI-TOF MS-based PCA is a promising fast method to categorize S. aureus in dairy foods, in need of continuous monitoring of foodborne pathogens for public health. Eficacia del método EM MALDI-TOF para la detección de Staphylococcus aureus aislados de leche cruda y alimentos lácteos artesanales El presente estudio tuvo por objeto caracterizar 27 aislados de Staphylococcus aureus entre un total de 44 estafilococos recuperados de leche cruda y alimentos lácteos artesanales tradicionales (n=285) en Anatolia Central y las regiones mediterráneas de Turquía. Para ello se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales (PCA) filoproteómico, basado en la EM MALDI-TOF. Se analizaron los datos mostrados por los espectros, seguidos por el índice de correlación compuesto (CCI), el gel virtual y el análisis de clúster para su validación. Se constató que la correlación entre la cepa estándar S. aureus 25923 THL (SA-18) y todas las cepas fue significativa, ya que el pico proteico de m/z 5305 ± 2 Da fue común a todas ellas, incluida la SA-18. De todas las muestras analizadas, 26 (9.12%) resultaron contaminadas por estafilococos y 15 (5.26%) por S. aureus. Los resultados dan cuenta de que el PCA basado en la EM MALDI-TOF es un método rápido y prometedor para categorizar S. aureus en los alimentos lácteos que requieren, para garantizar la salud pública, un seguimiento continuo de los patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos.
Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2020
Sütte laktik asit bakterileri daha fazla olmasına karşın, Listeria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Stap... more Sütte laktik asit bakterileri daha fazla olmasına karşın, Listeria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ve Salmonella cinsi patojen bakterilerin de varlığı muhtemeldir. Süt yüksek besin değerine sahip bileşenler içermesi ve dolayısıyla mikroorganizma gelişimi ve çoğalması için uygun ortam olması nedenleriyle, içerdiği mikroorganizma popülasyonları insan sağlığını tehdit edecek sayılara kısa süre içinde ulaşabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle sütün tüketilmeden önce mikrobiyel açıdan güvenli hale getirilmesi oldukça önemli bir konudur. Bu amaçla uygulanabilecek tekniklerden biri olan mikrofiltrasyon işlemi, basınç etkisiyle sütün belirli çaplarda gözeneklere sahip membranlardan geçirilmesi sonucu sütten mikroorganizmaların fiziksel olarak ayrılmasını sağlamaktadır. Mikrofiltrasyon uygulanan sütün mikroorganizma yükü ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar sütteki mikroorganizma sayısının, kullanılan membranların gözenek çapları, sütün başlangıç mikroorganizma yükü, sıcakl...
Most of the foodborne microbial diseases are linked to foods of animal origin such as milk, meat,... more Most of the foodborne microbial diseases are linked to foods of animal origin such as milk, meat, and poultry. Nowadays, the presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens in foods is becoming an increasingly public health concern worldwide due to the overuse of antimicrobial drugs in animal feed. MDR pathogens can enter the food chain by posing a significant risk to both animals and consumers. MDR pathogens causing infections are untreatable due to their resistance to various antibiotics, primarily cephalosporin and carbapenems and to their extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing capability. In addition, foods of animal origin and food-related environments can be likely vehicles for spreading of multi-drug resistance genes, which accelerates the thriving of global antibiotic resistance. This paper reviews the role of foods of animal origin as a vehicle for MDR pathogens, stressing the contribution of food processes, environments, and storage conditions in dissemination and reduction of antimicrobial resistances (AMRs). Controlling the growth of MDR microorganisms and limiting the transmission/expression of AMR genes in food ecosystems could be an effective mitigation strategy, putting the focus on food processes as a part of the solution for AMR in foods. Bioprotective cultures are also a promising and environmentally friendly technology to reduce the incidence of MDR pathogens, though caution is taken as microbial starters and probiotics can also carry AMR. Finally, applying Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and predictive microbiology, within a Risk Assessment framework, is key to get insight into those mechanisms and conditions along the food chain favoring or reducing AMR.
The aim of this study is to optimize a rapid and specific method for detection of E. coli O157:H7... more The aim of this study is to optimize a rapid and specific method for detection of E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) from food samples with high background flora using an immunomagnetic separation-real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (OMS-RTiPCR). For this, EHEC cells were recovered from raw milk and ground meat samples that were artificially contaminated to the final concentrations of 10 1 , 10 3 and 10 5 cfu EHEC/mL or g, after a non-selective pre-enrichment at 35 °C for 8 h following either with or without capturing by micro-sized beads. Then, EHEC cells were identified by RTiPCR. The study was also carried out without any enrichment to evaluate the enrichment efficiency of the assay. By comparing the assay with and without pre-enrichment, we showed that even the usage of specific micro-sized beads did not improve EHEC detection in raw milk and ground beef samples and so gave false negative results unless an 8-h pre-enrichment was applied. Besides, the assay can be completed in less than 9 h with a minimum detection limit of 10 3 cfu EHEC/mL or g in foods and hence was found to be simple routine-based method that exhibits great potential for implementing as a rapid screening of EHEC in microbial tests as compared to existing techniques.
The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of an autochthonous probiotic... more The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of an autochthonous probiotic strain of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum, previously isolated from a Tulum cheese and satisfied technological criteria as adjunct culture in cheese production, in reducing Staphylococcus aureus during production and ripening of white-brined cheeses. Cheeses were manufactured in two trials from pasteurized milk artificially contaminated with S. aureus to the mean level of 6.243 log MPN mL-1. Lb. plantarum BG33 was added at 1% as adjunct to the starter culture. The study was also carried out with control group cheeses produced without the adjunct culture. S. aureus counts were monitored for up to 90 days by BAM's 5-tube MPN method and each positive tube of MPN (most probable number) method was confirmed by PCR amplification of a 400 bp fragment of the nuc gene, which encodes the thermostable nuclease of S. aureus. The capacity of Lb. plantarum BG33 to reduce S. aureus count was found as 0.9 log unit on the 18 th day of ripening. After 39 and 59 days of ripening, Lb. plantarum BG33 lowered S. aureus count by 1.9 and 2.0 log units, respectively, when compared to control group cheeses in which it was lowered by 0.5 and 1.0 log units, respectively. As a result, the BLIS activity of Lb. plantarum BG33 throughout ripening of white-brined cheese could make it useful as bioprotective adjunct culture in white-brined cheese production to prevent S. aureus growth which is an important foodborne pathogen in respect of safe cheese production.
In this study, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in cig kofte without meat was analysed. Sev... more In this study, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in cig kofte without meat was analysed. Seventy samples were purchased from various markets and retail centres in Ankara over an 8-month period. Bacterial colonies suspected to be L. monocytogenes were isolated by a method that begins with a primary enrichment in Half-Fraser broth followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with magnetic beads coated with an antibody against L. monocytogenes and plating on PALCAM and Oxford agars. Subsequent selective identification on Harlequin™ Listeria Medium and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation were used. The PCR method used a primer pair targeted at a specific region of the internalin (inlA) gene of L. monocytogenes, giving a product of 250 bp. Detection of L. monocytogenes in the 70 samples with IMS and PCR primers specific to the inlA gene that encodes the virulence of L. monocytogenes showed that 17.1% (12 of 70) samples contained L. monocytogenes. The inlA gene was detected in 12 L. monocytogenes isolates obtained from different cig kofte samples. The data gathered in this study are important for the assessment of the risk of listeriosis posed by L. monocytogenes in cig kofte, even when it is prepared without meat. Consumers should be warned of the health risks associated with eating such raw foods to protect the public from listeriosis.
In this study, the specificity and the sensitivity of the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) techniq... more In this study, the specificity and the sensitivity of the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique were determined in a model system.The efficiency of the conventional cultural method (USDA) with and without IMS was compared both in spiked and naturally contaminated foods. Both methods were used to isolate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from 111 food samples sold in markets of Ankara, Turkey. In an evaluation using 8 spiked food samples, the conventional cultural method with IMS showed no difference in performance.The result of the analysis of 103 naturally contaminated foods showed that the conventional cultural method with IMS enabled the detection of 3 (2.9%) EHEC positive samples whereas the conventional cultural method without IMS detected only one (0.9%). Although poultry products are not believed to be a potential source of EHEC, we did isolate this pathogen in 2 of 57 poultry products by conventional cultural method with IMS.
Escherichia coli O157:H7, (EHEC), is associated with consumption of ground beef or raw milk. Illn... more Escherichia coli O157:H7, (EHEC), is associated with consumption of ground beef or raw milk. Illnesses caused by EHEC infections can range from self-limited watery diarrhea to life-threating manifestations such as haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The lack of efficient selective enrichment medium for EHEC, reduces the sensitivity and specificity of the conventional cultural method (CCM). Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) using Dynabeads® anti-E. coli O157:H7 represents the selective enrichment procedure needed to improve the CCM. On the other hand, measuring the light given off by the reaction of ATP with luciferase+luciferin reagent in relative light units (RLU), indicates the count of EHEC. In this study, the combination of immunomagnetic separation and ATP bioluminescence methods were used in the detection and enumeration of EHEC in buffer solution, respectively. As a result, correlation coefficient between EHEC count obtained by CCM and ATP bioluminescence method is found as r = 0.8308 which is an acceptable value for such a study. La separation immunomagnetique avec les Dynabeads® anti-E.coli O157 :H7 (enrichissement) suivie de la mesure de la bioluminescence de l'ATP permettent de detecter et de denombrer les E.coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagiques dans une solution tampon.
During the past few years, milk has presented a risk of Salmonella contamination; it has been imp... more During the past few years, milk has presented a risk of Salmonella contamination; it has been implicated as the cause in several outbreaks of salmonellosis. Because conventional detection methods require 5 to 7 d for completion and involve several subcultivation stages followed by biochemical and serological tests, rapid and sensitive methods have been sought, mainly at the DNA level. Therefore, a study including milk samples was conducted to evaluate the performance of a combination of 2 techniques-immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-for the detection of Salmonella. The 16-, 14-, 12-, 10-, and 8-h nonselective pre-enrichment steps before immunomagnetic separation and the high-pure DNA preparation method before PCR were used in a combined assay. Milk samples, which were found to be Salmonellanegative by a reference method, were first inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis. Next, the shortest preenrichment time that is required for detection of 1 or 10 cfu of Salmonella/mL by combined immunomagnetic separation-PCR assay was found by using 16-, 14-, 12-, 10-, and 8-h incubation periods. The detection limit using a 16-, 14-, or 12-h nonselective pre-enrichment was 1 to 10 cfu/mL. However, the sensitivity decreased to 10 1 and 10 2 cfu/mL, respectively, when 10-and 8-h pre-enrichments were used. This assay, in conjunction with a 12-h pre-enrichment, proved to be rapid (overall 16 h) and sensitive (1-10 cfu/mL) for the detection of Salmonella in milk samples and promising for routine use in the detection of Salmonella in milk.
Food and water are excellent vehicles by which many bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal patho... more Food and water are excellent vehicles by which many bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal pathogens can reach a suitable colonization site in a new host. Although food manufacturing and production practices change, foods can be contaminated at any point in the farm to table continuum, even in consumers’ kitchens. Increased urbanization and travel contribute to an increase in large-scale production, wide distribution of food, and eating food prepared outside the home such as from street-food vendors or in small corner restaurants in which there is an inadequate application of good hygiene practices (GHP), and ultimately people being infected abroad possibly transmit the food-borne pathogen to the others at home. These circumstances cause an increased risk of food-borne microbial illnesses and also outbreaks. A change in the diet, as a result of international trade in food, and the increase in the number of people with a compromised immune system have also influenced the increase in food-borne microbial diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 13,405 food-borne disease outbreaks, which resulted in 273,120 reported cases of illness, 9,109 hospitalizations, and 200 deaths between the years 1998 and 2008. Of the 7,998 outbreaks with a known etiology, 3,633 (45 %) were caused by viruses, 3,613 (45 %) were caused by bacteria, 685 (5 %) were caused by chemical and toxic agents, and 67 (1 %) were caused by parasites. Correspondingly, food-borne microbial diseases still represent an important global public health issue. Therefore, in this chapter we shall focus on bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal pathogens in the food chain and indicate their prevention and control ways throughout the food preparation process.
The consumer expects to receive safe foods that meet the expectations of quality. It is a shared ... more The consumer expects to receive safe foods that meet the expectations of quality. It is a shared responsibility of the food industry and the government to ensure that food provided to the consumer is safe and does not become a vehicle in a disease outbreak or in the transmission of communicable disease. Whereupon the food business is responsible for producing not only safe foods but also for demonstrating in a transparent modus that how food safety has been planned and implemented. This is done through the development of the food safety management systems (FSMS) which have been designed and established over the last four decades with several revisions. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a systematic approach seemed to be enough for the identification, evaluation, and control of hazards in food manufacturing and processing plants since it fits very well in the field of application of a specific quality assurance plan. However, it is observed that certifying it does not guarantee the optimum level of managing food safety hazards and consequently absolute food safety and the quality of the end product. The integration of HACCP with the development of dynamic risk assessment system, which is a top priority issue on the basic food legislation document, offers a means for considering the entire farm to fork spectrum and for relating food manufacturing and processing operations to public health objectives. It is so apparent that no food can be considered to be risk free and each step in the processing of food from farm to fork has a role in assuring its safety.
Since contaminated chicken meats have been the principal foodborne source of the contamination of... more Since contaminated chicken meats have been the principal foodborne source of the contamination of Salmonella to human beings and cultural detection methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming, a study evaluating the performance of the combination of two techniques that are immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Salmonella in chicken meats was conducted. The IMS and PCR assay combines selective extraction of Salmonella by speciWc antibodies with primer-speciWc (primer pair based on the sequence of invA gene) PCR ampliWcation. Initially chicken meat samples, in which no Salmonella contamination had been determined by using ISO 6579 reference method, were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis culture and subsequently the shortest non-selective pre-enrichment time, that had been needed for the detection of approximately 1 or 10 CFU/mL chicken meat levels of target bacteria by magnetic immuno-PCR assay, was found by using 14, 12, 10 and 8-h periods. In conclusion, it was found that magnetic immuno-PCR assay was able to detect 1-10 CFU Salmonella/25 g chicken meat, after only incorporating a non-selective pre-enrichment period of 12 h. Therefore, an overall 16-h (magnetic immuno-PCR assay in conjunction with 12-h non-selective pre-enrichment) magnetic immuno-PCR assay statistically evaluated as suYcient (p = 0.182 > 0.05) for rapid and sensitive detection of approximately 1-10 CFU Salmonella from 25 g chicken meat samples. Accordingly, 16-h magnetic immuno-PCR assay can be promising for routine use in the detection of Salmonella in chicken meat samples, and it consequently may prevent the risk of Salmonella infections in regard to chicken meats.
Plants have long been thought to contribute to health promotion due to their fiber and phenolic c... more Plants have long been thought to contribute to health promotion due to their fiber and phenolic content, as well as their inherent biological potential. The bioactive derivatives of medicinal plants are a valuable resource in the fight against serious diseases all around the world. The present review focuses on the current state of knowledge on the usage and medicinal applications of plant bioactives. Issues concerning the effect of aromatic plant derivatives on human gut microbiota and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potentials are discussed and worth further exploring.
Journal of Turkish Science Education, Sep 15, 2011
ÖZET Bu çalışmada; yaptıkları görev itibarı ile Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (GDO) ile ilg... more ÖZET Bu çalışmada; yaptıkları görev itibarı ile Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (GDO) ile ilgisi olduğu düşünülen sağlık hizmetleri meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin GDO konusunda eğitim ihtiyaçları analiz edilerek bu konu ile ilgili algıları ve tercihleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırma Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu"nda Tıbbi Laboratuar Teknikleri ve Çevre Sağlığı programlarının birinci ve ikinci sınıfına devam eden toplam 111 öğrenci üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma tarama niteliğinde olup, bu amaçla araştırmacılar tarafından öğrencilerin bazı demografik özelliklerini ve GDO ile ilgili eğitim ihtiyaçlarını ölçmek üzere bir anket hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; öğrencilerin neredeyse tamamının bu konuda ders dışında herhangi bir faaliyete katılmadığı, yaklaşık üçte birinin bu konu ile ilgili olarak daha önce bir ders kapsamında eğitim aldığı, %64"ünün bu konuda yeterli bilgiye sahip olduğunu düşündüğü ve %80"den fazlasının bu konuda eğitim almak istediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bulgular yanında, öğrencilerin yaklaşık %86"sının bu bilgileri mesleklerinde kullanacaklarına inandığı, yarıdan fazlasının öncelikli olarak GDO"ların yarar ve zararlarını öğrenmek istediği ve bu eğitimleri grup aktiviteleri veya seminerler şeklinde almak istediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
In the last decade, ready-to-eat (RTE) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in huma... more In the last decade, ready-to-eat (RTE) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in human diet. However, since they are consumed fresh, inadequate washing during processing can bring on some foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, since these food items have natural contamination from soil and water. During 2009-2010, a total of 81 samples were purchased arbitrarily from local mar-kets in Ankara, and were examined for Salmonella contamination. Salmonella screening was per-formed by using anti-Salmonella magnetic beads system and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of the suspected colonies. Then, the antibiotic resistance profiles of four Salmonella strains identified (strains RTE-1, RTE-2, RTE-3, and RTE-4) were also investigated, since the mech-anism by which Salmonella spp. have accumulated antibiotic resistance genes is of interest. All strains showed resistance against sulfonamides (MIC> 128 mg/L). Further results suggested that as-sociated sulfonamide r...
ABSTRACT The recent emergence of LA-MRSA and their identification in people in contact with lives... more ABSTRACT The recent emergence of LA-MRSA and their identification in people in contact with livestock has increased their importance for dairy sector and has led to the need to check MRSA presence in dairy foods. Therefore, a total of 285 dairy food samples were analyzed for the presence of MRSA. The 285 samples included raw milk (50 samples), traditional cheeses consisting of white-pickled cheese (50 samples) and Tulum cheese (50 samples), yogurt (25 samples), butter (25 samples), traditional clotted cream (20 samples), pastry cream (50 samples), and traditional Maras ice-cream (15 samples). The isolation procedure of S. aureus followed the EN/ISO 6888–1 (01/2004) method. Out of 99 presumptive isolates, 27 S. aureus isolate were identified by both MALDI-TOF MS and PCR. Overall, 15 out of 285 samples (5.26%) were contaminated by S. aureus; however, mean contamination level of S. aureus between different types of foods was observed as the highest in pastry creams with 6.4 × 103 CFU/g No S. aureus was isolated in yogurt, butter, traditional clotted cream, and traditional Maras ice-cream samples. Strains with MRSA characteristics were investigated by real-time PCR (RTiPCR)-targeting mecA and mecC genes. Out of 27 S. aureus strains, 4 strains carried one gene [mecA gene in 2 strains, isolated from raw milk (sample no: 27) and a White-pickled cheese (sample no: 46); 2 strains carried mecC gene, isolated from two different pastry creams (sample no: 33 and 44)], and only a strain isolated from a pastry cream (sample no: 21) harbored both mecA and mecC genes. None of the strains from Tulum cheeses were positive with either mec genes. This study revealed the relationship of MRSA with raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy products. Extra preventive measures to avoid MRSA-contaminated dairy foods must be applied as their consumption poses a potential risk to public health.
The objective of this study was to monitor Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of... more The objective of this study was to monitor Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of leafy green vegetables produced in urban and periurban agricultural fields with natural water irrigation. A total of 164 samples comprising of different leafy green vegetables (8 basils, 15 dills, 20 garden cresses, 16 kales, 12 lettuces, 19 mints, 19 parsleys, 18 purslanes, 1 radish, 20 rockets, 14 scallions and 2 spinaches) were randomly collected from nearby agricultural fields in the close vicinity of Ankara Stream over an 8-month period between April 2007 and November 2007. Samples were examined for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes using ISO methods with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and then polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No Salmonella and L. monocytogenes was detected from the 25-g radish, spinach and scallion samples tested. However, 23 samples (1 basil, 2 dills, 1 garden cress, 1 kale, 2 lettuces, 4 mints, 3 parsleys, 5 purslanes and 4 rockets) were positive for Salmonella a...
Kontamine olmus tavuk etlerinin, Salmonellalarin insanlara bulasmasina neden olan baslica gida ka... more Kontamine olmus tavuk etlerinin, Salmonellalarin insanlara bulasmasina neden olan baslica gida kaynagi olmalari ve kulturel belirleme yontemlerinin zaman alici olmalari nedenleri ile, tavuk etlerinde hizli ve yuksek duyarlilikta sonuc verebilecek bir Salmonella spp. belirleme yonteminin gelistirilmesi uzerine yapilan bu calismada, ilk olarak ISO 6579 referans yontemi kullanilarak Salmonella kontaminasyonu olmadigi belirlenen tavuk eti ornekleri, Salmonella Enteritidis kulturu ile inokule edilmis ve 16 saatlik secici olmayan bir on-zenginlestirme isleminin ardindan immunomanyetik ayirma-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (IMA-PZR) yontemi kullanilarak, yaklasik 1 veya 10 kob/25 gram tavuk eti seviyesindeki hedef bakterinin, toplam 20 saat gibi kisa bir surede belirlenebilmesi saglanmistir.
Growth patterns and some technological performances of five Streptococcus thermophilus and seven ... more Growth patterns and some technological performances of five Streptococcus thermophilus and seven Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains isolated from yogurt samples which were collected from remote rural areas of Anatolia, Turkey were assessed. The single isolates were screened for milk acidification performances, production of volatile organic compounds and texture developing properties, and selected isolates were combined to use in yogurt-making. Yogurt samples were subjected to sensory evaluations as well as fermentation profiles. Finally, the combinations of one Streptococcus thermophilus isolate with all Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains were found to have potentials for further evaluations regarding their suitability for commercial applications.
The present study aims to characterize twenty-seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates among a total ... more The present study aims to characterize twenty-seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates among a total of forty-four Staphylococci recovered from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods (n = 285) in Central Anatolia and the Mediterranean Regions of Turkey, using MALDI-TOF MS-based phyloproteomic principal component analysis (PCA). The data shown by the spectra were analyzed, followed by composite correlation index (CCI), virtual gel, and cluster analysis for validation. The correlation between standard strain S. aureus 25,923 THL (SA-18) and all strains was significant since protein peak of m/z 5305 ± 2 Da was common in all strains, including SA-18. Twenty-six (9.12%) and fifteen (5.26%) out of all samples were found as contaminated by Staphylococci and S. aureus, respectively. The findings suggest that MALDI-TOF MS-based PCA is a promising fast method to categorize S. aureus in dairy foods, in need of continuous monitoring of foodborne pathogens for public health. Eficacia del método EM MALDI-TOF para la detección de Staphylococcus aureus aislados de leche cruda y alimentos lácteos artesanales El presente estudio tuvo por objeto caracterizar 27 aislados de Staphylococcus aureus entre un total de 44 estafilococos recuperados de leche cruda y alimentos lácteos artesanales tradicionales (n=285) en Anatolia Central y las regiones mediterráneas de Turquía. Para ello se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales (PCA) filoproteómico, basado en la EM MALDI-TOF. Se analizaron los datos mostrados por los espectros, seguidos por el índice de correlación compuesto (CCI), el gel virtual y el análisis de clúster para su validación. Se constató que la correlación entre la cepa estándar S. aureus 25923 THL (SA-18) y todas las cepas fue significativa, ya que el pico proteico de m/z 5305 ± 2 Da fue común a todas ellas, incluida la SA-18. De todas las muestras analizadas, 26 (9.12%) resultaron contaminadas por estafilococos y 15 (5.26%) por S. aureus. Los resultados dan cuenta de que el PCA basado en la EM MALDI-TOF es un método rápido y prometedor para categorizar S. aureus en los alimentos lácteos que requieren, para garantizar la salud pública, un seguimiento continuo de los patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos.
Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2020
Sütte laktik asit bakterileri daha fazla olmasına karşın, Listeria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Stap... more Sütte laktik asit bakterileri daha fazla olmasına karşın, Listeria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ve Salmonella cinsi patojen bakterilerin de varlığı muhtemeldir. Süt yüksek besin değerine sahip bileşenler içermesi ve dolayısıyla mikroorganizma gelişimi ve çoğalması için uygun ortam olması nedenleriyle, içerdiği mikroorganizma popülasyonları insan sağlığını tehdit edecek sayılara kısa süre içinde ulaşabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle sütün tüketilmeden önce mikrobiyel açıdan güvenli hale getirilmesi oldukça önemli bir konudur. Bu amaçla uygulanabilecek tekniklerden biri olan mikrofiltrasyon işlemi, basınç etkisiyle sütün belirli çaplarda gözeneklere sahip membranlardan geçirilmesi sonucu sütten mikroorganizmaların fiziksel olarak ayrılmasını sağlamaktadır. Mikrofiltrasyon uygulanan sütün mikroorganizma yükü ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar sütteki mikroorganizma sayısının, kullanılan membranların gözenek çapları, sütün başlangıç mikroorganizma yükü, sıcakl...
Most of the foodborne microbial diseases are linked to foods of animal origin such as milk, meat,... more Most of the foodborne microbial diseases are linked to foods of animal origin such as milk, meat, and poultry. Nowadays, the presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens in foods is becoming an increasingly public health concern worldwide due to the overuse of antimicrobial drugs in animal feed. MDR pathogens can enter the food chain by posing a significant risk to both animals and consumers. MDR pathogens causing infections are untreatable due to their resistance to various antibiotics, primarily cephalosporin and carbapenems and to their extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing capability. In addition, foods of animal origin and food-related environments can be likely vehicles for spreading of multi-drug resistance genes, which accelerates the thriving of global antibiotic resistance. This paper reviews the role of foods of animal origin as a vehicle for MDR pathogens, stressing the contribution of food processes, environments, and storage conditions in dissemination and reduction of antimicrobial resistances (AMRs). Controlling the growth of MDR microorganisms and limiting the transmission/expression of AMR genes in food ecosystems could be an effective mitigation strategy, putting the focus on food processes as a part of the solution for AMR in foods. Bioprotective cultures are also a promising and environmentally friendly technology to reduce the incidence of MDR pathogens, though caution is taken as microbial starters and probiotics can also carry AMR. Finally, applying Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and predictive microbiology, within a Risk Assessment framework, is key to get insight into those mechanisms and conditions along the food chain favoring or reducing AMR.
The aim of this study is to optimize a rapid and specific method for detection of E. coli O157:H7... more The aim of this study is to optimize a rapid and specific method for detection of E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) from food samples with high background flora using an immunomagnetic separation-real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (OMS-RTiPCR). For this, EHEC cells were recovered from raw milk and ground meat samples that were artificially contaminated to the final concentrations of 10 1 , 10 3 and 10 5 cfu EHEC/mL or g, after a non-selective pre-enrichment at 35 °C for 8 h following either with or without capturing by micro-sized beads. Then, EHEC cells were identified by RTiPCR. The study was also carried out without any enrichment to evaluate the enrichment efficiency of the assay. By comparing the assay with and without pre-enrichment, we showed that even the usage of specific micro-sized beads did not improve EHEC detection in raw milk and ground beef samples and so gave false negative results unless an 8-h pre-enrichment was applied. Besides, the assay can be completed in less than 9 h with a minimum detection limit of 10 3 cfu EHEC/mL or g in foods and hence was found to be simple routine-based method that exhibits great potential for implementing as a rapid screening of EHEC in microbial tests as compared to existing techniques.
The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of an autochthonous probiotic... more The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of an autochthonous probiotic strain of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum, previously isolated from a Tulum cheese and satisfied technological criteria as adjunct culture in cheese production, in reducing Staphylococcus aureus during production and ripening of white-brined cheeses. Cheeses were manufactured in two trials from pasteurized milk artificially contaminated with S. aureus to the mean level of 6.243 log MPN mL-1. Lb. plantarum BG33 was added at 1% as adjunct to the starter culture. The study was also carried out with control group cheeses produced without the adjunct culture. S. aureus counts were monitored for up to 90 days by BAM's 5-tube MPN method and each positive tube of MPN (most probable number) method was confirmed by PCR amplification of a 400 bp fragment of the nuc gene, which encodes the thermostable nuclease of S. aureus. The capacity of Lb. plantarum BG33 to reduce S. aureus count was found as 0.9 log unit on the 18 th day of ripening. After 39 and 59 days of ripening, Lb. plantarum BG33 lowered S. aureus count by 1.9 and 2.0 log units, respectively, when compared to control group cheeses in which it was lowered by 0.5 and 1.0 log units, respectively. As a result, the BLIS activity of Lb. plantarum BG33 throughout ripening of white-brined cheese could make it useful as bioprotective adjunct culture in white-brined cheese production to prevent S. aureus growth which is an important foodborne pathogen in respect of safe cheese production.
In this study, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in cig kofte without meat was analysed. Sev... more In this study, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in cig kofte without meat was analysed. Seventy samples were purchased from various markets and retail centres in Ankara over an 8-month period. Bacterial colonies suspected to be L. monocytogenes were isolated by a method that begins with a primary enrichment in Half-Fraser broth followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with magnetic beads coated with an antibody against L. monocytogenes and plating on PALCAM and Oxford agars. Subsequent selective identification on Harlequin™ Listeria Medium and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation were used. The PCR method used a primer pair targeted at a specific region of the internalin (inlA) gene of L. monocytogenes, giving a product of 250 bp. Detection of L. monocytogenes in the 70 samples with IMS and PCR primers specific to the inlA gene that encodes the virulence of L. monocytogenes showed that 17.1% (12 of 70) samples contained L. monocytogenes. The inlA gene was detected in 12 L. monocytogenes isolates obtained from different cig kofte samples. The data gathered in this study are important for the assessment of the risk of listeriosis posed by L. monocytogenes in cig kofte, even when it is prepared without meat. Consumers should be warned of the health risks associated with eating such raw foods to protect the public from listeriosis.
In this study, the specificity and the sensitivity of the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) techniq... more In this study, the specificity and the sensitivity of the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique were determined in a model system.The efficiency of the conventional cultural method (USDA) with and without IMS was compared both in spiked and naturally contaminated foods. Both methods were used to isolate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from 111 food samples sold in markets of Ankara, Turkey. In an evaluation using 8 spiked food samples, the conventional cultural method with IMS showed no difference in performance.The result of the analysis of 103 naturally contaminated foods showed that the conventional cultural method with IMS enabled the detection of 3 (2.9%) EHEC positive samples whereas the conventional cultural method without IMS detected only one (0.9%). Although poultry products are not believed to be a potential source of EHEC, we did isolate this pathogen in 2 of 57 poultry products by conventional cultural method with IMS.
Escherichia coli O157:H7, (EHEC), is associated with consumption of ground beef or raw milk. Illn... more Escherichia coli O157:H7, (EHEC), is associated with consumption of ground beef or raw milk. Illnesses caused by EHEC infections can range from self-limited watery diarrhea to life-threating manifestations such as haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The lack of efficient selective enrichment medium for EHEC, reduces the sensitivity and specificity of the conventional cultural method (CCM). Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) using Dynabeads® anti-E. coli O157:H7 represents the selective enrichment procedure needed to improve the CCM. On the other hand, measuring the light given off by the reaction of ATP with luciferase+luciferin reagent in relative light units (RLU), indicates the count of EHEC. In this study, the combination of immunomagnetic separation and ATP bioluminescence methods were used in the detection and enumeration of EHEC in buffer solution, respectively. As a result, correlation coefficient between EHEC count obtained by CCM and ATP bioluminescence method is found as r = 0.8308 which is an acceptable value for such a study. La separation immunomagnetique avec les Dynabeads® anti-E.coli O157 :H7 (enrichissement) suivie de la mesure de la bioluminescence de l'ATP permettent de detecter et de denombrer les E.coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagiques dans une solution tampon.
During the past few years, milk has presented a risk of Salmonella contamination; it has been imp... more During the past few years, milk has presented a risk of Salmonella contamination; it has been implicated as the cause in several outbreaks of salmonellosis. Because conventional detection methods require 5 to 7 d for completion and involve several subcultivation stages followed by biochemical and serological tests, rapid and sensitive methods have been sought, mainly at the DNA level. Therefore, a study including milk samples was conducted to evaluate the performance of a combination of 2 techniques-immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-for the detection of Salmonella. The 16-, 14-, 12-, 10-, and 8-h nonselective pre-enrichment steps before immunomagnetic separation and the high-pure DNA preparation method before PCR were used in a combined assay. Milk samples, which were found to be Salmonellanegative by a reference method, were first inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis. Next, the shortest preenrichment time that is required for detection of 1 or 10 cfu of Salmonella/mL by combined immunomagnetic separation-PCR assay was found by using 16-, 14-, 12-, 10-, and 8-h incubation periods. The detection limit using a 16-, 14-, or 12-h nonselective pre-enrichment was 1 to 10 cfu/mL. However, the sensitivity decreased to 10 1 and 10 2 cfu/mL, respectively, when 10-and 8-h pre-enrichments were used. This assay, in conjunction with a 12-h pre-enrichment, proved to be rapid (overall 16 h) and sensitive (1-10 cfu/mL) for the detection of Salmonella in milk samples and promising for routine use in the detection of Salmonella in milk.
Food and water are excellent vehicles by which many bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal patho... more Food and water are excellent vehicles by which many bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal pathogens can reach a suitable colonization site in a new host. Although food manufacturing and production practices change, foods can be contaminated at any point in the farm to table continuum, even in consumers’ kitchens. Increased urbanization and travel contribute to an increase in large-scale production, wide distribution of food, and eating food prepared outside the home such as from street-food vendors or in small corner restaurants in which there is an inadequate application of good hygiene practices (GHP), and ultimately people being infected abroad possibly transmit the food-borne pathogen to the others at home. These circumstances cause an increased risk of food-borne microbial illnesses and also outbreaks. A change in the diet, as a result of international trade in food, and the increase in the number of people with a compromised immune system have also influenced the increase in food-borne microbial diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 13,405 food-borne disease outbreaks, which resulted in 273,120 reported cases of illness, 9,109 hospitalizations, and 200 deaths between the years 1998 and 2008. Of the 7,998 outbreaks with a known etiology, 3,633 (45 %) were caused by viruses, 3,613 (45 %) were caused by bacteria, 685 (5 %) were caused by chemical and toxic agents, and 67 (1 %) were caused by parasites. Correspondingly, food-borne microbial diseases still represent an important global public health issue. Therefore, in this chapter we shall focus on bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal pathogens in the food chain and indicate their prevention and control ways throughout the food preparation process.
The consumer expects to receive safe foods that meet the expectations of quality. It is a shared ... more The consumer expects to receive safe foods that meet the expectations of quality. It is a shared responsibility of the food industry and the government to ensure that food provided to the consumer is safe and does not become a vehicle in a disease outbreak or in the transmission of communicable disease. Whereupon the food business is responsible for producing not only safe foods but also for demonstrating in a transparent modus that how food safety has been planned and implemented. This is done through the development of the food safety management systems (FSMS) which have been designed and established over the last four decades with several revisions. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a systematic approach seemed to be enough for the identification, evaluation, and control of hazards in food manufacturing and processing plants since it fits very well in the field of application of a specific quality assurance plan. However, it is observed that certifying it does not guarantee the optimum level of managing food safety hazards and consequently absolute food safety and the quality of the end product. The integration of HACCP with the development of dynamic risk assessment system, which is a top priority issue on the basic food legislation document, offers a means for considering the entire farm to fork spectrum and for relating food manufacturing and processing operations to public health objectives. It is so apparent that no food can be considered to be risk free and each step in the processing of food from farm to fork has a role in assuring its safety.
Since contaminated chicken meats have been the principal foodborne source of the contamination of... more Since contaminated chicken meats have been the principal foodborne source of the contamination of Salmonella to human beings and cultural detection methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming, a study evaluating the performance of the combination of two techniques that are immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Salmonella in chicken meats was conducted. The IMS and PCR assay combines selective extraction of Salmonella by speciWc antibodies with primer-speciWc (primer pair based on the sequence of invA gene) PCR ampliWcation. Initially chicken meat samples, in which no Salmonella contamination had been determined by using ISO 6579 reference method, were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis culture and subsequently the shortest non-selective pre-enrichment time, that had been needed for the detection of approximately 1 or 10 CFU/mL chicken meat levels of target bacteria by magnetic immuno-PCR assay, was found by using 14, 12, 10 and 8-h periods. In conclusion, it was found that magnetic immuno-PCR assay was able to detect 1-10 CFU Salmonella/25 g chicken meat, after only incorporating a non-selective pre-enrichment period of 12 h. Therefore, an overall 16-h (magnetic immuno-PCR assay in conjunction with 12-h non-selective pre-enrichment) magnetic immuno-PCR assay statistically evaluated as suYcient (p = 0.182 > 0.05) for rapid and sensitive detection of approximately 1-10 CFU Salmonella from 25 g chicken meat samples. Accordingly, 16-h magnetic immuno-PCR assay can be promising for routine use in the detection of Salmonella in chicken meat samples, and it consequently may prevent the risk of Salmonella infections in regard to chicken meats.
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